*>  \ 


ILLINOIS  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


3  3051  00000  1515 


3  J  /^t; 


C<^<LC-S*>.4£(. 


1     * 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign 


http://archive.org/details/yearbookfor190604illi 


Illinois 


State  Geological  Survey 


BULLETIN   NO.  4. 


Year-Book  for  1906 

H.  FOSTER  BAIN, 

DIRECTOR. 


UKBANA: 

University  of  Illinois. 

1907 


SPRINGFIELD,  ILL.: 

Phillips  Bros.,  State  Printers. 

1907 


SJ  I 


4 

c.\ 


STATE  GEOLOGICAL  COMMISSION. 


Governor  C.  S.  Deneen,  Chairman. 
Professor  T.  C.  Chamberlin,  V ice-Chairman. 
President  Edmund  J.  James,  Secretary. 


H.  Foster  Bain,  Director. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

List  of  Illustrations 6 

Letter  of  transmittal 7 

Administrative  report  for  1906;  by  H.  F.  Bain 9 

Report  on  the  Cooperative  Topographic  Survey;  by  H.  M.  Wilson 37 

Preliminary  investigation  of  Illinois  fire  clays;  by  R.  C.  Purdy  and  F.  W.  DeWolf 129 

Limestones  available  for  fertilizers;  by  F.  B.  Van  Horn 177 

Analyses  of  certain  silica  deposits  in  southern  Illinois;  by  H.  F.  Bain 185 

Contributions  to  the  study  of  coal 187 

Introduction;  by  H.  F.  Bain 187 

Chemical  analyses  of  certain  coals;  by  S.  W.  Parr 188 

Determination  of  moisture  lost  on  air-drying;  by  F.  F.  Grout 192 

Moisture  in  air-dried  samples;  by  W.  F.  Wheeler 195 

Anthracizing  bituminous  coal;  by  S.  W.  Parr 196 

Cannel  coal  in  northern  Illinois;  by  F.  F.  Grout 197 

Compression  tests  of  Illinois  coal;  by  A.  N.  Talbott 198 

Report  on  field  work  in  the  coal  districts  of  the  State;  by  David  White 201 

The  Delaneld  drill  core;  by  Jon  A.  Udden 203 

Stratigraphic  work  in  the  vicinity  of  East  St.  Louis;  by  N.  M.  Fenneman 213 

Notes  on  the  geology  of  southern  Calhoun  county;  by  Stuart  Weller 219 

Water  resources  of  the  Springfield  quadrangle;  by  T.  E.  Savage 235 

The  Mineral  Industry  in  1906;  by  H.  F.  Bain 245 

Index 247 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATE. 

Page. 

1.  Map  showing  localities  from  which  samples  have  been  collected  for  analysis  or  test 13 

2.  Map  showing  progress  of  topographic  surveys 43 

3.  Map  showing  distribution  of  tire  clays  and  shales  tested 131 

4.  Map  of  Illinois  showing  area  of  prevailingly  acid  soils 176 

FIGURES. 

1.  Ideal  view  and  corresponding  contour  map 49 

2.  Gas  furnace  used  in  testing  clays '. 135 

3.  Arrangement  of  cones  on  plaque 136 

4.  Fusion  points  of  clays  and  artificial  mixtures 138 


LETTER  OY  TRANSMITTAL. 


State. Geological  Survey, 
University  of  Illinois,  Feb.  12,  1907. 
Governor  C.  S.  Dene  en,  Chairman,  and  Members  of  the  Geological 

Commission: 

Gentlemen — I  submit  herewith  material  forming  the  Yearbook  of 
the  Survey  for  1906,  with  the  recommendation  that  it  be  printed  as 
Bulletin  4.  It  includes  the  administrative  report  for  the  year,  of  which 
a  small  preliminary  edition  already  has  been  printed,  and  a  series  of 
short  papers  giving  as  briefly  as  possible  the  important  results  of  our 
first  year's  work.  These  should  be  considered  as  preliminary  statements 
only,  and  more  complete  reports  will  be  furnished  as  the  investigation 
advances. 

Several  important  studies  which  have  absorbed  much  of  the  time  of 
the  survey  corps  are  not  represented  in  this  report.  These  include 
especially  the  survey  of  the  oil  fields,  the  study  of  the  water  resources 
of  the  East  St.  Louis  area,  the  detailed  survey  of  the  southern  and 
central  Illinois  coal  fields,  and  the  geographic  studies  which  are  to  be 
published  in  the  educational  bulletins.  A  report  upon  the  oil  fields 
already  has  been  published,  and  it  does  not  seem  desirable  to  repeat 
any  of  the  material  merely  to  make  the  Yearbook  complete.  A  report 
on  the  water  resources  of  the  East  Saint  Louis  area  and  one  of  the 
educational  bulletins  are  now  ready  for  the  printer  and  are  expected 
to  follow  this  bulletin  promptly.  The  detailed  survey  of  the  coal  fields, 
while  it  is  being  prosecuted  with  vigor,  has  not  yet  advanced  sufficiently 
to  warrant  publication  of  results.  Such  general  results  as  are  now 
ready  are  given  in  the  papers  of  Messrs.  Weller,  Fenneman  and  Savage, 
included  in  this  report.  Mr.  Savage's  work,  while  directed  primarily  to 
a  study  of  the  stratigraphy  of  the  coal  fields  near  Springfield,  has 
yielded  certain  results  bearing  on  water  supplies,  which  it  is  thought 
worth  while  to  publish  here.  His  main  results  must  await  the  com- 
pletion of  the  survey  of  a  larger  area.  This  work  is  included  in  the 
pians  for  the  coming  field  season. 

Very  respectfully, 

H.  Foster  Bain, 

Director 


ADMINISTRATIVE  REPORT  FOR  1906. 

[By  H.  Foster  Bain,  Director.] 


Contents. 


Page. 

Introduction ? 10 

History 10 

Personelle 12 

Organization 13 

Materials  and  subjects  investigated 13 

.    Coal 13 

Stratigraphy 13 

Composition  and  uses  of  coals 15 

Mode  of  occurence 16 

Markets 16 

Clay 16 

Water  resources 17 

Oil  and  gas 22 

Educational  bulletins 23 

Lead  and  zinc 25 

Fluorspar 26 

Quarry  products 26 

Highway  materials 26 

Fertilizer  materials 27 

Building  stones 27 

Cement  resources 28 

Sand  and  silica 28 

Ochres 28 

General  stratigraphy 29 

Mineral  statistics 29 

Publications 30 

Reports  printed 30 

Bulletin  1 30 

Bulletin  2 31 

Bulletin  3 31 

Circular  1 31 

Reports  ready  for  printing 31 

Water  resources  of  the  East  St.  Louis  area 31 

Geographic  features  of  Lake  Michigan  shore  north  of  Chicago 31 

Year-book  for  1906 31 

Geological  map  of  Illinois  (second  edition) 31 

Reports  in  preparation 3 

Report  on  the  paving  brick  clays  of  Illinois 32 

Report  on  water  resources 32 

Bureau  of  information •  32 

Expenditures ^ ' 33 

Topographic  surveys 34 

Recommendations 34 


10  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


[bull.  4 


Introduction. 


v  History. — The  study  of  the  geology  and  the  mineral  resources  of 
Illinois  began  in  1851,  the  Seventeenth  General  Assembly  having 
passed  an  act  providing  for  "A  Geological  and  Mineralogical  Survey 
of  the  State  of  Illinois."  Under  the  provisions  of  this  act  Dr.  J.  C. 
Norwood  was  appointed  State  Geologist.  He  served  six  years  and 
was  succeeded  by  Dr.  A.  H.  Worthen,  who  continued  in  the  service  of 
the  State  up  to  the  time  of  his  death  in  1888.  Small  appropriations 
were  made  for  the  survey,  and  the  publication  of  its  results  up  to  1875, 
when  the  Twenty-ninth  General  Assembly  failed  to  make  an  appro- 
priation. The  succeeding  assembly  in  1877  provided  instead  for  a 
State  Museum  of  Natural  History,  to  which  the  collections  of  the  Sur- 
vey were  transferred  at  the  same  time  that  Dr.  Worthen  was  appointed 
curator.  The  museum  has  since  been  steadily  maintained,  though  no 
funds  have  been  available  for  field  work. 

In  1905  the  Forty-fourth  General  Assembly  provided  for  a  resump- 
tion of  field  work  under  the  following  law : 

An  Act  to  establish  and  create,  at  the  University  of  Illinois,  the  bureau  to 
be  known  as  a  State  Geological  Survey,  defining  its  duties  and  providing 
for  the  preparation  and  publication  of  its  reports  and  maps  to  illustrate  the 
natural  resources  of  the  State,  and  making  appropriation  therefor. 
Section.  1.    Be  it  enacted  by  the  People  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  represented 
in  the  General  Assembly:     That  there  be  and  is  hereby  created  and  estab- 
lished at  the  University  of  Illinois  a  bureau,  to  be  known  as  a  State  Geo- 
logical Survey,  which  shall  be  under  the  direction  of  a  commission,  to  be 
known  as  a  State  Geological  Commission,  composed  of  the  Governor,  who 
shall  be  ex  officio  chairman  of  said  commission,  the  president  of  the  Uni- 
versit  of  Illinois,  and  one  other  competent  person  to  be  appointed  by  the 
Governor,  who  shall  hold  office  for  the  term  of  four  years  and  until  his  suc- 
cessor is  appointed  and  qualified. 

§  2.  The  said  commissioners  shall  serve  without  compensation,  but  shall 
be  reimbursed  for  actual  expenses  incurred  in  the  performance  of  their 
official  duties;  and  said  commissioners  shall  have  general  charge  of  such 
bureau  and  shall  appoint  a  director,  who  may,  with  the  approval  of  the  board, 
appoint  such  assistants  and  employes  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  out  the 
provisions  of  this  Act. 

§  3.  The  director  appointed  under  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  and  the  as- 
sistants and  employes  appointed  by  him,  as  hereinbefore  provided,  shall  re- 
ceive such  salaries  or  compensations  as  may  be  determined  by  the  board  of 
commissioners. 

§  4.     The  said  bureau  shall  have  for  its  objects  and  duties  the  following: 
(1)     A  study  of  the  geological  formations  of  the  State  with  special  refer- 
ences to  its  products,  i.  e.,  coals,  ores,  clays,  building  stones,  cements,  ma- 
terials for  use  in  the  construction  of  roads,  gas,  mineral  and  artisian  water 
and  other  mineral  resources. 


bain.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  11 

(2)  The  preparation  of  geological  and  other  necessary  maps  to  illustrate 
the  resources  of  the  State. 

(3)  The  preparation  of  reports,  with  necessary  illustrations  and  maps 
which  shall  include  both  a  general  and  detail [ed]  description  of  the  geologi- 
cal and  mineral  resources  of  the  State. 

(4)  The  consideration  of  such  other  scientific  and  economic  questions  as 
in  the  judgment  of  the  commissioners  shall  be  deemed  of  value  to  the  people. 

§  5.  The  regular  and  special  reports  of  said  bureau  shall  be  printed  and 
distributed  and  sold,  as  the  commissioners  shall  deem  best  for  the  interest  of 
the  people  of  the  State,  and  as  they  may  direct;  and  all  moneys  obtained  by 
the  sale  of  said  reports  shall  be  paid  into  tne  State  Treasury. 

§  6.  The  printing  of  said  reports  and  of  the  necessary  supplies  of  sta- 
tionery, blank  books  and  other  printed  matter  necessary  for  the  purpose  of 
said  bureau  shall  be  and  form  a  part  of  the  State  printing  contract,  and  as 
such  be  under  the  direction  and  supervision  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  State  Contracts;  provided,  however,  that  the  cost  thereof  shall  not  exceed 
the  sum  of  five  thousand  (5,000)  dollars  per  annum. 

§  7.  The  director [s]  shall  present  to  the  Governor  an  annual  report  show- 
ing the  progress  and  condition  of  said  bureau,  together  with  such  other  in- 
formation as  the  commissioners  may  deem  necessary  and  useful. 

§  8.  All  materials  collected,  after  having  served  the  purpose  of  the 
bureau,  shall  be  distributed  by  the  director  to  the  educational  institutions  of 
the  State  in  such  a  manner  as  the  commissioners  may  determine  to  be  of  the 
greatest  advantage  to  the  educational  interests  of  the  State,  or,  if  deemed 
advisable,  the  whole  or  part  of  such  material  may  be  placed  on  permanent 
exhibition  in  the  State  Museum  of  Natural  History  at  Springfield,  or  in  the 
museums  of  the  University  of  Illinois. 

§  9.  The  sum  of  twenty-five  thousand  (25,000)  dollars  per  annum  or 
as  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any 
money  in  the  State  Treasury,  not  otherwise  appropriated,  to  provide  for  the 
payment  of  actual  expenses  incurred  by  the  said  commissioners  in  the  per- 
formance of  their  official  duties  hereunder,  and  for  other  expenses  or  obli- 
gations authorized  by  them,  and  for  the  payment  of  the  salary  of  the  di- 
rector appointed  by  said  commissioners,  and  for  the  payment  of  salaries  or 
other  compensations  of  the  assistants  or  other  employes  that  may  be  ap- 
pointed hereunder;  and  the  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts  is  hereby  authorized 
and  instructed  to  draw  his  warrant  on  the  treasury  for  the  allowance  of  said 
expenses  and  salaries  upon  the  presentation  of  proper  vouchers  approved 
by  the  Governor. 

§  10.  The  said  commissioners  are  hereby  authorized  to  arrange  with  the 
director  or  the  representative  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  in  re- 
gard to  cooperation  between  the  said  United  States  Geological  Survey  and 
the  said  Geological  Commission  in  the  preparation  and  completion  of  a  con- 
tour topographic  survey  and  map  or  maps  of  this  State,  and  said  commis- 
sion may  accept  or  reject  the  work  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

§  11.  In  order  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  Act  it  shall  be  lawful 
for  any  person  or  persons  employed  hereunder  to  enter  and  cross  all  lands 
within  this  State;  provided,  in  doing  so  no  damage  is  done  to  private  property. 

§  12.  rine  commission  may  expend  in  the  prosecution  of  such  cooperative 
work  a  sum  equal  to  that  which  shall  be  expended  thereon  by  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey;  provided,  that  not  more  than  ten  thousand 
(10,000)  dollars  be  expended  in  this  work  in  one  year. 

§  13.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  University  of  Illinois  to  give 
thorough  and  reliable  instruction  in  the  geology  of  the  clay  working  ma- 
terials; their  origin,  classification,  physical  and  chemical  properties,  and 
their  behavior  under  such  influences  as  are  met  with  during  the  process  of 
manufacture;  and  to  provide  for  this  purpose  such  instructor,  laboratories, 
apparatus,  and  all  illustrative  material  as  may  be  necessary  to  make  this 
instruction  practical;  and  to  carry  out  the  provision  of  this  section  there  is 
hereby  authorized  the  sum  of  five  thousand  (5,000)  dollars  annually,  and 
the  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts  is  hereby  authorized  to  draw  his  warrants 


12  YEAE-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

on  the  State  Treasurer  for  the  sum  appropriated  in  this  section  upon  order 
of  the  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  coun- 
tersigned by  the  secretary  and  with  the  corporate  seal  of  the  University. 

§  14.  All  previous  enactments  which  conflict  with  the  provisions  of  this 
Act  are  hereby  repealed. 

Approved  May  12,  1905. 

Personelle. — Pursuant  to  this  law  the  commission  was  organized  by 
the  appointment  of  Prof.  T.  C.  Chamberlin  of  Chicago  as  the  third 
member,  and  in  September  the  present  director  was  elected.  He  as- 
sumed office  Nov.  I,  1905.  A  short  time  later  the  following  additional 
appointments  were  made: 

Prof.  C.  W.  Rolfe,  Consulting  Geologist  in  Clay  Investigations. 

Prof.  R.  D.  Salisbury,  Consulting  Geologist  in  Preparation  of  Educational 
Bulletins. 

Prof.  U.  S.  Grant,  Consulting  Geologist  in  Lead  and  Zinc  Work. 

Prof.  S.  W.  Parr,  Consulting  Chemist  in  Coal  Investigations. 

Dr.  Edward  Bartow,  Consulting  Chemist  in  Water  Investigations. 

Dr.  Stuart  Weller,  Geologist. 

Mr.  T.  E.  Savage,  Geologist. 

Dr.  W.  W.  Atwood,  Geologist. 

Prof.  J.  A.  Udden,  Geologist. 

Mr.  R.  C.  Purdy,  Ceramist. 

Mr.  F.  B.  Van  Horn,  Assistant  Geologist. 

Mr.  A.  W.  Lewis,  Assistant  Geologist. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Fox,  Assistant  Geologist. 

Mr.  F.  F.  Grout,  Assistant  Chemist. 

All  of  the  above  appointed  promptly  entered  upon  the  discharge  of 
their  duties,  and  all  are  now  connected  with  the  survey  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Messrs.  Lewis,  Atwood  and  Grout.  Mr.  Lewis  resigned 
April  1  to  conduct  iron  ore  explorations  in  Canada.  Mr.  Atwood 
left  July  1  to  take  up  coal  investigations  in  Alaska  in  connection 
with  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  Mr.  Grout  resigned 
in  August  to  accept  a  position  at  Oklahoma  University.  Mr.  W.  F. 
Wheeler  has  been  appointed  in  Mr.  Grout's  place.  The  other  positions 
have  been  filled  by  temporary  employes. 

In  addition  to  the  above  regular  employes  the  following  persons 
have  been  employed  temporarily  in  the  work  of  the  survey : 

Prof.  W.  S.  Blatchley,  State  Geologist  of  Indiana. 

Mr.  E.  T.  Hancock,  Michigan  College  of  Mines. 

Mr.  H.  H.  Barrows,  University  of  Chicago. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Carman,  University  of  Chicago. 

Dr.  J.  W.  Goldthwait,  Northwestern  University. 

Mr.  M.  J.  Perdue,  South  Bend,  Ind. 

Dr.  N.  M.  Fenneman,  Wisconsin  University. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Jones,  University  of  Illinois. 

Mr.  Frank  DeWolf,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

Mr.  Isiah  Bowman,  Yale  University. 

Mr.  Chester  A.  Reeds,  Yale  University. 

Mr.  E.  M.  Scheflow,  Elgin,  111. 

Mr.  Jon  A.  Udden,  Rock  Island,  111. 

Mr.  J.  J.  Rutledge,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Mr.  Tom  Moses,  Springfield,  111. 

A  number  of  the  State  Mine  Inspectors  have  also  from  time  to  time 
performed  voluntary  service  in  connection  with  the  survey,  and  a  large 
number  of  individuals,  as  shown  in  Mr.  Wilson's  special  report,  have 
served  in  the  topographic  work.  In  the  office  Mr.  C.  B.  Nolte  and 
Mrs.  Sadie  A.  Van  Horn  have  served  as  clerks,  while  Messrs.  D.  F. 
Higgins,  A.  W.  Harris  and  Guy  R.  Shaw  have  worked  as  draughtsmen. 


ILLINOIS   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 


Bull.    No.    4,   PI.    1, 


Coal  • 

Fire  Clay  © 

Limestone 

Paving  Brick    ■ 

Well  Water 

Phosphate  a 

Cement    0 

Silica    t* 

Road  Material    O 

River  Water    B 

Gas  ix 

Oil  O 

Glass  Sand    X 


lo-pW.  W^t  I*'  fnm  W~K*St—  13 '30  » 


iities  from  which  samples  have  been  col  >r  analysis  or   te 


bain.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  13 

Organization. — In  the  reorganization  of  the  Survey  two  major  lines 
of  work  have  been  recognized,  topographic  and  geologic.  As  was 
contemplated  by  the  act  establishing  the  Survey,  the  topographic  work 
has  been  carried  on  in  cooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey 
under  the  general  supervision  of  Mr.  H.  M.  Wilson,  geographer  of  the 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  in  charge  of  the  Eastern  Division  of  Topo- 
graphy, and  under  the  immediate  direction  of  Mr.  C.  E.  Cooke  in  1905, 
and  in  1906  under  Mr.  W.  F.  Herron,  topographer  in  charge  of  the 
Central  Section. 

At  the  beginning  it  was  decided  that  the  geologic  work  should  be 
temporarily  concentrated  upon  a  study  of  the  coals  and  clays  of  the 
State,  these  being  its  most  important  mineral  resources.  Provision 
was  made  for  a  small  amount  of  work  in  connection  with  water,  oil, 
lead,  and  zinc,  and  general  stratigraphy  with  a  view  to  later  expan- 
sion. It  was  not  found  practicable  with  funds  available  to  make  any 
investigation  of  the  cement  materials  or  any  other  than  a  most  general 
study  of  the  quarry  products  and  miscellaneous  non-metallic  minerals. 
Additional  funds  are  urgently  needed  for  this  work. 

Material  and  Subjects  Investigated. 

Something  of  the  range  of  the  survey  work  is  indicated  by  the  accom- 
panying map  upon  which  is  marked  the  localities  from  which  samples 
have  been  taken  for  analysis  or  other  laboratory  tests.  A  considerable 
number  of  different  samples  were  taken  from  many  of  the  localities 
noted.  No  account  has  been  taken  in  preparing  this  map  of  general 
lithologic  samples  or  collection  of  fossils  made  for  office  study.  In  the 
following  pages  are  brief  notes  of  what  has  been  attempted  in  each  case. 

Coal. 

The  study  of  the  coal  and  coal  fields  of  the  State  has  been  carried 
on  both  in  the  field  and  office.    The  work  has  been  directed  toward — 

(1)  The  solving  of  problems  of  stratigraphy  such  as  the  distribution  and 
correlation  of  various  coal  beds,  together  with  the  collection  of  all  data  re- 
lating to  the  origin  and  the  mode  of  deposition  of  the  coal  and  accompanying 
beds. 

(2)  A  study  of  the  composition  and  uses  of  coals. 

(3)  A  study  of  the  mode  of  occurrence  of  coal  as  relates  to  the  methods 
and  costs  of  mining. 

(4)  A  study  of  the  preparation  of  the  coal  for  the  market,  its  transpor- 
tation, its  normal  markets,  and  the  competition  which  it  meets. 

Progress  has  been  made  mainly  along  the  first  two  lines.  In  the 
case  of  the  last  two  little  has  been  done  beyond  the  determination  of 
the  need  of  such  work,  its  proper  scope  and  the  methods  to  be  em- 
ployed. 

Stratigraphy. — A  considerable  portion  of  the  funds  of  the  survey 
have  been  devoted  to  stratigraphic  studies  of  the  coal  measures,  as  is 
shown  by  the  statement  of  expenditures  given  on  the  succeeding  page. 
This  was  done  because  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  stratigraphy  of 
the  field  is  essential  to  its  economical  development,  and  for  the  further 
reason  that  money  so  spent  advances  the  study  of  the  associated  clays, 


14  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

limestones,  cement  materials,  water,  and  other  minerals  as  well  as  coal. 
The  stratigraphic  work  is  fundamental,  and  any  investigation  of  more 
than  limited  or  temporary  usefulness  must  be  founded  upon  an  accu- 
rate and  adequate  study  of  the  stratigraphy. 

In  order  to  reduce  as  much  as  possible  the  cost  of  this  work  to  the 
State,  an  informal  agreement  has  been  entered  into  with  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey  for  cooperation.  This  takes  the  form  of  simultane- 
ous studies  by  the  two  organizations  of  different  parts  of  the  field  with 
exchange  of  results.  Under  this  arrangement  Mr.  T.  E.  Savage,  of 
the  State  Survey,  made  a  detailed  study  of  the  Springfield  quadrangle, 
and  Prof.  J.  A.  Udden,  assisted  in  part  by  Mr.  Jon  A.  Udden,  of  the 
Peoria  quadrangle.  In  this  work  State  Mine  Inspector  James  Taylor 
served  as  volunteer  assistant  and  contributed  greatly  to  the  practical 
character  of  the  work. 

On  behalf  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Mr.  Frank  W.  DeWolf 
in  July  took  up  the  study  of  the  New  Haven  and  Eldorado  quadrangles 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  It  is  proposed  to  extend  these  sur- 
veys west  to  cover  the  whole  of  the  rapidly  growing  southern  Illinois 
coal  fields.  Mr.  David  White,  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  took 
up  the  general  study  of  the  stratigraphy  of  the  coal  measures  as  shown 
by  the  fossil  plants,  and  Dr.  Stuart  Weller,  of  the  State  Survey,  began 
a  similar  study  of  the  Carboniferous  formations,  with  especial  reference 
to  the  distribution  of  marine  invertebrates.  Both  Mr.  White  and  Dr 
Weller  served  with  the  State  and  federal  field  parties  without  distinc- 
tion, and  it  is  believed  that  this  careful  study  from  both  points  of  view 
will  be  productive  of  extremely  valuable  results.  The  general  nature 
of  the  work  done  by  Mr.  White  and  something  of  his  results  is  told 
in  a  brief  report  submitted  herewith. 

In  further  cooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  a  detailed 
study  of  the  St.  Louis-East  St.  Louis  area  was  also  made.  Geological 
formations  do  not  respect  state  boundaries,  and  to  obtain  comprehen- 
sive results  it  is  often  necessary  to  make  surveys  of  portions  of  adja- 
cent states.  The  St.  Louis  limestone,  one  of  the  very  important  forma- 
tions in  Illinois,  has  its  type  locality  across  the  river  in  Missouri,  and 
the  Cheltenham  fire  clay,  although  having  extensions  in  our  State,  is 
also  best  studied  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  We  were  therefore  fortu- 
nate in  being  able  to  join  the  U.  S.  Survey  in  a  simultaneous  study  of 
both  sides  of  the  river  at  this  point.  This  work  was  under  the  imme- 
diate charge  of  Dr.  N.  M.  Fenneman,  of  Wisconsin  University,  acting 
for  the  U.  S.  Survey,  but  was  participated  in  by  Messrs.  Weller,  Jones 
and  Purdy,  of  the  State  Survey,  and  White  of  the  federal  organiza- 
tion. The  expenses  of  the  work  were  divided  between  the  two  surveys. 
A  brief  preliminary  statement  of  the  results  has  been  prepared  and  is 
published  on  later  pages. 

As  a  first  step  in  the  correlation  of  the  various  coal  beds,  maps  have 
been  collected  showing  the  correlations  now  made  by  different  engi- 
neers familiar  with  the  field.  Such  a  map,  courteously  prepared  for 
us  by  Mr.  A.  Bement,  of  Chicago,  was  published  in  our  Bulletin  3  to 
serve  until  such  a  time  as  our  own  studies  would  permit  the  expression 
of  opinion. 


BAiN.J  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  15 

Coin  positions  and  Uses  of  Coal. — Investigations  along  these  lines 
have  been  taken  up  in  cooperation  with  the  Department  of  Applied 
Chemistry  and  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the  University. 
The  chemical  work  has  been  done  under  the  direction  of  Professor 
Parr  and  has  been  directed  to  a  study  of  both  the  ultimate  and  proxi- 
mate composition  of  coals.  As  a  first  step  in  the  work  Professor  Parr 
lias  brought  together  such  existing  analyses  of  Illinois  coals  as  seemed 
reliable,  and  has  prepared  a  preliminary  report  forming  Bulletin  No, 
3  of  the  present  series.  In  this  bulletin  the  results  of  150  analyses  of 
Illinois  coals  are  compared.  An  interesting  result  of  this  work  has 
been  the  development  of  the  fact  that  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
volatile  matter  of  the  coal  as  ordinarily  determined  has  really  no  heat 
value.  This  is  a  fact  of  considerable  economic  as  well  as  scientific  im- 
portance. Professor  Parr  has  also  developed  a  new  classification  of 
coals  which  seems  likely  to  prove  widely  applicable  and  of  consider- 
able usefulness. 

The  analyses  used  in  this  preliminary  work  were  not  made  upon 
samples  collected  by  our  own  men  according  to  any  uniform  method. 
It  is  accordingly  impossible  to  say  how  accurately  they  represent  the 
facts  of  coal  field.  For  this  reason  a  wholly  new  set  of  samples  has 
been  collected  preparatory  to  further  studies.  The  new  samples  have 
been  cut  in  the  mine  from  a  clean  face  of  coal,  taking  the  entire  work- 
able thickness  of  the  bed  and  marking  on  an  accompanying  section  all 
partings  included  as  well  as  rejected  in  sampling.  The  samples  were 
promptly  quartered  down  and  shipped  in  an  air-tight  galvanized  iron 
can  so  as  to  arrive  in  the  laboratory  without  loss  or  gain  in  the  natural 
moisture.  Whatever  additional  sampling  may  prove  later  to  be  neces- 
sary, it  was  thought  that  the  first  step  must  be  the  careful  determina- 
tion of  the  composition  of  coal  as  it  is  in  the  ground.  Messrs.  Grout, 
Rutledge,  Lewis  and  De  Wolf  have  taken  samples  according  to  this 
method  in  various  parts  of  the  State.  In  this  work  we  have  had  the 
valuable  assistance  of  Mr.  Tom  Moses,  Secretary  of  the  State  Mining 
Board,  who  served  as  volunteer  assistant.  In  all  166  are  now  available 
for  study.    It  is  proposed  to  increase  the  number  as  opportunity  serves. 

The  coal  samples  have  been  powdered  and  prepared,  and  results  of 
proximate  and  ultimate  analyses,  as  well  as  B.  T.  U.  determinations, 
run  on  both  the  Parr  and  Mahler  calorimeters,  are  now  available  for 
the  first  twenty-five.  Professor  Parr  has  prepared  a  paper  discussing 
these  results,  which  will  be  separately  submitted. 

A  somewhat  similar  line  of  investigation,  the  effect  of  weathering 
on  the  fuel  value  of  coals,  has  also  been  taken  up.  A  number  of  tests 
are  being  run  to  determine  the  amount  of  oxidation  and  of  decom- 
position which  takes  place  in  coal  exposed  for  a  series  of  months  under 
various  conditions.  It  is  hoped  that  these,  when  checked  by  studies  of 
the  amount  of  mechanical  disintegration,  may  afford  data  upon  which 
a  proper  system  of  coal  storage  may  be  founded. 

In  connection  with  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  a  study  of 
washed  coals  has  been  begun.  It  is  felt  that  better  preparation  of  coal 
for  the  market  is  a  matter  of  supreme  importance,  particularly  to  the 
extent  that  it  may  reduce  the  amount  of  smoke  made  in  burning.    The 


16  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

Engineering  Experiment  Station  has  under  way  a  series  of  boiler  trials 
on  the  same  coal  washed  and  unwashed,  and  the  Survey  is  cooperating 
with  the  Station  in  this  work. 

Mode  of  Occurrence. — To  a  very  important  degree,  the  mode  of 
occurrence  of  the  coal  and  the  character  of  the  roof  shales  and  floor 
clay  determines  the  method  of  mining  and  the  cost  of  the  work. 
Thorough  studies  along  these  lines  are  highly  desirable.  A  beginning 
has  been  made  in  connection  with  the  work  of  sampling  the  veins  and 
the  stratigraphical  work  already  discussed.  At  Peoria  Professor  Udden 
and  Mr.  Taylor  have  made  detailed  studies  of  the  puzzling  series  of 
faults  which  have  interfered  seriously  in  places  with  mining.  At 
Springfield  the  horsebacks  have  been  investigated  by  Mr.  Savage,  and 
at  other  points  in  the  State  similar  phenomena  have  been  under  view. 
A  much  more  thorough  and  complete  investigation  should  be  under- 
taken, and  undoubtedly  would  be  productive  of  results  of  value.  One 
phase  of  the  subject  of  pressing  importance  is  the  occurrence  of  gases 
in  mines  and  their  influence  in  causing  and  extending  explosions.  The 
loss  of  life  and  property  as  a  result  of  explosions  in  the  coal  mines  is  a 
constant  and  serious  burden.  In  the  six  years  ending  June  30,  1906, 
869  lives  were  lost  in  our  mines.  Of  these  226  were  due  to  explosions 
of  one  sort  or  another.  There  should  be  a  thorough  and  comprehensive 
investigation  of  the  entire  subject  to  the  end  that  proper  precautions 
may  be  adopted  to  prevent  or  minimize  this  loss.  As  a  larger  number 
of  deep  mines  is  opened  in  the  State  it  is  to  be  expected  that  more  gas 
will  be  encountered,  and  preparations  should  be  made  to  meet  these 
conditions. 

Markets. — The  study  of  the  marketing  of  our  coals  is  only  incident- 
ally a  part  of  the  survey  work,  but  it  is  one  of  great  importance  and 
may  be  made  of  the  greatest  value  to  the  State.  For  some  years  the 
capacity  of  our  mines  has  been  ahead  of  the  demand,  and  with  the 
increasing  demand  for  smokeless  fuel,  eastern  coals  have  cut  into  the 
markets  naturally  belonging  to  Illinois.  Much  good  can  be  done  by 
disseminating  correct  information  regarding  methods  of  burning  so  as 
to  produce  the  minimum  of  smoke.  Probably  also  good  results  would 
follow  a  careful  study  of  the  particular  demands  of  our  natural  markets 
as  regards  size  of  coal.  To  the  extent  that  it  may  prove  possible  it  is 
proposed  that  the  Survey  shall  assist  in  this  work. 

Clay. 

The  investigation  of  the  clays  has  been  carried  on  in  connection 
with  the  Department  of  Ceramics  of  the  State  University,  Professor 
C.  W.  Rolfe  serving  as  Consulting  Geologist  and  Mr.  R.  C.  Purdy  as 
Ceramist.  Associated  with  them  were  Messrs.  J.  F.  Krehbiel,  J.  K. 
Moore,  A.  J.  Ellis,  H.  L.  Bushnell,  C.  E.  Merry,  and  others.  Professors 
A.  N.  Talbot  and  Ira  O.  Baker  undertook  portions  of  this  work.  The 
chemical  work  was  done  under  the  direction  of  Profesor  Parr  by 
Messrs.  F.  F.  Grout,  Deane  Burns,  H.  A.  Scholz  and  David  Klein. 

The  principal  work  of  the  year  has  been  a  study  of  paving  brick 
clays.  This  has  involved  visits  to  all  the  paving  brick  plants  of  the 
State,  with  a  study  of  their  processes  and  the  thorough  testing  of  sam- 
ples of  their  products.     In  addition  barrel  samples  of  the  clay  have 


bain.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  17 

been  shipped  to  the  laboratory,  prepared  and  burned  under  known  con- 
ditions and  results  noted.  For  purposes  of  comparison  similar  sam- 
ples of  clay  and  brick  from  the  leading  plants  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  Mis- 
souri and  Kansas  have  been  collected  and  also  tested.  In  the  collection 
of  these  samples  we  have  had  the  active  assistance  of  State  Geologist 
Orton,  and  F.  H.  Riddle  in  Ohio,  of  Professor  E.  M.  Shepard  in  Mis- 
souri, and  of  State  Geologist  Haworth  and  F.  J.  Campbern  in  Kansas. 

The  results  of  the  various  tests  are  now  being  tabulated  and  a  report 
on  the  subject  will  be  ready  for  printing  shortly.  The  investigations 
show  not  only  that  we  have  large  resources  of  excellent  material  in 
Illinois,  but  also  throw  important  light  upon  the  technology  of  paving 
brick  making. 

A  second  line  of  investigation  taken  up  within  the  year  was  a  pre- 
liminary study  of  the  fire  clays  of  the  State.  Samples  of  the  Paleozoic 
fire  clays  were  collected  by  Messrs.  Hancock,  Van  Horn,  Grout,  Moses, 
Rutledge  and  Fox ;  while  Mr.  De  Wolf  in  the  course  of  a  reconnais- 
sance of  the  southern  part  of  the  State  in  May  and  June,  collected 
numerous  samples  of  the  Mesozoic  clays.  These  have  been  tested  in  a 
preliminary  way  by  Messrs.  Purdy  and  Krehbiel,  and  a  report  on  the 
subject  has  been  prepared  by  Messrs.  De  Wolf  and  Purdy.  It  is  to  be 
regretted  that  there  was  no  time  for  a  more  thorough  study,  but  it 
seems  advisable  to  print  such  data  as  are  available  and  leave  until  later 
a  more  complete  study.  In  all  46  clays  were  examined,  and  of  these 
39  stood  a  fire  test  equivalent  to  1670  degrees  centigrade  or  higher,  and 
may  accordingly  be  considered  refractory.  Many  of  the  remaining 
may  be  used  in  situations  where  a  lower  heat  is  sufficient. 

Much  more  work  is  needed  on  the  fire  clays  and  in  addition  the 
pottery  clays,  terra  cotta  clays  and  various  building  brick  clays  demand 
investigation.  Second  only  to  coal,  our  clay  working  industries  are 
the  most  important  ones  founded  "on  our  mineral  resources.  In  1905 
the  total  value  of  the  clay  output  amounted  to  $12,392,000.00,  and  in 
7906  there  was  a  substantial  gain. 

Water  Resources. 

Adequate  supplies  of  pure  water  for  municipal  and  industrial  pur- 
poses are  becoming  harder  to  obtain  year  by  year.  As  the  population 
becomes  denser  this  difficulty  is  likely  to  increase.  Since  the  distribu- 
tion and  occurrence  of  water  is  a  geological  problem,  the  Survey  has 
taken  up  studies  designated  to  throw  light  upon  water  resources  and 
water  supply.  In  this  work  it  has  cooperated  with  the  State  Water 
Survey,  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station,  and  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey  under  terms  of  general  agreement  quoted  below : 

This  Agreement,  made  and  entered  into  this  first  day  of  July,  1906,  be- 
tween Charles  D.  Walcott,  director,  for  and  on  behalf  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  of  the  first  part;  Edward  Bartow,  director,  for  and  on 
behalf  of  the  State  Water  Survey  of  Illinois,  of  the  second  part;  L.  P.  Breck- 
enridge,  director,  for  and  on  behalf  of  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station 
of  Illinois,  of  the  third  part;  and  H.  Foster  Bain,  State  Geologist,  for  and 
on  behalf  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  of  Illinois,  of  the  fourth  part. 

Witnesseths  It  is  hereby  agreed  that  there  shall  be  conducted  in  the 
State  of  Illinois  a  cooperative  survey  to  determine  as  hereinafter  provided, 

—2  G 


18  YEAR-BOOK  FOR    1906.  [bull  4 

the  character  and  applicability  of  the  natural  waters  of  said  State,  during 
a  period  of  twelve  months  from  July  1st,  1906,  and  that  the  parties  hereunto 
subscribed  shall  contribute  to  the  support  of  said  survey  as  follows: 

By  the  party  of  the  first  part $3,000  00 

By  the  party  of  the  second  part 3,200  00 

By  the  party  of  the  third  part 1,000  00 

By  the  party  of  the  fourth  part 1,000  00 

Total    $8,200  00 

1.  That  all  work  performed  under  this  cooperative  agreement  shall  be 
confined  to  the  determination  of  the  mineral  and  organic  constituents  in  the 
surface  and  ground  waters  of  said  State,  their  applicability  for  use  for  in- 
dustrial and  domestic  purposes,  and  their  pollution  by  sewage,  together  with 
certain  experimental  work:  (a)  upon  the  effectiveness  of  sewage  purification 
plants  now  installed  within  the  State;  (&)  upon  the  reaction  of  different  types 
of  water  in  the  production  of  steam  in  boilers,  with  studies  of  boiler  scale  cor- 
rosion and  foaming;  (c)  upon  a  comparative  study  of  methods  for  the  pre- 
vention of  the  growth  of  crenothrix  and  in  addition  thereto  such  special 
studies  as  may  be  determined  upon  by  the  Board  of  Control  hereinafter 
designated. 

2.  That  the  work  performed  under  this  cooperative  agreement  shall  be 
under  the  direction  of  the  Board  of  Control  composed  of  representatives  desig- 
nated by  the  parties  hereunto  and  until  further  action  by  the  parties  shall 
be  as  follows: 

For  the  party  of  the  first  part,  M.  O.  Leighton. 

For  the  party  of  the  second  part,  Edward  Bartow. 

For  the  party  of  the  third  part,  L.  P.  Breckenridge,  Arthur  N.  Talbot,  and 
Samuel  W.  Parr. 

For  the  party  of  the  fourth  part,  H.  Foster  Bain. 

It  is  hereby  understood  and  agreed  that  in  case  of  a  division  of  opinion 
in  the  Board  of  Control  with  reference  to  the  disposition  of  any  of  the  mat- 
ters over  which  said  board  is  placed  in  control  under  the  terms  of  this 
agreement,  that  each  of  the  parties  to  this  agreement  shall  be  entitled  to  but 
one  vote. 

3.  That  Edward  Bartow  is  hereby -designated  as  administrative  director 
of  the  investigations  provided  under  this  agreement,  and  shall  have  in 
charge  the  approval  of  accounts  for  disbursement,  and  shall,  with  the  ap- 
proval and  consent  of  the  Board  of  Control,  engage  the  services  and  fix  the 
compensation  of  such  assistants  as  are  required  for  the  carrying  on  of  the 
work  herein  provided,  with  the  exception  of  those  assistants  especially  ap- 
pointed under  this  agreement. 

4.  That  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  duly 
classified  by  the  United  States  Civil  Service  Commission,  shall  be  designated 
to  carry  on  a  part  of  the  work  provided  under  this  agreement,  the  nature 
of  which  shall  be  determined  upon  by  the  Board  of  Control,  and  that  said 
official  shall  be  paid  the  sum  of  fourteen  hundred  (1,400)  dollars  per  year 
for  such  services. 

5.  That  the  three  thousand  dollars  contributed  by  the  party  of  the  first 
part  to  the  support  of  the  work  provided  under  this  agreement  shall  be  ex- 
pended, so  far  as  it  is  possible,  for  the  salary  of  the  member  of  the  staff  of 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  those  of  such  other  assistants  as 
may  be  designated  by  the  Board  of  Control,  the  total  amount  of  such  salaries 
not  exceeding  the  contribution  by  the  party  of  the  first  part,  and  that  all  ac- 
counts be  paid  by  the  party  of  the  first  part  shall  be  prepared  and  audited  in 
accordance  with  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  and  of  the  United  States  Treasury  Department. 

6.  That  thirty-two  hundred  dollars  contributed  by  the  party  of  the  second 
part  and  one  thousand  dollars  contributed  by  the  party  of  the  third  part, 
shall  be  expended  for  assistance,  traveling  expenses,  clerical  work,  supplies 
and  equipment,  and  such  other  incidental  purchases  and  expenses  as  may 
be  determined  on  by  the  Board  of  Control  with  the  approval  and  consent  of 
the  representatives  of  said  parties. 


bain.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  19 

Proviso:  In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  State  Board  of  Health  has  furnished 
a  bacteriologist,  at  a  salary  of  $1,000.00  per  year,  whose  services  are  avail- 
able for  the  proposed  cooperative  investigation,  and  has  agreed  that  the  sani- 
tary engineer  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  will  collect  samples  from  sewage 
disposal  works,  and  that  the  medical  inspector  will  collect  water  from  sus- 
pected supplies,  the  contribution  by  the  party  of  the  second  part  is  made 
with  the  understanding  that  the  party  of  the  second  part  shall  be  free  to 
make  for  the  State  Board  of  Health,  bacteriological  and  chemical  examina- 
tion of  suspected  water  and  sewage,  not  to  exceed  500  in  number. 

7.  That  the  one  thousand  dollars  contributed  by  the  party  of  the  fourth 
part  shall  be  expended  as  follows:  (1)  Seven  hundred  dollars  to  be  ex- 
pended by  and  under  the  direction  of  said  party  of  the  fourth  part  in  con- 
ference with  the  administrative  director  of  these  investigations;  of  which 
five  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  shall  be  devoted  to  a  study  of  the  ground 
waters  of  the  East  St.  Louis  district,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  to  the 
collection  and  transportation  of  samples  of  well  waters  from  selected  points 
throughout  the  State,  and  to  preliminary  studies  of  the  water  horizons  of 
the  State.  (2)  Three  hundred  dollars  of  the  money  contributed  shall  be 
expended  by  said  administrative  officer  for  salaries,  chemicals,  or  incidental 
expenses  of  this  investigation  as  he  shall  deem  best. 

8.  That  the  party  of  the  second  part  shall  provide  a  suitably  equipped 
laboratory  for  chemical  and  bacteriological  work,  and  that  in  case  it  shall 
be  necessary  to  provide  extra  equipment  for  the  purposes  of  the  investiga- 
tion herein  specified,  the  cost  of  such  additional  equipment  shall  be  paid 
from  any  moneys  remaining  in  the  fund  not  otherwise  allotted. 

9.  That  there  shall  be  established  along  the  rivers  and  at  points  desig- 
nated by  the  Board  of  Control  sampling  stations  from  which  there  shall  be 
sent  daily  samples  to  the  laboratory  of  the  State  Water  Survey  at  Urbana, 
such  samples  to  be  sent  by  mail  in  four-ounce  bottles,  under  the  authority 
of  the  party  of  the  first  part  and  with  the  franking  privilege  accorded  to 
such  party  by  law.  That  these  samples  shall  be  stored  for  definite  periods 
in  such  laboratory,  and  analyses  of  the  composite  from  each  sampling  sta- 
tion shall  be  made  at  intervals  to  be  determined  by  the  Board  of  Control. 
That  the  determinations  to  be  made  upon  such  composite  samples  shall  be  de- 
termined by  the  Board  of  Control  and  when  not  otherwise  specified  shall  be 
the  following:  Silica,  iron,  alumina,  calcium,  magnesium,  sodium,  potas- 
sium, sulphurtroxide,  chlorine,  carbondioxide,  turbity  (U.  S.  Geological 
Survey  standard),  suspended  matter,  and  dissolved  solids;  such  determina- 
tions to  be  expressed  in  parts  per  million  and  in  ionic  form. 

10.  The  samples  of  ground  waters  from  points  designated  by  the  Board  of 
Control  shall  be  sent  to  the  above  designated  laboratory  for  mineral  analysis, 
the  determinations  and  expressions  of  results  to  be  the  same  as  that  de- 
scribed in  the  foregoing  section  of  this  agreement,  and  in  addition  thereto 
shall  be  made  such  other  special  determinations  for  defined  purposes  as  may 
be  agreed  upon  and  directed  by  the  Board  of  Control. 

11.  That  there  shall  be  carried  on  special  experiments  upon  the  effect  of 
the  various  Illinois  waters  upon  steam  producing  boilers  which  shall  include 
a  study  of  the  types  of  such  waters  with  reference  to  their  reaction  in  boil- 
ers, the  methods  of  analysis  and  the  methods  of  installation  of  steam  ap- 
paratus indicated  by  the  various  chemical  processes  revealed  and  also  the 
corrosion  caused  by  steam  waters  together  with  experiments  to  show  the 
relation  between  the  composition  of  the  water  and  its  tendency  to  corrode, 
foam  or  cause  scale,  and  such  other  special  work  as  may  from  time  to  time 
be  directed  by  the  Board  of  Control. 

12.  That  samples  shall  be  collected  from  the  public  water  supplies  of  the 
State  for  the  sanitary  analysis,  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  potability 
of  such  supplies.  Such  analyses  shall  include  the  determination  of  bacteria 
and  the  presence  or  absence  of  bacillus  coli  communis,  according  to  stand- 
ard methods,  promulgated  by  the  American  Public  Health  Association.  That 
similar  analyses  shall  be  made  of  the  river  water  at  chosen  distances  below 
points  of  pollution  to  determine  the  persistence  of  contaminating  matter,  the 
specific  determinations  to  be  made  in  connection  with  these  investigations 
to  be  based  upon  the  special  problem  in  each  case  and  to  be  designated  by  the 


20  YEAR-BOOK    FOR   1906.  [bull.  4 

Board  of  Control.  Such  investigations  shall  be  extended  to  private  water 
supplies  whenever  in  the  opinion  of  the  Board  of  Control  such  analyses  are 
desirable.  It  is  understood  and  agreed  that  the  work  indicated  in  this  sec- 
tion shall  apply  both  to  surface  and  to  ground  waters. 

13.  That  there  shall  be  maintained  a  series  of  experiments  upon  the  best 
methods  of  treating  water  supplies  subject  to  pollution  of  various  kinds  and 
to  the  disorders  due  to  microscopic  organisms  such  as  crenothrix,  these  in- 
vestigations to  be  designated  as  "Experimental  Work  upon  the  Treatment  of 
Water,"  and  the  extent  of  the  work  and  the  character  of  the  tests  shall  be 
determined  by  the  Board  of  Control. 

14.  The  provisional  allotments  for  the  various  investigations  herein  pro- 
vided shall  be  made  according  to  the  following  schedule,  it  being  understood 
and  agreed  that  in  case  experience  shall  show  that  a  change  in  such  allot- 
ments will  be  of  advantage  to  the  work,  such  change  may  be  made  by  the 
Board  of  Control: 

Mineral  analyses — 

Surface  waters  $1,830  00 

Ground  waters   1,300  00 

Boiler  waters   1,600  00 

Sanitary  analyses — 

Surface  waters  1,000  00 

Ground  waters   '900  00 

Experimental  work  upon  treatment  of  waters 1,000  00 

Incidentals  and  equipment    570  00 

Total   $8,200  00 

15.  That  in  case  it  shall  be  found  previous  to  the  close  of  the  term  of  this 
contract  that  the  expenses  incurred  under  this  agreement  will  be  greater 
than  the  total  amount  of  the  fund  provided,  retrenchment  shall  be  made  by 
suspension,  according  to  the  decision  of  the  Board  of  Control. 

16.  That  in  case  the  expenses  of  the  work  outlined  in  this  agreement 
should  not  be  as  great  as  the  fund  provided,  adjustment  shall  be  made  in  the 
last  month  of  the  term  of  the  contract  by  paying  salaries  and  expenses  from 
the  various  allotments  in  such  a  way  that  the  expenditures  of  each  party 
hereunto  subscribed  shall  be  an  equal  proportion  of  the  amount  contributed 
by  each  to  the  fund. 

17.  And,  be  it  understood  and  agreed  that  the  original  notes  and  records 
of  the  work  performed  under  this  contract  shall  be  kept  in  the  custody  of 
the  administrative  director  and  copies  thereof  issued  to  the  several  parties 
to  this  agreement  upon  demand.  That  each  of  said  parties  shall  have  the 
right  to  use  any  of  the  results  as  may  be  of  value  in  its  special  line  of 
work  for  the  purposes  of  publication,  but  that  the  publication  of  the  results  of 
the  entire  series  of  investigations  as  a  whole  shall  be  reserved  to  the  party 
of  the  first  part.  In  the  publication  of  said  reports  by  the  party  of  the  first 
part,  the  relationship  of  each  party  to  the  report  shall  be  clearly  stated,  and 
each  party  shall  be  provided  with  an  equitable  number  of  copies  thereof  to 
be  distributed  according  to  the  provisions  of  any  statutes  by  which  either 
party  may  be  governed. 

In  testimony  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  the  date  and  year 
first  written  herein. 

Charles  D.  Walcott, 
Director  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  for  and  on  behalf  of  the  party  of  the  first 
part. 

Edward  Bartow, 
Director  State  Water  Survey  of  Illinois,  for  and  on  behalf  of  the  party  of  the 
second  part. 

L.  P.  Breckenridge, 
Director  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  for 
and  on  behalf  of  the  party  of  the  third  part. 

H.  Foster  Bain, 
Director  State  Geological  Survey,  for  and  on  behalf  of  the  party  of  the  fourth 
part. 


BAIN;] 


ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT. 


21 


In  accordance  with  paragraph  3  of  the  agreement,  Mr.  Isaiah  Bow- 
man and  Mr.  Chester  A.  Reeds  were  assigned  by  the  State  Geological 
Survey  to  summer  field  work  in  the  East  St.  Louis  Quadrangle.  In 
connection  with  their  study  of  the  area,  twenty-four  samples  of  water 
were  sent  in  to  the  State  Water  Survey  Laboratory,  analyses  of  which 
were  made  by  Mr.  W.  F.  Wheeler. 

For  the  collection  of  daily  samples  of  water,  twenty-six  stations,  as 
shown  on  the  accompanying  sample  map,  were  established  in  the  State 
during  the  latter  part  of  July.  Samples  have  been  shipped  regularly 
since  Aug.  1  from  the  following  places : 


Location. 

Stream 

Location. 

Stream. 

Carlyle 

Kaskaskia  river 

Little  Wabash  river 

Reservoir 

Marion 

Reservoir 

Cartter 

Moline 

Mississippi  river 

Sangamon  river 

Embarass  river 

Charleston 

Murphysborro 

Ottawa 

Peoria 

Big  Muddy  river 

Danville 

Big  Vermilion  river. . . . 
Sangamon  river 

Illinois  river 

Decatur' 

Mississippi  river 

Elgin 

Rock  Falls 

Kampsville 

Illinois  river 

Shelbyville 

Kaskaskia  river 

Kankakee 

LaSalle 

Illinois  river 

Sterling 

Rock  river 

Lawrenceville 

Embarass  river 

Streator 

Vermilion  river' 

The  detailed  study  of  the  water  resources  of  the  East  St.  Louis  dis- 
trict were  undertaken  in  June.  In  a  district  of  so  many  and  such  varied 
manufacturing  interests  as  that  extending  from  Alton  to  Belleville, 
water  problems  are  numerous  and  difficult.  The  work  was  begun  in 
cooperation  with  the  Eastern  Section  of  Hydrology  of  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  M.  L.  Fuller  in  charge,  but  in  June,  owing  to  the 
decreased  appropriations  being  made  by  Congress,  the  entire  work  was 
transferred  to  the  State  and  became  a  part  of  the  general  cooperative 
work  on  water  as  provided  in  the  above  agreement.  At  this  time  all 
the  notes  previously  collected  were  turned  over  to  the  State.  The  report 
has  been  finished  and  illustrations  are  now  being  prepared.  Many 
points  of  interest  to  the  water  users  were  found  by  Messrs.  Bowman 
and  Reeds,  and  it  is  believed  that  their  conclusions  will  prove  of  large 
value  to  the  people  of  the  district  concerned. 

Dr.  E.  A.  Bartow,  Director  of  the  State  Water  Survey  and  Consult- 
ing Chemist  to  the  Geological  Survey,  has  undertaken  to  prepare  a 
general  report  upon  the  nature  of  the  underground  waters  of  the  State, 
as  regards  their  distribution,  classification,  therapeutic  values  and  uses. 
This  work  is  now  under  way.  To  accompany  this  Professor  J.  A. 
Udden  has  prepared  a  chapter  on  the  underground  water  horizons,  but 
a  much  more  complete  discussion  of  the  artesian  possibilities  of  the 
region  is  badly  needed. 

Another  line  of  investigation,  which  it  has  been  suggested  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  should  take  up,  relates  to  the  swamp  and  overflowed 
lands,  the  action  of  rivers,  and  the  methods  of  drainage.  Large  areas 
of  land  have  already  been  reclaimed  by  drainage,  and  many  local 
drainage  districts  are  now  in  existence.  When,  however,  the  problem 
of  the  control  of  a  whole  river  such  as  the  Sangamon,   Kaskaskia, 


22  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

Embarass  or  Little  Wabash  is  approached,  it  is  at  once  found  that 
the  data  are  not  now  available  upon  which  to  plan  a  comprehensive 
and  economical  system.  Numerous  stream  gaugings  are  needed,  the 
area  of  the  water  shed,  the  rainfall  and  the  regime  of  the  main  river 
and  its  tributaries  must  be  studied  if  the  best  system  of  river  control 
3 s  to  be  adopted.  The  topographic  maps  now  being  made  by  the  survey 
will  afford  much  of  this  data,  but  other  material  can  only  be  obtained 
as  a  result  of  special  study.  Land  is  becoming  exceedingly  valuable  in 
Illinois,  and  a  wise  provision  for  the  future  would  suggest  the  reclaim- 
ing of  every  available  acre.  In  order  to  prevent  waste  and  misdirec- 
tion in  expenditure,  a  certain  amount  of  preliminary  study  should  be 
devoted  to  the  problem,  and  at  the  same  time  the  surveys  of  the  river 
valleys  should  be  advanced  as  rapidly  as  possible.  While  there  have 
been  numerous  demands  for  the  survey  to  take  up  this  work,  the  direc- 
tor and  the  commissioners  have  not  felt  free  to  do  so,  with  the  result- 
ing diversion  of  funds  from  other  lines  of  investigation,  and  a  special 
appropriation  should  be  provided  if  the  work  is  to  be  done. 

Oil  and  Gas. 

Important  deposits  of  petroleum  were  discovered  in  southeastern 
Illinois  late  in  1904.  Shipments  began  in  June,  1905,  and  by  August, 
1906,  the  output  had  grown  to  800,000  barrels  for  the  month,  approxi- 
mately equaling  the  output  of  Indiana  for  the  corresponding  month  of 
the  preceding  year.  The  total  output  for  1906  will  fall  but  a  little 
below  half  the  output  of  Indiana  for  the  preceding  year.  This  develop- 
ment has  been  exceedingly  gratifying.  Promptly  after  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  geological  branch  of  the  survey  steps  were  taken  to  make 
a  proper  study  of  this  important  new  mineral  resource.  Mr.  A.  W. 
Lewis  spent  some  time  in  the  field  determining  its  general  outline  and 
collecting  such  well  records  as  were  available.  In  April  and  May  the 
entire  field  as  then  developed  was  studied  for  us  by  Professor  W.  S. 
Blatchley  of  Indianapolis,  an  experienced  oil  expert  and  State  Geolo- 
gist of  Indiana.  Professor  Blatchley's  conclusions  were  most  encour- 
aging, and  his  report,  froming  Bulletin  2  of  the  present  series,  was 
promptly  sent  to  the  printers.  In  this  bulletin  the  origin,  distribution, 
and  methods  of  producing  the  oil  were  discussed  in  such  detail  as  the 
then  available  data  would  permit.  Analyses  of  representative  samples 
were  added  and  a  list  of  bench  marks  given.  The  latter  was  based 
on  a  series  of  levels  run  through  the  region  for  the  survey  by  Mr.  E.  M. 
Scheflow,  assisted  by  Mr.  Loren  Digby.  Some  117  points  of  accurate 
elevation  were  established  for  use  in  correlating  oil  sands  and  marked 
by  suitable  brass  tags. 

In  addition  to  this  discussion  of  the  southeastern  Illinois  petroleum 
field,  brief  notes  on  oil  and  gas  discoveries  in  Pike,  Montgomery, 
Randolph,  Saline  and  Williamson  counties,  written  by  various  other 
members  of  the  survey,  were  appended.  The  oil  field  has  continued 
to  rapidly  develop  and  additional  surveys  will  soon  be  necessary.  The 
large  volume  of  gas  now  being  found,  estimated  at  50,000,000  cubic 
feet  per  day,  also  demands  investigation.  Steps  should  be  taken  in 
particular  to  prevent  its  further  waste. 


bain.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  23 

Educational  Bulletins. 

Following  the  example  of  some  of  the  other  states,  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Illinois  has  planned  the  publication  of  a  series  of  educational 
bulletins.  They  have  been  called  educational,  because  their  purpose  is 
to  put  useful  information  concerning  the  geology  and  geography  of 
the  State,  or  some  parts  of  it,  before  those  who  are  not  special  students 
of  those  sciences.  More  particularly,  their  purpose  is  to  put  into 
available  form  such  knowledge  as  will  help  those  who  are  not  geolo- 
gists in  understanding  the  common  phenomena  of  their  own  regions. 
The  bulletins  are  therefore  intended  to  serve  the  citizens  at  large,  rather 
than  special  students  of  geology,  or  special  industries  of  the  State  which 
depend,  directly  or  indirectly,  on  the  mineral  resources.  Other  and 
more  technical  publications  serve  this  latter  purpose. 

Two  classes  of  people  are  kept  especially  in  mind  in  the  preparation 
of  these  bulletins.  These  are  (i)  intelligent  cititzens  whose  atention, 
for  one  reason  or  another,  has  never  been  directed  to  geology.  Amcng 
such  citizens  there  are  always  some  who  are  interested  in  under- 
standing their  home  regions ;  and  through  the  understanding  of  one 
region  the  general  principles  of  geology  are  grasped,  in  some  measure 
at  least.  The  knowledge  thus  acquired  may  be  a  source  of  much  satis- 
faction to  those  who  possess  it.  Furthermore,  there  is  always  the 
possibility  that  occasion  may  arise  in  the  future  when  the  information 
can  be  turned  to  account  in  economic  ways. 

(2)  The  study  of  physical  geography  and  geology  is  now  pursued 
somewhat  generally  in  high  schools,  and  might  be  pursued  with  great 
advantage  much  more  widely  than  it  is  now  in  the  country  schools. 
According  to  the  improved  methods  of  study  at  the  present  time,  it  is 
essential  that  the  subjects  studied  be  so  illustrated  and  applied  that  the 
knowledge  acquired  becomes  a  part  of  the  student's  permanent  equip- 
ment. His  study  of  physical  geography  fails  of  its  full  purpose  unless 
•t  puts  him  into  possession  of  the  ability  to  interpret  the  surface  of  the 
land  as  he  travels  to  and  fro  in  after  life.  The  best  way  to  acquire 
this  ability  appears  to  be  to  make  application  of  principles  studied  in 
the  school  to  the  phenomena  of  the  region  in  which  the  school  is 
located.  Many  of  the  principles  of  physical  geography  and  geology 
are  illustrated  within  easy  reach  of  most  of  the  schools  in  the  State. 

A  second  purpose  of  these  bulletins,  therefore,  is  to  put  the  schools 
of  the  various  parts  of  the  State  into  possession  of  a  general  account 
of  the  principal  geographic  and  geological  features  of  their  regions, 
which  may  be  used  as  a  sort  of  field  book.  This  field  study  in  physical 
geography  serves  the  same  purpose  as  laboratory  work  in  physics  and 
chemistry,  in  connection  with  those  subjects. 

It  will  be  long  before  all  the  important  regions  of  the  State  can  be 
covered  in  this  way.  In  the  choice  of  areas  selected  for  early  treat- 
ment, three  considerations  control.  These  are  the  following:  (i) 
Areas  of  great  inherent  interest  will  take  precedence  over  those  not 
sc  favored.  (2)  Areas  of  which  topographic  maps  have  been  made 
will  take  precedence  over  those  not  so  mapped;  and  (3)  areas  where 


24  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1906.  I  bull.  4 

the  bulletins  are  likely  to  be  widely  used  will  have  precedence  over 
other  areas.  The  areas  which  will  receive  early  consideration  are  the 
areas  where  these  three  conditions  are  found. 

The  topographic  maps  have  been  made  for  but  relatively  small  por- 
tions of  the  State,  so  that,  at  the  present  time,  the  larger  part  of  the 
area  of  the  State  is  ruled  out  of  the  immediate  consideration  in  this 
connection. 

This  work  has  been  placed  in  charge  of  Professor  R.  D.  Salisbury 
of  the  University  of  Chicago,  Consulting  Geologist  of  the  Survey. 
Five  bulletins  have  been  undertaken.  One  of  them  has  been  completed. 
The  field  work  for  three  others  has  been  essentially  completed,  while 
the  work  for  the  fifth  is  under  way.  One  of  the  bulletins  concerns  the 
region  along  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  north  of  Chicago ;  a  second 
deals  with  the  valley  of  the  Desplaines  river ;  a  third  deals  with  the 
valley  of  the  Illinois  from  Hennepin  to  Pekin ;  a  fourth  with  the  area 
about  East  St.  Louis;  and  a  fifth  (jointly  with  the  Geological  Survey 
of  Iowa)  deals  with  the  Mississippi  valley  from  Savanna  on  the  north 
to  Davenport  and  Rock  Island  on  the  south. 

The  first  of  these  bulletins,  prepared  by  Dr.  Wallace  W.  Atwood  and 
Dr.  J.  W.  Goldthwait,  attempts  to  put  into  available  and  popular  form 
present  knowledge  concerning  the  geographic  development  of  the  re- 
gion of  which  it  treats.  Among  other  topics  it  deals  with  the  succes- 
sive stages  in  the  history  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  the  ways  in  which  the 
former  expanded  lake  affected  the  surface. 

The  second  bulletin,  by  Doctor  Goldthwait,  which  deals  in  part  with 
the  outlet  of  the  ancestral  Lake  Michigan,  is  closely  connected  with 
the  first,  but  deals  with  other  problems  as  well,  especially  with  glacia- 
tion  and  river  erosion  and  their  effects  on  the  present  surface. 

The  third  bulletin,  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Barrows,  besides  dealing  with  the 
general  physiography  of  the  region  concerned,  will  discuss  several  of 
the  distinctive  features  of  this  valley,  such  as  the  striking  narrowings 
and  widenings,  the  terraces,  which  are  one  of  the  pronounced  features 
of  this  valley;  the  alluvial  fans,  which  have  an  unusual  development 
considering  the  relief  and  climate  of  the  region,  and  the  influence  of 
the  geology  on  the  industrial  development  of  the  region. 

The  fourth  bulletin,  by  Professor  N.  M.  Fenneman,  will  explain  the 
general  physiography  of  the  region  about  St.  Louis,  which  will  furnish 
some  important  data  concerning  the  date  of  excavation  of  the  Missis- 
sippi valley — data  which  have  some  bearing  on  the  crustal  movements 
in  late  geological  times ;  a  discussion  of  river  deposition,  which  is  well 
illustrated  by  the  main  valley  of  the  region ;  and  discussions  of  a  num- 
ber of  minor  points  which  find  illustration  in  this  region. 

The  fifth  bulletin,  by  J.  E.  Carman,  besides  presenting  a  general 
sketch  of  the  history  of  the  present  topography,  will  discuss  the  some- 
what extensive  deposits  of  sand  and  loess  made  by  the  wind ;  the  origin 
of  certain  lacustrine  or  fluvio-lacustrine  deposits  in  some  of  the  tribu- 
tary valleys ;  the  effect  of  glaciation  on  the  present  surface,  and  the 
history  of  drainage  changes.  The  last  point  is  of  much  interest  since 
the  course  of  the  Mississippi  and  of  some  other  streams  has  been 
changed  very  notably,  as  the  great  valleys  unoccupied  or  occupied  by 
small  streams  show. 


bain.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  25 

The  next  bulletin  undertaken  will  probably  deal  with  the  Illinois 
valley  between  the  mouth  of  the  Desplaines  and  Hennepin. 

In  each  of  these  regions  there  are  factors  of  interest  geographically, 
and  in  each  there  are  important  schools  to  be  served.  Each  region,  too, 
is  relatively  populous. 

In  some  cases  the  work  done  in  the  preparation  of  these  bulletins 
will  probably  lead  to  the  development  of  information  of  importance, 
but  in  regions  the  geology  of  which  is  well  understood  they  may  do 
little  more  than  put  into  available  form  the  information  which  geolo- 
gists already  possess.  Their  value  is  not  to  be  underestimated  on  this 
account,  for  the  State  which  supports  the  survey  has  a  right  to  infor- 
mation in  such  form  that  it  may  be  available  for  the  people. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  the  survey  to  undertake  the  publication  of  simi- 
lar bulletins  about  cities  and  villages  in  which  are  important  educa- 
tional institutions,  as  soon  as  practicable  after  topographic  maps  are 
available.  The  areas  about  State  normal  schools  might  appropriately 
receive  early  attention,  but  the  areas  about  none  of  the  normal  schools 
have  topographic  maps  at  present,  and  without  such  maps  the  bulle- 
itns  would  fail  of  much  of  their  purpose. 

Lead  and  Zinc. 

The  ores  of  these  metals  are  found  in  both  the  northern  and  southern 
parts  of  the  State,  and  mining  is  now  being  carried  on  in  JoDaviess, 
Pope  and  Hardin  counties.  In  the  first  named  county  the  search  for 
zinc  has  been  particularly  active  in  recent  years.  The  director  of  the 
survey,  before  assuming  his  present  position,  made  a  general  study  of 
these  mines  for  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,*  as  well  as  a  general  study 
of  the  whole  upper  Mississippi  valley  zinc  and  lead  region.  Supple- 
mentary to  this  study  detailed  maps  are  needed  throughout  the  produc- 
tive area.  A  beginning  has  been  made  toward  supplying  this  need. 
The  work  has  been  placed  in  charge  of  Dr.  U.  S.  Grant  of  Northwest- 
ern University,  Consulting  Geologist  of  the  Survey.  Dr.  Grant  re- 
cently mapped  the  most  productive  areas  in  Wisconsin,  and  it  is  planned 
to  cover  the  Illinois  field  as  it  develops  with  maps  similar  in  character. 

This  season  the  Vinegar  Hill  area,  including  nearly  fifteen  square 
miles,  was  surveyed  on  a  scale  of  four  inches  to  the  mile  by  Dr.  Grant 
and  Mr.  M.  J.  Perdue,  assisted  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Scheflow,  levelman.  A 
detailed  topographic  and  geologic  map  was  made  and  on  it  were  placed 
structural  contours  from  which  the  depth  to  the  "oil  rock"  can  be 
obtained  at  any  point.  As  the  "oil  rock"  and  the  beds  immediately 
above  it  form  the  most  productive  horizon  in  the  region,  the  map 
should  be  of  great  assistance  in  the  development  of  the  deposits.  The 
map  is  now  being  engraved,  and  will  be  published  as  promptly  as  pos- 
sible. It  is  proposed  to  extend  these  surveys  to  cover  the  whole  of  the 
productive  area.  As  a  preliminary  step  in  this  direction,  the  primary 
traverse  and  the  primary  level  lines  were  this  year  run  so  as  to  permit 


*  Zinc  and  Lead  Deposits  of  Northwestern  Illinois;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  246. 
+  Zinc  and  Lead  Deposits  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Valley;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  294.       (In 
press.) 


26  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

of  a  topographic  map  being  made  of  the  Apple  River  and  Galena  quad- 
rangles. This  map  will  be  upon  the  usual  inch  to  the  mile  scale,  and 
will  supplement  the  large  scale  general  maps. 

In  southern  Illinois  very  little  zinc  has  so  far  been  found,  though 
the  lead  ore  is  steadily  shipped  as  a  by-product  of  fluorspar  mining. 
When  the  topographic  survey  of  the  southern  Illinois  coal  field  has 
sufficiently  advanced,  it  is  planned  to  take  up  the  mapping  of  the 
fluorspar-lead  district.  The  primary  traverse  and  the  level  work  is 
planned  for  1907.  In  the  meantime  a  general  report  upon  the  area, 
published  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,*  is  available.  An  interesting 
development  of  the  year  has  been  the  finding  of  silver  values  in  the 
lead  ore  sufficient  to  form  an  element  in  the  purchase  price.  Of  recent 
years  the  price  of  silver  has  been  so  low  that  the  small  amount  of  silver 
found  in  the  galena  was  not  paid  for  by  the  smelter. 

Fluorspar. 

The  fluorspar  deposits  in  Pope  county  are  among  the  largest  and 
most  important  in  the  world.  In  1905  they  yielded  33,275  tons  of  spar, 
having  a  value  of  $220,260.00.  Some  lead  is  found  with  the  spar. 
Fluorspar  is  used  mainly  as  a  flux  in  steel  making  and  in  the  enamelling 
trades,  but  also  has  a  umber  of  minor  uses.  As  promptly  as  possible 
the  geological  mapping  should  be  extended  to  cover  the  fluorspar  dis- 
tricts and  studies  of  the  uses  of  spar  should  be  made  so  as  to  widen 
the  markets  as  much  as  possible. 

Quarry  Products. 

Highway  Materials. — In  connection  with  the  State  Highway  Com- 
mission, samples  of  rock  and  gravel  now  in  use  in  the  construction  of 
roads  have  been  collected  at  a  number  of  points.  These  materials  have 
been  tested  in  the  road  material  laboratory  and  reports  have  been  duly 
forwarded  to  State  Highway  Engineer  Johnson.  The  localities  from 
which  samples  were  collected  are  indicated  on  the  accompanying  sample 
map,  and  are  listed  below : 

Gravel,  Charleston,  111.,  collected  by  Savage.    Test  No.  24. 

Crushed  rock,  Garrison's  quarry,  N.  E.  %  section  28,  Casey  township,  Clark 
county;  collected  by  Savage.     Test  No.  27  . 

Novaculite  (flint)  from  Tammus,  Alexander  county;  collected  by  DeWolf. 
Test  No.  26. 

Gravel,  Bloomington,  111.,  (near  water  works) ;  collected  by  Hancock.  Test 
No.  31. 

Crushed  rock,  Utica,  111.,  Sec.  8,  T.  33  N.,  R.  11  E.,  Utica  township;  collected 
by  Hancock.    Test  No.  36. 

Crushed  rock,  Deer  Park,  near  LaSalle,  Sec.  33,  T.  33  N.,  R.  1  E.;  collected 
by  Hancock.    Test  No.  37. 

Crushed  rock,  one  and  one-half  miles  southwest  of  Ottawa,  Sec.  15,  T.  33 
N.,  R.  3  E.;  collected  by  Hancock.    Test  No.  39. 

Crushed  rock,  Dixon,  111.,  Sec.  33,  T.  22  N.,  R.  9  E.;  collected  by  Hancock. 
Test  No.  40. 

Crushed  rock,  Savanna,  111.,  near  C.  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.  tracks  in  north  edge  of 
town;  collected  by  Hancock.    Test  No.  43. 


*  Fluorspar  Deposits  of  Southern  Illinois,  by  H.  Foster  Bain;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  255. 


bain.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  27 

Crushed  rock,  Fulton,  111.,  north  edge  of  town,  Sec.  28,  T.  22  N.,  R.  11  E.; 
collected  by  Hancock.    Test  No.  44. 

Crushed  rock,  Savanna,  111.,  north  edge  of  town,  near  C.  B.  &  Q.  tracks; 
collected  by  Hancock.    Test  No.  42. 

Crushed  rock,  Mt.  Carroll,  southwest  part  of  city;  collected  by  Hancock. 
Test  No.  46. 

Crushed  rock,  Freeport,  111.,  from  city  quarry;  collected  by  Hancock.  Test 
No.  41. 

Galena  limestone,  southwest  edge  of  Galena,  in  street;  collected  by  Han- 
cock.    Test  No.  45. 

Crushed  rock,  Moline,  111.,  The  Cady  Stone  Quarry;  collected  by  Hancock. 
Test  No.  47. 

Crushed  rock,  Moline,  111.,  Cady  Stone  Quarry;  collected  by  Hancock.  Test 
No.  48. 

Crushed  rock,  Moline,  111.,  Cady  Stone  Quarry;  collected  by  Hancock.  Test 
No.  49. 

Sandstone,  Charleston,  111.,  Oliver  Quarry;  collected  by  Bain.    Test  No.  23. 

Crushed  rock,  Charleston,  111.;  collected  by  Bain.    Test  No.  25. 

Limestone,  Clark  county,  Stumps'  Quarry,  Wabash  township;  collected  by 
Savage.    Test  No.  38. 

No  comprehensive  study  of  highway  material  has  been  attempted. 
This  is  believed  to  be  properly  the  work  of  the  highway  engineer,  but 
it  is  proposed  to  utilize  the  survey  corps  as  much  as  possible  in  the 
collection  of  samples  and  notes  and  outcrops.  In  this  work  Messrs. 
E.  T.  Hancock,  F.  W.  DeWolf,  T.  E.  Savage  and  F.  B.  Van  Horn 
assisted  in  1906. 

Fertilizer  Materials. — In  certain  portions  of  Illinois  the  soils,  if  a 
maximum  crop  is  to  be  obtained,  need  treatment.  Large  quantities  of 
limestone  and  phosphate  of  lime  are  annually  imported  and  the  amount 
which  will  be  used  seems  likely  to  increase  from  year  to  year.  Acting 
in  cooperation  with  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  a  search  has 
therefore  been  begun  for  local  fertilizing  materials.  There  is  not  much 
encouragement  to  hope  for  the  finding  of  large  bodies  of  phosphate 
rock,  but  in  view  of  its  importance  to  the  State  it  has  been  thought  that 
every  effort  should  be  made  to  locate  such  bodies.  Accordingly  sam- 
ples of  everything  of  possible  value  encountered  in  the  course  of  the 
survey  have  been  sent  in  and  analyzed  at  the  Experiment  Station.  The 
localities  visited  are  indicated  upon  the  accompanying  map.  So  far 
nothing  of  any  commercial  importance  has  been  found. 

Limestone  suitable  for  use  upon  certain  soils  in  southeastern  Illinois 
needing  such  material  has  been  located  and  tested  at  a  number  of  points, 
as  is  also  shown  on  the  accompanying  map.  The  samples  were  col- 
lected by  the  Geological  Survey  and  the  analyses  were  made  by  the 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Mr.  Van  Horn  has  prepared  a  brief 
report  upon  the  subject. 

Building  Stones. — The  total  stone  output  in  1905  amounted  to  over 
three  and  a  half  million  dollars,  divided  as  follows : 
Limestone — 

Crushed  rock  $1,904,350  00 

Flux    581,497  00 

Limestone  for  highways   533,917  00 

Stone  for  lime  making 395,164  00 

Dimension   stone    226,491  00 

Sandstone   29,153  00 

Total    $3,670,572  00 


28  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906. 


Lbull.  4 


The  most  important  increase  in  demand  has  been  for  crushed  rock. 
While  our  supply  of  stone  for  dimension  work  is  relatively  limited, 
good  rock  for  crushing  exists  largely  distributed.  So  far  there  has  been 
no  opportunity  to  make  a  special  study  of  the  building  stones  of  the 
State,  a  subject  which  urgently  demands  investigation. 

Cement  Resources. — Portland  cement  is  manufactured  in  the  vicinity 
of  LaSalle  and  slag  cement  is  made  in  the  Chicago  district.  A  new 
plant  is  being  erected  at  Dixon  and  land  is  said  to  have  been  purchased 
near  Port  Byron  for  another.  There  are  no  cement  factories  in  the 
central  or  southern  part  of  the  State.  Since  1902  the  cement  industry 
of  the  State  has  been  nearly  stationary.  In  the  meantime  nine  new 
plants  have  gone  into  operation  in  neighboring  states,  and  a  number 
of  others  are  now  building.  The  percentage  of  the  output  of  the  United 
States  made  from  materials  abundant  in  Illinois  has  jumped  from  21.4 
to  35.9,  and  the  increased  demand  for  cement  has  been  enormous. 
Enough  is  known  to  indicate  that  there  is  an  abundance  of  cement  mak- 
ing materials,  particularly  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  The  large 
fuel  supply  available,  the  good  transportation  facilities  enjoyed,  and 
the  fortunate  geographic  situation  of  Illinois  entitle  it  to  a  greater  share 
in  the  increased  cement  production.  Analyses  have  been  made  of  indi- 
vidual limestone  and  shales,  but  funds  have  been  lacking  for  the 
thorough  study  of  the  whole  subject  which  its  importance  demands. 

Sand  and  Silica. — In  the  vicinity  of  Ottawa  are  deposits  which  fur- 
nish a  large  portion  of  the  glass  sand  used  in  the  United  States.  This 
sand,  which  belongs  to  the  St.  Peters  sandstone,  also  enters  into  s 
number  of  other  trades.  The  beds  outcrop  near  Dixon  to  the  north 
and  again  in  Calhoun  county.  Other  formations  also  yield  sand  suit- 
able for  making  bottles,  for  building,  molding  and  other  purposes.  In 
the  aggregate  the  annual  output  amounts  to  about  three-quarters  of  a 
million  dollars.  The  deposits  should  be  studied  and  tested  in  order  to 
determine  their  extent  and  quality  and  with  a  view  to  finding  new  uses 
and  markets  for  the  material. 

In  southern  Illinois,  in  Union  and  Alexander  counties,  there  are 
beds  of  fine  grained  silica  which  are  in  demand  in  the  wood  polishing 
and  other  trades.  Three  mills  are  now  engaged  in  preparing  the  silica 
for  market  and  others  are  projected.  The  origin  and  extent  of  these 
beds  are  very  imperfectly  known,  and  it  is  not  likely  that  all  the  uses 
to  which  it  is  adapted  have  been  discovered.  Preliminary  to  a  thorough 
study  of  the  entire  subject  samples  have  been  taken  and  analyses  are 
heing  made.     It  is  hoped  to  follow  these  by  further  tests  and  surveys. 

Ochre. — Colored  clays  of  such  quality  that  they  may  be  used  as  pig- 
ments occur  at  different  points  in  the  State.  The  bulk  of  the  colored 
clays  fail  in  some  particular  or  another,  and  are  not  adapted  to  such 
uses.  From  time  to  time  samples  sent  into  the  office  or  collected  by 
members  of  the  survey  have  been  tested,  usually  with  negative  results. 
One  sample  from  Brown  county  appeared  promising,  and  on  being 
examined  by  one  of  the  largest  paint  manufacturers  in  this  country 
was  found  to  be  of  value.  The  owner  was  put  into  communication  with 
the  paint  makers  and  thus  a  market  was  found  for  his  material.  It  is 
possible  that  other  deposits  exist,  and  it  is  hoped  that  they  may  be  found 
and  exploited. 


bain.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  29 

General  Stratigraphy. 

A  correct  knowledge  of  the  geology  of  the  State  as  a  whole  is  funda- 
mental to  any  development  of  its  mineral  resources.  The  work  on  coal, 
clay,  lead  and  zinc  and  other  topics  has,  accordingly,  been  arranged 
to  throw  as  much  light  as  possible  on  the  geology  of  the  whole  State. 
In  order,  however,  to  make  the  best  progress,  it  has  been  found  neces- 
sary to  have  some  one  whose  major  time  should  be  devoted  to  this 
particular  work.  To  Dr.  Stuart  Weller  accordingly  this  duty  has 
been  assigned.  He  has  visited  each  of  the  field  parties,  and  has  taken 
charge  of  the  collections  now  being  made.  In  addition,  he  has  inde- 
pendently investigated  certain  areas  adapted  to  throw  light  upon  the 
general  geology  of  the  State.  Some  time  was  spent  by  him  in  south- 
ern Calhoun  county.  A  brief  report  upon  this  area  has  been  prepared 
and  will  be  submitted  for  printing.  Later  Dr.  Weller  made  a  recon- 
naissance along  the  Mississippi  river  from  St.  Louis  south.  Early 
in  the  year  he  prepared  a  preliminary  geological  map  of  the  State  which 
was  published  in  Bulletin  i  of  the  survey  and  has  served  a  very  useful 
purpose.  He  also  furnished  brief  notes  on  the  geological  structure  of 
the  State  for  incorporation  in  the  bulletin  on  petroleum  and  a  revised 
copy  of  the  geological  map  of  the  State  for  use  in  a  second  edition  of 
Bulletin  No.  I. 

As  a  further  preparation  for  detailed  work,  Mr.  DeWolf  was  em- 
ployed in  May  and  June  to  make  a  general  reconnaissance  of  southern 
Illinois,  particularly  of  that  portion  in  which  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous 
strata  outcrop.  Mr.  DeWolf  is  regularly  employed  by  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey  and  was  detailed  for  this  temporary  service  through 
the  courtesy  of  the  director  of  that  organization.  His  trip  brought  to 
light  many  interesting  facts  regarding  the  area  traversed,  and  will  be 
of  much  assistance  in  future  detailed  surveys.  An  immediate  return 
of  the  work  is  the  report  on  the  fire  clays  of  that  region  appearing  in 
the  year  book. 

Arrangements  have  been  made  for  collecting  and  recording  the  logs 
of  deep  wells  as  they  are  bored,  and  in  this  the  active  cooperation  of 
municipalities,  corporations  and  citizens  is  invited.  In  no  other  way 
than  by  the  systematic  collection  and  comparison  of  deep  well  records 
can  the  geology  of  much  of  the  State  be  learned.  A  considerable  num- 
ber of  records  are  now  available,  but  many  more  are  needed.  A  nota- 
ble addition  to  the  records  is  a  diamond  drill  core  from  Delafield  ex- 
tending to  a  depth  of  962  feet.  This  was  courteously  furnished  to  the 
survey  by  the  Delafield  Coal  Company,  and  has  been  carefully  exam- 
ined by  Mr.  Jon  A.  Udden.  If,  when  deep  holes  are  to  be  put  down, 
the  survey  is  informed,  it  will  furnish  directions  for  the  collection 
and  preservation  of  samples,  will  examine  the  same,  and  will  give  such 
advice  as  to  horizons  as  the  circumstances  permit.  The  preservation  of 
such  records  is  of  great  importance  to  the  future  development  of  arte- 
sian waters,  oil,  gas,  coal  and  often  minerals  of  the  deeper  rocks. 

Mineral  Statistics 

One  of  the  most  important  aids  to  the  economic  development  of  an 
area  is  the  publication  of  accurate  statistics  of  production.    In  Illinois 


30  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

very  full  and  satisfactory  statistics  of  the  coal  production  are  published 
annually  by  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.  These  figures  are  for  the 
fiscal  year,  and  there  is  no  local  agency  collecting  figures  by  the  calen- 
dar year.  Since  this  is  the  year  used  by  most  industries,  it  is  important 
to  have  figures  also  from  January  to  January.  No  one  within  the 
State  collects  statistics  of  output  of  the  clay,  stone,  sand,  oil  and  other 
mineral  products  than  coal.  The  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  has  for  a 
number  of  years  collected  such  statistics  in  Illinois  as  in  other  states, 
and  arrangements  have  been  made  for  cooperation  with  that  organiza- 
tion in  this  work.  Under  this  arrangement  the  correspondence  is 
carried  on  as  usual  through  the  Washington  office.  The  State  Survey 
undertakes  to  assist  in  obtaining  returns  from  delinquents  and  in  revis- 
ing and  correcting  the  list  of  producers.  Under  this  arrangement  Mr. 
Van  Horn  spent  some  time  in  the  work  last  winter,  and  prepared  a 
separate  circular  giving  the  production  in  1905.  His  totals  are  given 
below.  If  gas,  silica,  zinc  and  other  minor  materials  were  included  the 
grand  total  would  undoubtedly  be  considerably  increased. 

Total  Value  of  Mineral  Output  in  1905. 

Coal    $40,577,592  00 

Clay    12,392,100  00 

Limestone  3,644,499  00 

Portland  cement  1,741,150  00 

Sand  (estimated)   700,000  00 

Natural  and  slag  cement 166,550  00 

Fluorspar 220,206  00 

Petroleum   126,567  00 

Lead  ore   48,000  00 

Mineral    water    44,995  00 

Sandstone   29,153  00 

Total $59,680,817  00 

These  figures  include  only  the  output  of  the  mines  and  quarries 
of  the  State.  If  to  them  be  added  the  output  of  smelters,  which,  how- 
ever, work  almost  entirely  on  raw  material  from  outside  the  State,  the 
total  would  be  raised  to  over  $100,000,000.00. 


Publications. 

Three  bulletins  and  one  statistical  circular  have  been  printed  and 
distributed.  Manuscript  for  four  additional  bulletins  are  now  in  hand 
and  being  prepared  for  the  printer.  In  addition,  a  nmber  of  reports 
are  in  a  more  or  less  advanced  state  of  preparation.  These  are  listed 
below. 

Reports  Printed. 

Bulletin  I.  The  Geological  Map  of  Illinois.  By  Stuart  Weller.  (24 
pages  and  folded  map.)  The  map,  which  is  on  the  scale  of  two  miles 
to  the  inch,  shows  the  distribution  of  the  different  geological  formations 
by  colors  and  patterns.    The  shipping  coal  mines  are  also  located,  and 


bain.1  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  31 

vertical  sections  illustrate  the  character  of  the  different  rocks  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  State.  There  is  an  accompanying  brief  explanatory 
text.  The  map  is  based  upon  Worthen's  map  of  1875,  but  includes  such 
corrections  as  were  available  at  the  beginning  of  the  present  survey. 
It  makes  no  pretensions  to  great  accuracy  in  detail,  but  has  proven 
useful  as  a  guide  to  further  investigations.  The  value  of  such  a  map 
depends  upon  the  fact  that  it  shows  the  distribution  of  the  natural 
economic  products  which  exist  within  the  crust  of  the  earth  in  any 
region  and  of  the  rocks  in  which  similar  deposits  are  likely  to  occur. 
As  the  survey  progresses,  more  accurate  maps  may  be  made,  and  their 
value  will  steadily  increase. 

Bulletin  2.  The  Petroleum  Industry  of  Southeastern  Illinois.  By 
W.  S.  Blatchley ;  with  sections  by  Messrs.  Weller,  Grout  and  Savage 
(109  pages.)  In  this,  report  the  nature  and  the  uses  of  petroleum,  its 
origin,  mode  of  occurrence  and  production  are  discussed.  The  petro- 
leum bearing  rocks  of  Illinois  are  briefly  noted  and  the  known  oil 
occurrences  within  the  State  are  systematically  discussed.  This  report 
has  been  in  great  demand  among  intending  investors  in  the  region. 

Bulletin  3.  Composition  and  Character  of  Illinois  Coals.  By  S.  W. 
Parr;  with  chapters  on  the  distribution  of  the  "Coal  Beds  of  the 
State"  by  A.  Bement,  and  on  the  "Tests  of  Illinois  Coals  under  Steam 
Boilers"  by  L.  P.  Breckenridge.     (86  pages.) 

In  this  report  Professor  Parr  presents  the  results  of  a  large  number 
of  analyses  of  Illinois  coals  and  discusses  their  bearing  on  the  classi- 
fication of  coals.  Mr.  Bement  gives  a  map  showing  the  general  dis- 
tribution of  the  principal  coal  beds,  and  Professor  Breckenridge  pre- 
sents a  tabular  summary  of  the  results  of  boiler  tests  of  Illinois  coals. 
In  addition  the  figures  of  coal  production  for  1905  are  given,  and  a 
map  is  printed  showing  graphically  the  relative  intensity  of  production 
in  different  parts  of  the  State. 

Circular  1.  The  Mineral  Production  of  Illinois  in  1905.  By  F.  B. 
Van  Horn.  Statistics  of  production  of  coal,  clay,  stone,  etc.,  sum- 
marized by  counties  and  subject. 

Reports  Ready  for  Printing. 

Water  Resources  of  the  East  St.  Louis  District.  By  Isaiah  Bow- 
man, assisted  by  Chester  A.  Reeds.  A  full  discussion  of  the  geologic, 
topographic  and  economic  features  of  the  water  resources  of  this  im- 
portant district.    Illustrations  are  being  prepared. 

Geographic  Features  of  the  Lake  Michigan  Shore  North  of  Chicago. 
By  W.  W.  Atwood  and  J.  W.  Goldthwait.  This  will  be  the  first  of 
the  educational  bulletins,  and  is  designed  to  put  in  form  useful  to  the 
school  certain  data  regarding  the  present  and  past  history  of  the  lake. 
Illustrations  are  being  prepared. 

Year  Book  for  1906.  This  includes  a  number  of  short  papers  deal- 
ing with  various  phases  of  the  survey  work. 

The  Geological  Map  of  Illinois.  By  Stuart  Weller.  This  will  be  a 
revised  edition  of  the  map  and  text  forming  Bulletin  1,  the  edition  of 
which  is  almost  entirely  exhausted.    The  map  is  now  being  engraved. 


32 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


Lbul,l.  4 


Reports  in  Preparation. 

Report  on  the  Paving  Brick  Clays  of  Illinois.  This,  which  will  sum- 
marize the  bulk  of  the  work  done  on  the  clays  since  the  organization 
of  the  survey,  will  include  chapters  on  the  Geology  of  Clays,  by  Pro- 
fessor C.  W.  Rolfe ;  the  Construction  and  Care  of  Brick  Pavements,  by 
Professor  Ira  O.  Baker ;  The  Testing  of  Paving  Brick  Clays  and  the 
Manufacture  of  Pavers,  by  R.  C.  Purdy.  Certain  of  these  chapters 
have  been  finished  and  circulated  separately  in  a  preliminary  edition. 
Tt  is  expected  that  the  entire  report  will  be  ready  for  the  printer  early 
in   1907. 

A  number  of  other  reports  are  in  less  advanced  state  of  preparation. 
These  include  a  report  upon  the  water  resources  of  the  State  by  Messrs. 
Bartow  and  Udden ;  a  Bibliography  of  Illinois  Geology,  by  Mr.  Van 
Horn ;  a  further  report  on  the  composition  of  coal  by  Professor  Parr 
and  his  assistants,  and  numerous  brief  papers  upon  other  phases  of 
the  work.  Comprehensive  reports  on  the  various  coal  fields  and  on 
other  areas  are  planned  for,  but  cannot  be  prepared  without  much  addi- 
tional field  work. 

Bureau  of  Information. 

One  very  important  portion  of  the  State  Survey  work  is  the  answer- 
ing of  inquiries  regarding  the  mineral  resources  of  the  State.  These 
inquiries  come  from  all  classes  and  from  all  parts  of  the  State  as  well 
as  United  States.  Land  owners,  manufacturers,  miners,  mine  opera- 
tors, oil  prospectors,  lawyers,  teachers,  railway  industrial  agents  and 
many  others  have  availed  themselves  of  the  services  of  the  survey  in 
the  last  year. 

The  number  of  inquiries  answered  in  the  first  twelve  months  of  the 
survey's  existence  is  tabulated  below.  They  indicate  sufficiently  per- 
haps the  wide  range  of  inquiries,  both  geographically  and  by  subject. 


Requests  for  Information. 


Coal. 

Oil. 

Gas. 

Clay. 

Lead 
and 
Zinc. 

Ce- 
ment 

Stone. 

Water. 

Maps. 

Miscel- 
laneous. 

From  in  the  State 

From  outside  the  State 

97 

77 

231 

108 

77 
138 

24 
13 

12 
2 

5 

12 
4 

14 
1 

130 

88 

130 
90 

Total 

174 

339 

205 

37 

14 

5 

16 

15 

218 

220 

While  many  of  the  inquiries'  require  only  simple  answers,  others 
entail  considerable  work  and  lengthy  correspondence.  The  survey  is 
glad  at  all  times  to  answer  such  inquiries  so  far  as  data  available  will 
permit.  Arrangements  have  been  perfected  for  the  free  examination 
of  specimens  and  materials  so  far  as  this  does  not  involve  extended 
laboratory  investigations.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to  furnish  mis- 
cellaneous free  assays  or  analyses,  since  the  burden  would  rapidly  be- 


BAIN.] 


ADMINISTRATIVE   REPORT. 


33 


come  disproportionate  to  the  benefits  to  the  State,  and  a  single  indi- 
vidual or  firm  could  easily  keep  the  whole  force  busy  to  the  exclusion 
of  any  comprehensive  investigations.  There  are,  however,  many  in- 
quiries which  can  be  answered  without  such  assay,  and  this  is  believed 
to  be  a  proper  and  profitable  task  for  the  survey  corps. 


Expenditures. 

The  annual  appropriation  for  the  Geological  Survey  amounts  to 
$25,000.00.  Of  thos  sum  $10,000.00  is  alloted  to  cooperative  topo- 
graphic surveys  and  the  remainder  is  devoted  to  geology.  Below  is 
given  a  tabular  showing  of  the  expenditures  of  the  survey  under  the 
latter  head.     The  expenditures  for  topography  are  reported  separately. 

Statement  of  expenditures  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  during  the 
years  1905- 1906  and  1906- 1907,  exclusive  of  topography. 


Appropriation  1905-1906 

$15, 000  00 

Expended  for  work  on — 

Administration 

$1, 602  81 

1, 042  80 

2, 698  97 

1,  979  91 

327  65 

851  07 

1, 002  13 

2,207  23 

435  44 

906  00 

644  74 

76  59 

119  15 

275  78 

Office  expenses 

Coal  investigations 

Clay  investigations 

Educational  Bulletins 

Water  investigations 

Office  furniture 

Minerial  statistics 

Engraving  map 

Paper  and  illustrations 

Revision  of  map 

Stratigraphy 

Miscellaneous ; 

14, 170  27 

Balance  on  hand  July  1,  1906 

$829  73 

Appropriation  1906-1907 

$15,000  00 

Expended  for  work  on— 

Administration 

337  41 

592  39 

1,  298  65 

1,  707  93 

271  18 

156  28 

428  34 

488  21 

496  83 

851  55 

144  60 

315  53 

58  20 

Office  expenses 

Clay  investigations 

Water  investigations 

East  St.  Louis  surveys 

Springfield  surveys 

Peoria  Surveys 

General  stratigraphy 

Reports ....                

Lead  and  zinc  surveys 

Miscellaneous 

7,147  10 

Balance  on  hand  November  1,  1906 

$7, 852  90 

It  will  be  noted  that  in  the  first  four  months  of  the  present  fiscal 
year  half  the  funds  for  the  year  were  expended.  This  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  heaviest  expense  falls  in  the  summer  months,  when  the 
largest  force  is  at  work  in  the  field. 

The  expenditures  for  engraving  and  for  other  purposes  connected 
with  the  reports  were  not  orinigally  allotted  for,  since  section  6  of  the 
Act  establishing  the  survey  provided  that  the  printing  of  the  reports 
should  form  a  part  of  the  State  printing  contract.    Owing  to  the  word- 

-3  G 


34  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

ing  of  the  law  the  Attorney  General  held  that  this  did  not  cover  the 
items  here  noted,  and  so,  pending  an  amendment  of  the  section,  the 
payments  have  been  made  from  the  general  funds  of  the  survey. 


Topographic  Surveys. 

Organization. 

As  contemplated  by  the  law  under  which  the  Geological  Survey  was 
organized,  the  topographic  work  is  being  carried  on  in  cooperation  with 
the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  A  detailed  report  has  been  prepared  by 
Mr.  H.  M.  Wilson,  Geographer  in  charge  of  the  Eastern  Division  of 
Topography  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  who  has  been  in  general 
charge  of  this  work.  His  report  follows  this  and  is  illustrated  by  a 
map,  plate  2,  which  shows  even  better  than  the  report  the  excellent 
progress  which  has  been  made.  Necessarily  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  funds  available  has  been  spent  in  running  lines  of  level  and  precise 
control  in  advance  of  the  present  surveys  and  in  preparation  for  the 
work  of  succeeding  years.  It  is  planned  for  the  present  to  confine  the 
surveys  mainly  to  the  coal  fields,  since  it  is  felt  that  it  is  there  that 
such  work  will  be  of  most  immediate  and  practical  value.  It  is  there 
also  that  topographic  surveys  are  most  needed  for  geological  work. 
It  should  not  be  inferred  that  exactly  the  same  sort  of  a  map  will 
necessarily  be  made  throughout  the  State.  In  certain  areas  maps  of 
larger  scale  and  with  more  detail  will  doubtless  be  called  for,  and  in 
fact  one  such  map  already  has  been  made  in  the  lead  and  zinc  region. 
In  other  portions  of  the  State  probably  a  less  complete  and  therefore 
less  expensive  map  will  serve  present  purposes. 

Recommendations. 

In  view  of  the  needs  of  the  work  of  the  survey  and  the  demands 
made  upon  it  the  following  recommendations  are  made : 

1.  That  the  present  annual  appropriation  for  the  general  support 
of  the  survey,  including  topographic  work,  be  raised  from  $25,000.00 
to  $50,000.00  per  year.  This  is  for  the  purpose  of  permitting  investi- 
gations of  cement  materials,  building  stones,  sands  and  other  quarry 
products  for  which  there  have  been  no  funds  available  so  far,  and  for 
taking  up  certain  other  lines  of  investigation. 

2.  A  portion  of  the  increased  appropriation  is  needed  for  an  inves- 
tigation of  coal  mining  and  accidents  in  coal  mines,  particularly  those 
due  to  explosions.  It  is  believed  that  the  large  loss  of  life  and  property 
annually  resulting  from  explosions  fully  warrants  a  comprehensive 
investigation  of  their  cause  so  that  proper  precautionary  measures  may 
be  adopted.  This  should  also  cover  such  investigations  as  may  be 
possible  of  waste  in  coal  mining  and  the  means  of  reducing  it. 

3.  It  is  also  very  important  that  a  survey  and  investigation  of 
swamp  and  overflow  lands  in  the  State  be  made,  together  with  a  study 
of  the  measures  necessary  to  their  reclamation.  Despite  the  efforts  of 
local   drainage  boards,   there   remains   considerable   unreclaimed   land 


bain.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  35 

which  is  capable  of  becoming  as  productive  as  any  in  the  State.  De- 
structive floods  in  a  single  year  wipe  out  property  worth  more  than 
the  whole  cost  of  proper  works  to  control  certain  rivers.  Any  works 
constructed  to  remedy  these  defects  should  be  built  according  to  plans 
taking  into  account  the  whole  valley  and  the  flood  action  of  the  whole 
river.  Before  such  works  are  attempted,  whether  by  State  or  local 
boards,  the  subject  should  be  thoroughly  investigated  and  the  area  of 
lands  to  be  so  benefited  determined  by  accurate  surveys  at  the  same 
time  that  the  proper  methods  of  river  control  and  costs  are  studied. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC 
SURVEY  OF  ILLINOIS. 


(By  H.  M.  Wilson.) 


Contents. 


Introduction 38 

Legislative  and  Administrative 39 

Season  1905-'06 39 

Agreement 39 

Plans 40 

Preliminary  report 40 

Season  1906-'07 41 

Supplementary  agreement 41 

Plans : 42 

Preliminary  report 42 

Expenditures 44 

Resume  of  results 44 

Nature  of  cooperation 45 

Objects  and  recommendations 45 

Organization  and  reports 46 

Fiscal  system 47 

Nature  and  uses  of  topographic  maps 47 

General  plan 47 

Publication 50 

Scale  and  contour  interval 50 

Woodland  areas 51 

Under  water  contours 51 

Areas  of  political  subdivisions 51 

Uses  of  the  maps 51 

Progress  of  topographic  surveys  in  Illinois  prior  to  cooperation :   ...  52 

Detailed  report  on  field  work 56 

Organization  and  personele 56 

Summary  statement  of  results  for  1905 58 

Summary  statement  of  results  for  lt)06 60 

Spirit  leveling 62 

Methods 62 

Elevations  determined  1896-1906 62 

Primary  control 96 

Methods 96 

Secondary  locations 96 

Results  of  horizontal  control  1896-1906 96 

Geographic  positions  established  prior  to  cooperation 97 

Geographic  positions  established  1905-1906 105 

Office  work ; . .  128 

Computations  and  draughting 128 

Engraved  sheets .' 128 

Photo-lithographic  editions 128 


38  YEAR-BOOtf    FOR   1906.  [bull.  4 

Introduction. 

Unlike  many  of  its  neighbors,  the  State  of  Illinois  has  never  made 
an  accurate  and  official  topographic  map  of  its  area..  The  best  maps 
published  are  the  general  State  geologic  maps  on  a  very  small  scale, 
showing  some  of  the  principal  highways,  most  of  the  cities  and  villages 
and  the  drainage  system  of  the  State ;  the  Postoffice  Department  of  the 
Federal  Government  wall  map,  on  the  scale  of  about  ten  miles  to 
one  inch,  showing  positions  of  the  principal  postoffices ;  the  land  line 
map  of  the  General  Land  Office  of  the  government,  showing  system 
of  sub-division  of  public  lands ;  and  county  maps  that  have  been  pub- 
lished in  a  number  of  counties,  showing  roads,  drainage  system  and 
other  miscellaneous  information.  These  county  maps  are  on  various 
scales,  however,  and  have  never  been  assembled  in  such  form  that  a 
complete  State  map  can  be  secured  from  them  showing  topography 
of  the  State  in  detail.  For  the  Chicago  Exposition  of  1893  a  large 
scale  topographic  map  was  prepared  as  a  basis  for  a  relief  model 
which  was  exhibited  in  Chicago,  but  no  map  has  been  published  from 
this  manuscript  copy,  which  latter  was  not  accurate  in  detail.  Mean- 
time a  number  of  the  larger  and  wealthier  states — Ohio,  Kentucky, 
West  Virginia,  New  York  and  some  of  the  New  England  states — feel- 
ing the  need  of  an  accurate  map  depicting  not  only  the  general  location 
of  roads,  of  the  drainage  channels  and  of  public  land  systems,  but 
showing  also  in  detail  every  bend  on  these  roads,  the  houses  along 
them,  and  especially  the  relief  of  the  surface,  the  hills  and  the  valleys 
with  their  elevations,  have  arranged  with  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  to  have  made  in  cooperation  with  that  survey  such  a  topo- 
graphic map  of  their  areas.  Under  this  system  the  states  of  Massa- 
chusetts, Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey  and  West  Virginia 
have  already  been  completely  mapped,  and  much  progress  toward  the 
completion  of  such  a  map  has  been  made  in  New  York,  Ohio,  etc. 

Appreciating  the  value  and  necessity  of  such  a  map  as  an  aid  to  the 
rapid  development  of  the  economic  resources  of  the  State  in  minerals, 
including  coal,  oil,  clay,  lead,  zinc  and  cement-making  materials, 
and  also  as  a  basis  for  studies  of  the  swamps  and  their  drainage,  the 
improvement  of  highways,  and  for  studies  of  water  supplies  for  cities, 
and  as  preliminary  surveys  for  railways  and  trolley  lines,  the  last  ses- 
sion of  the  General  Assembly  provided  for  the  making  of  a  topographic 
map  of  Illinois  through  cooperation  between  the  State  Geological  Sur- 
vey and  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  Correspondence  was  at 
once  taken  up  by  Governor  Deneen,  who  secured  the  assistance  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  on  terms  similar  to  those  secured  by- 
other  cooperating  states,  whereby  the  Federal  Government  agreed  to 
expend  as  much  money  upon  this  work  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  as  the 
5>tate  should  appropriate.  The  Federal  Government  assumed  the  re- 
sponsibility for  the  making  of  the  map  through  the  medium  of  its  ex- 
isting organization.  The  .State  Survey  reserved  for  the  State  of  Illinois 
the  right  to  say  in  what  portions  of  the  State  the  surveys  were  most 
urgently  needed. 


Wilson.  I  CO-OPERATIVE   TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEY.  39 

Legislative  and  Administrative. 
Season  of  1905-6. 

In  May,  1905,  House  Bill  No.  63,  of  the  General  Assembly  carried  an 
amendment,  which  was  adopted,  whereby  a  State  Geological  Survey 
was  established  under  the  direction  of  a  commission  known  as  the 
State  Geological  Commission,  and  said  commission  was  authorized  to 
arrange  with  the  director  or  representative  of  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  in  regard  to  cooperation  between  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey  and  the  State  Geological  Commission  in  the  prepar- 
ation and  completion  of  a  contour  topographic  survey  and  map  or  maps 
of  the  State  of  Illinois.  The  commission  was  authorized  to  spend  a  sum 
of  not  more  than  $10,000  in  any  one  year  on  this  work,  providing  this 
sum  was  met  by  an  equal  amount  by  the  Federal  Survey. 

Agreement. — The  following  formal  agreement  was  entered  into  in 
November,  1905,  between  the  Governor  of  Illinois  and  the  director  of 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  confirming  a  verbal  agreement 
entered  into  in  May,  1905,  by  which  agreement  provision  was  made  for 
the  execution  of  this  topographic  work : 
Agreement  between  the  State  Geological  Commission  of  the  State  of  Illinois 

and  the  Director  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  for  the  Execution 

of  the  Cooperative  Topographic  Survey  of  the  State  of  Illinois  as  provided 

for  in  Act  of  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  1905. 

(1)  The  preparation  of  the  map  shall  be  under  the  supervision  of  the 
director  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  who  shall  determine  the 
methods  of  survey  and  map  construction. 

(2)  The  order  in  which,  in  point  of  priority,  different  parts  of  the  State 
shall  be  surveyed  shall  be  agreed  upon  in  detail  by  the  State  Geological  Com- 
mission of  the  State  of  Illinois  and  the  director  of  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey,  but  in  case  of  failure  to  agree  the  order  shall  be  determined 
by  the  State  Geological  Commission. 

(3)  The  survey  shall  be  executed  in  a  manner  sufficiently  elaborate  to 
prepare  maps  upon  a  scale  of  1:62,500.  This  map  shall  exhibit  the  hydrog- 
raphy, hypsography  and  public  culture,  and  all  township  and  county  boundary 
lines  and  extensive  wooded  areas  in  this  State  as  existing  on  the  ground  at  the 
time  of  the  execution  of  these  surveys:  The  location  of  all  trails,  by-roads, 
railroads,  streams,  canals,  lakes,  rivers,  and  shall  show  by  contour  lines  the 
elevation  and  depression  of  the  surface  of  the  country. 

(4)  The  hypsography  shall  be  shown  by  contour  lines  with  vertical  inter- 
vals of  10  or  20  feet,  depending  upon  the  scale  and  relief  of  the  country,  and 
as  may  hereafter  be  agreed  upon  in  detail. 

(5)  The  heights  of  the  important  points  shall  be  determined  and  fur- 
nished to  the  State  Geological  Commission  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 

(6)  The  outlines  of  wooded  areas  shall  be  represented  upon  the  proofs 
of  the  engraved  map  to  be  furnished  to  the  State  Geological  Commission  of 
the  State  of  Illinois. 

(7)  For  convenience,  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  shall,  during 
the  progress  of  the  field  work,  pay  the  salaries  of  the  permanent  employes 
engaged  thereon,  while  the  traveling,  subsistence  and  field  expenses  shall  be 
paid  for  the  same  time  by  the  State.  For  official  work  on  the  map  the  salaries 
shall  be  divided  between  the  two  agreeing  parties  in  such  way  as  to  equalize 
expenses,  providing  that  the  total  cost  to  the  State  of  Illinois  of  the  field 
and  office  work  shall  not  be  more  than  $10,000  from  July  1st,  1905,  to  June 
30,  1906,  or  for  any  subsequent  fiscal  year.  And  further  provided,  that  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  shall  expend  an  equal  amount  upon  the  same 
work  and  during  the  same  period  of  time. 

(8)  During  the  progress  of  the  field  and  office  work,  free  access  to  the 
records  of  the  topographers  shall  be  afforded  the  State  Geological  Commission 


40  YEAE-BOOK    FOR    1906.  I  bull.  4 

of  the  State  of  Illinois  for  examination  and  criticism,  and,  should  the  com- 
mission consider  that  the  work  is  not  being  executed  in  accordance  with  this 
agreement,  it  may,  on  formal  notice,  terminate  the  same.  This  agreement 
may  also  be  terminated  by  formal  notice  of  either  party  thirty  days  prior  to 
the  beginning  of  the  new  fiscal  year. 

(9)  The  resulting  reports  shall  fully  recognize  the  cooperation  of  the 
State  organization. 

(10)  All  accounts  and  vouchers  paid  by  the  State  Geological  Commission 
under  this  agreement  shall  be  subject  to  their  auditing  and  approval. 

(11)  It  is  further  agreed  that,  in  view  of  the  cooperation  arrangements 
here  entered  into,  the  State  Geological  Commission  of  the  State  of  Illinois 
shall  be  furnished  with  transfers,  at  the  cost  of  printing,  from  the  copper 
plates,  for  use  in  printing  editions  of  said  maps  by  the  State. 

(bigned)     Chas.  D.  Walcott, 

Director  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

Washington,  D.  C,   November  20,  1905. 

(Signed)     Charles   S.   Deneen, 
Chairman  State  Geological  Commission  State  of  Illinois. 

Springfield,  111.,  November  17,  1905. 

Plans,  1905-6.  In  correspondence  of  May,  1905,  between  President  Edmund 
J.  James,  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  one  of  the  members  of  the  State  Geo- 
logical Commission  of  Illinois,  and  Mr.  H.  M.  Wilson,  geographer  in  charge 
of  the  Eastern  Division  of  Topography  of  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey, detailed  plans  relative  to  localities  of  work,  etc.,  were  prepared  for  the 
approval  of  the  Governor.  It  was  decided  to  take  up  the  mapping  of  the 
most  available  quadrangles,  those  which  were  already  controlled  by  primary 
work;  namely,  Belleville,  in  Madison  and  St.  Clair  counties;  Eldorado,  in 
Gallatin,  Hamilton,  Saline  and  White  counties;  Mahomet,  in  Champaign  and 
Piatt  counties;  Springfield,  in  Logan,  Menard  and  Sangamon  counties;  New 
Haven  (111.,  Ind.  and  Ky.)  quadrangle,  in  Gallatin  and  White  counties;  and 
Urbana,  in  Champaign  county.  It  was  also  planned  to  take  up  preliminary 
work  with  a  view  to  completion  the  next  season,  on  Breese,  in  Bond,  Clinton, 
St.  Clair  and  Madison  counties;  Carmi  (111.,  Ind.)  in  White  county;  Havana, 
in  Fulton  and  Mason  counties;  Petersburg,  in  Logan,  Menard  and  Sangamon 
counties;  Saidora,  in  Cass,  Fulton,  Mason  and  Schuyler  counties;  and 
Wheaton,  in  DuPage  county.  These  plans  were  carried  to  completion,  and 
the  following  preliminary  report  of  the  results  of  the  cooperative  topographic 
field  work  for  the  year  1905-6  was  made  by  the  director  of  the  Geological 
Survey,  to  his  Excellency,  the  Governor  of  Illinois,  in  December,  1905: 

Preliminary  Report — The  following  preliminary  report  was  sub- 
mitted at  the  close  of  the  year : 

Cooperative  Topographic  Report,  Illinois,  1905-6. 

Washington,  D.  C,  Dec.  28,  1905. 
His  Excellency,  the  Governor  of  Illinois,  Springfield,  Illinois: 

Sir — I  have  the  honor  to  make  the  following  preliminary  report  of  the  co- 
operative topographic  survey  of  the  State  of  Illinois  for  the  year  1905-6: 

Allotments. 

In  Senate  amendments  of  May,  1905,  to  House  Bill  No.  63,  of  the  Forty- 
fourth  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  the  commissioners  of  the 
State  Geological  Survey  were  authorized  to  arrange  with  the  director  or 
other  representative  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  for  a  cooperative 
topographic  survey  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 

In  an  agreement  signed  by  you  on  November  17,  1905,  on  behalf  of  the 
State,  and  by  me  on  November  20,  1905,  on  behalf  of  the  Federal  government, 
formally  confirming  our  preliminary  verbal  agreement  of  May,  provision  was 
made  for  the  execution  of  this  work.  In  this  it  was  provided  that  the  total 
cost  to  the  State  of  Illinois  should  not  be  more  than  $10,000.00  from  July  1, 
1905,  to  June  30,  1906,  and  that  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  should 
expend  an  equal  amount  upon  the  same  work  for  the  same  period  of  time. 
On  behalf  of  this  survey  I  allotted  an  equal  amount. 


wilson.  I  CO-OPERATIVE  TOPOGRAPHIC  SURVEY.  41 

In  correspondence  of  May,  1905,  between  President  James  of  the  University 
of  Illinois,  and  Mr.  H.  M.  Wilson,  geographer,  of  this  survey,  supplemented 
by  additional  recommendations  by  yourself,  plans  have  been  made  for  surveys 
within  the  State  and  such  plans  have  been  carried  to  completion. 

toom  the  expenditure  of  the  funds  providing  for  this  cooperation  a  complete 
and  accurate  map  has  been  made  for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1:62,500, 
with  contour  intervals  of  10  and  20  feet,  of  1,347  square  miles  of  the  area 
of  the  State,  which  is  represented  on  the  following  six  sheets:  namely,  Belle- 
ville,  in  Madison  and  St.  Clair  counties;  Eldorado,  in  Gallatin,  Hamilton, 
Saline  and  White  counties;  Mahomet,  in  Champaign  and  Piatt  counties; 
New  Haven,  (111.,  Ind.,  Ky.)  in  Gallatin  and  White  counties;  Springfield,  in 
Logan  and  Menard  and  Sangamon  counties;  Urbana,  in  Champaign  county. 
In  addition,  83  square  miles  were  mapped  over  the  edges  of  these  sheets, 
which  will  be  incorporated  in  future  map  work. 

Considerable  preliminary  work  was  accomplished  on  the  following  quad- 
rangles: Breese,  in  Bond,  Clinton,  St.  Clair  and  Madison  counties;  Carmi, 
(111.,  Ind.)  in  White  county;  Havana,  in  Fulton  and  Mason  counties;  Peters- 
burg, in  Logan,  Menard  and  Sangamon  counties;  Saidora,  in  Cass,  Pulton, 
Mason  and  Schuyler  counties;  Wheaton,  in  DuPage  county.  Of  these  the 
Breese  and  Wheaton  quadrangles  were  about  half  surveyed. 

During  the  season  there  were  run  on  all  of  the  above  eleven  sheets  3,740 
miles  of  spirit  levels,  in  the  course  of  which  24,446  elevations  and  101  per- 
manent bench  marks  were  established;  there  were  run  6,221  linear  miles  of 
road  traverse,  every  bend  and  every  house  being  accurately  located. 

Two  parties  extended  primary  traverse  over  the  counties  of  Champaign, 
Clinton,  DuPage,  Madison,  Menard,  St.  Clair  and  Sangamon,  resulting  in  the 
occupation  of  1,441  stations  and  the  running  of  401  miles  of  traverse.  One 
party  extended  precise  levels  over  the  counties  of  Champaign,  DeWitt,  McLean, 
Piatt  and  Tazewell,  resulting  in  the  running  of  87  miles,  in  the  course  of 
which  20  elevations  and  33  permanent  bench  marks  were  established. 

I  feel  gratified  in  being  able  to  report  such  excellent  results  in  view  of  the 
late  date  at  which  the  cooperation  was  perfected,  and  the  subsequent  shortness 
of  the  season.  It  offers  assurance  that  even  better  progress  may  be  looked 
for  another  season,  when  parties  may  be  placed  in  the  field  at  an  earlier  date 
and  with  a  perfected  organization. 

Very  respectfully, 

(Signed)     Chas.  D.  Walcott, 

Director. 

Season  of  1906-07. 
Agreement. — The  cooperative  agreement  signed  by  the  Governor  of 
the  State  of  Illinois  and  the  director  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  in  November,  1905,  was  continued  for  the  cooperative  topo- 
graphic survey  of  the  State  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1907, 
in  the  following  supplemental  agreement : 

Supplemental  Agreement  between  the  State  Geological  Commission  of  the 
State  of  Illinois  and  the  Director  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey 
for  the  continuation  of  the  Cooperative  Topographic  Survey  of  the  State  of 
Illinois,  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1901. 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  an  agreement  between  the  above 
named  parties,  signed  November,  1905,  the  terms  of  which  are  hereby  ex- 
tended for  the  continuation  of  this  cooperative  surveying,  it  is  further  agreed 
and  understood  that  the  State  of  Illinois  shall  expend  for  such  cooperative 
surveys  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1907,  a  sum  of  not  less  than 
$10,000;  Provided,  that  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  shall  expend  for 
cooperative  topographic  surveys  within  the  State  an  amount  at  least  equal 
to  the  above. 

Charles   D.  Walcott, 
Director  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
Washington,  D.  C,  November  23,  1905. 

C.   S.  Deneen, 
Chairman  State  Geological  Commission,  State  of  Illinois. 


42  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

Plans  1906-07. — Plans  were  perfected  for  the  execution  of  the  co- 
operative topographic  field  work  of  1906  between  Mr.  H.  M.  Wilson, 
Geographer  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  Mr.  H.  F. 
Bain,  Director  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  of  Illinois.  This  cor- 
respondence is  as  follows : 

Department  of  the  Interior, 
United  States  Geological  Survey. 

Washington,  D.  C,  March  9,  1906. 

Subject — Plans,  Illinois,  1906. 
Dr.  H.  Foster  Bain,  Director  State  Geological  Survey,  Urbana,  Illinois: 

Dear  Sir — Replying  to  yours  of  March  6,  recommending  changes  in  plans 
for  field  season  1906  agreed  upon  by  us  Nov.  21,  1905: 

The  following  is  submitted  in  accordance  with  your  suggestions: 

Primary  control,  10  sheets. 

Precise  levels,  Champaign  to  Chicago  or  Olney. 

Complete  the  following  sheets: 

1.  Breese. 

2.  Wheaton. 

3.  Tallula. 

4.  Galatia. 

5.  Thompsonville. 

6.  Waukegan. 

Preliminary  mapping  in  following  order: 

7.  Galena. 

8.  Apple  River. 

9.  Edwardsville. 

10.  Alton. 

11.  Pithian. 

12.  Mulkeytown. 

13.  Vergennes. 

Very  respectfully, 

(Signed)     H.  M.  Wilson, 

Geographer. 

State  of  Illinois  Geological  Survey. 

Urbana,  III.,  March  12,  1906. 
Mr.  H.  M.  Wilson,  Geographer  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C: 

'  Dear  Sir — Acknowledging  your  letter  of  March  9th  with  reference  to  plans 
of  Illinois  in  1906,  I  find  the  suggestion  and  arrangement  entirely  satisfactory. 

.Very  respectfully  yours, 

(Signed)     H.  Poster  Bain, 
Director. 

Preliminary  Report. — As  shown  in  the  following  preliminary  report 
of  progress  submitted  to  the  Governor  by  the  Director  of  the  Federal 
Survey,  these  plans  were  carried  to  completion  by  Dec.  1,  1906,  so  f al- 
as the  funds  available  would  permit. 

Cooperative  Topographic  Report,   Illinois,  1906-7. 

Washington,  D.  C,  Dec.  15,  1906. 
His  Excellency,  the  Governor  of  Illinois,  Springfield,  Illinois: 

Sir — I  have  the  honor  to  make  the  following  preliminary  report  of  the 
cooperative  topographic  survey  of  the  State  of  Illinois  for  the  year  1906-7. 

allotments. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  field  season  of  1906  there  was  a  deficit  from  co- 
operation of  the  previous  year  of  $778.70,  from  the  allotment  of  the  U.   S. 
Government.     In  other  words,  it  has  overspent  by  this  amount  its  allotment 
of  $10,000.00.     The  State  of  Illinois  balance  was  $513.34,  and  the  new  appro- 


r 


LL1NOIS  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


BULL.  NO.  4,  PL.  2. 


Map  showing  progress  of  cooperariye  topographic  surveys. 


wilson.]  CO-OPERATIVE  TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEY.  43 

priation  beginning  July  1,  1906,  $10,000.00.     The  gross  sum  available  there- 
fore to  surveys  from  that  date  was  $19,734.64. 

RESULTS. 

Correspondence  was  immediately  entered  into  between  the  director  of  the 
State  Geological  Survey,  Dr.  H.  Foster  Bain,  and  Mr.  H.  M.  Wilson,  geo- 
grapher, of  this  survey,  in  which  plans  were  perfected  for  the  work  to  be 
executed  during  the  year,  and  such  plans  have  been  carried  to  completion. 

From  the  expenditure  of  the  funds  providing  for  this  cooperation  a  com- 
plete and  accurate  map  has  been  made  for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1:62,500, 
with  contour  intervals  of  10  and  20  feet,  of  a  land  area  of  884  square  miles 
of  the  State,  which  is  represented  on  the  following  four  sheets,  namely: 
Breese,  in  Bond,  Clinton,  Madison,  and  St.  Clair  counties;  Galatia,  in  Flank- 
lin,  Hamilton,  Saline,  and  Williamson  counties;  Waukegan  (111.,  Wis.),  in 
Lake  county;  Wheaton  in  Cook  and  DuPage  counties;  Tallula,  in  Cass 
Menard,  Morgan  and  Sangamon  counties,  was  completed  with  the  exception 
of  13  square  miles,  and  this  will  be  completed  in  the  early  spring  with  the 
balance  of  funds  available.  There  were  mapped  on  this  sheet  during  the 
present  season  211  square  miles,  5  square  miles  having  been  mapped  in 
1905.  In  addition,  on  all  of  the  above  sheets  there  were  mapped  90  square 
miles  over  the  edges,  which  will  be  incorporated  in  future  map  work.  Con- 
siderable preliminary  work  was  accomplished  on  the  following  quadrangles, 
namely:  Galena  (111.,  la.),  in  JoDaviess  county;  Thompsonville,  in  Frank- 
lin and  Williamson  counties;  Herrin,  in  Franklin,  Jackson,  Perry  and  Wil- 
liamson counties. 

During  the  season  there  were  run  on  all  of  the  above  sheets  4,518  miles  of 
spirit  levels;  also,  15,336  elevations,  with  66  permanent  bench  marks  estab- 
lished. There  were  run  3,227  miles  of  road  traverse,  upon  which  every  bend 
and  every  house  was  accurately  located. 

One  party  extended  primary  traverse  over  portions  of  the  counties  of 
Franklin,  Hamilton,  Jackson,  JoDaviess,  Perry,  Lake,  Saline  and  William- 
son. Office  computations  which  will  result  from  the  work  will  furnish  the 
geodetic  positions  of  a  great  many  points  to  which  to  tie  future  topographic 
and  property  surveys.  This  work  resulted  in  the  occupation  of  1.671  stations, 
and  the  running  of  398  miles  of  traverse.  One  party  extended  precise  levels 
over  portions  of  the  counties  of  Coles,  Cumberland,  Douglas,  Edgar,  Frank- 
lin, Gallatin,  Jasper,  Richland,  Saline  and  Vermilion.  This  work  resulted 
in  the  running  of  206  miles  of  double-line  precise  leveling,  in  the  course  of 
which  485  elevations  and  76  permanent  bench  marks  were  established.  These 
furnish  exact  heights  through  which  to  refer  to  mean  sea  level  any  spirit 
leveling  which  may  be  done  hereafter  by  private  or  public  organizations. 

Owing  to  the  late  date  at  which  it  was  possible  to  resume  field  work,  name- 
ly, after  the  first  week  in  July,  because  neither  State  nor  Federal  funds  were 
available  until  the  first  of  that  month,  the  field  season  was  unusually  short. 
In  spite  of  this  I  am  glad  to  be  able  to  report  as  good  progress  as  could  have 
been  anticipated.  Three  of  the  atlas  sheets  mapped  during  the  previous 
year,  Urbana,  New  Haven 'and  Eldorado,  have  been  engraved  by  this  survey 
at  no  expense  to  the  State,  and  copies  of  these  publications  are  sold  at  the 
nominal  price  of  five  cents  per  copy. 

Very  respectfully, 

Chas.  D.  Walcott, 

Director. 
Expenditures. 

For  1905  there  was  available  $10,060.00  each  of  State  and  Federal 
funds.  Of  this  all  of  the  State  funds  except  a  balance  of  $513.34  had 
been  expended  to  the  close  of  the  year  ending  July  30,  1906.  All  of 
the  Federal  funds  had  been  expended  and  in  addition  an  overdraft  of 
Federal  funds  for  the  succeeding  vear  was  made  to  the  extent  of 
$778.70. 


44 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


BULL.  4 


At  the  beginning  of  the  second  year  of  cooperation,  July  I,  1906, 
there  was  available  $10,000.00  each  of  State  and  Federal  funds,  and 
taken  in  conjunction  with  the  balance  and  overdraft  above  enumerated, 
there  remained  an  available  fund  amounting  to  $19,724.64.  Of  the 
funds  for  this  year  all  of  the  State  appropriation  has  been  exhausted 
except  a  balance  of  $3.04.  This,  because  under  the  terms  of  the  agree- 
ment the  State  funds  are  to  be  used  chiefly  in  meeting  miscellaneous 
field  expenditures.  Of  Federal  funds  there  remained  Dec.  1,  a  balance 
of  $3,120.16.  This  balance  has  been  reserved  in  accordance  with  the 
agreement  in  order  to  meet  the  permanent  salaries  of  civil  service  em- 
ployes who  will  be  engaged  in  office  throughout  the  winter  in  complet- 
ing the  drafting  of  the  topographic  maps.  It  is  estimated  that  these 
salaries  will  amount  to  $2,800.00,  and  that  about  $200.00  additional 
will  be  needed  to  meet  back  bills  coming  due  for  transportation,  ex- 
pressage,  etc.,  and  any  balance,  possibly  $100.00,  which  may  remain  in 
the  early  part  of  the  field  season  will  be  devoted  to  completing  the  few 
square  miles  unmapped  upon  the  Tallula  quadrangle. 


Resume  of  Results. 

During  the  field  seasons  of  1905  and  1906  there  were  mapped  2,492 
square  miles,  at  a  total  expenditure  for  field  and  office  work  of  $39,- 
735.00.  Including  the  cost  of  primary  triangulation  and  precise  levels 
and  uncompleted  mapping,  this  is  at  the  rate  of  nearly  $16.00  per 
square  mile.  This  control  includes  a  large  amount  of  preliminary 
work  toward  future  topographic  surveying,  there  remaining  about 
1,200  square  miles  controlled  by  primary  triangulation  and  by  precise 
leveling  through  which  to  reduce  spirit  leveling  to  mean  sea  level. 

Topographic  surveying  will  have  been  completed  on  1 1  sheets  during 
the  two  years  cooperation.  The  following  tabular  statement  gives  the 
names  of  these  sheets,  their  areas  within  the  State,  scale,  contour  inter- 
val and  year  mapped : 


Topographic  Atlas  Sheets  Mapped  in  Co- 

operation. 

Area 
Mapped. 

Year. 

Cont. 
Int. 

Scale. 

QUADRANGLB. 

Square 
Miles. 

Original 
Surfey 

Feet. 

233.28 
233.28 
235.66 
235.66 
228.40 
192, 78 
229.22 
228.40 
149.00 
225.50 

311.00 

1905 
1906 
1905 
1906 
1905 
1905 
1905 
1905 
1906 
1906 

20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
10 
10 
10 
10 

1.62500 

1.62500 

1.62500 

1.62500 

1.62500 

New  Haven,  (111.,  Ind.,  Ky.) 

1.62500 
1.62500 

1.62500 

Waukegan  (111     Wis. ) 

1.62500 

1.62500 

In  process  of  mapping '. 

Total (*) 

2402.18 

(*)  In  addition  90  square  miles  were  mapped  over  the  edges  of  quadrangles  in  1906. 


wilson.]  CO-OPERATIVE   TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEY.  45 

Nature  of  Cooperation. 

The  cooperative  topographical  survey  of  the  State  has  been  vigor- 
ously prosecuted  during  the  past  two  years  in  accordance  with  the 
joint  agreements  above  cited.  Under  the  terms  of  these  agreements 
the  execution  of  the  work  both  in  the  field  and  office  is  under  the  im- 
mediate charge  of  the  Federal  Survey,  which  draws  upon  the  large 
corps  of  trained  topographers  which  has  been  created  under  it  through 
the  Federal  Civil  Service.  It  also  provides  the  surveying  instruments, 
drawing  paper,  stationery,  etc.,  used  in  connection  with  this  work,  and 
the  State  Survey  contributes  no  part  toward  these  items  of  expendi- 
ture. The  director  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  recommends  all  ap- 
pointments to  temporary  positions,  being  those  not  governed  by  the 
Federal  Civil  Service ;  also  the  order  in  point  of  priority  in  which  the 
different  parts  of  the  State  shall  be  mapped,  as  he  presumably  knows 
best  what  are  the  needs  of  the  State  in  this  direction.  Many  of  the 
citizens  of  the  State  who  are  competent  engineers  have  found  employ- 
ment upon  this  work. 

When  the  Legislature  made  its  appropriation  for  beginning  this 
work  in  1905,  the  Federal  Survey  had  made  rough  reconnaissance  maps 
in  many  cases,  and  in  a  few  cases  more  detailed  and  accurate  topo- 
graphic maps  of  a  total  area  of  4,916.83  square  miles  of  the  State. 
These  have  been  published  by  the  government  upon  thirty-nine  separ- 
ate atlas  sheets  distributed  throughout  various  parts  of  the  State.  It 
had  unaided  expended  upon  this  work  a  sum  roughly  estimated  to 
amount  to  $40,000  between  the  years  1887  and  1904  inclusive.  A  large 
portion  of  this  work  is  on  the  scale  of  about  two  miles  to  one  inch,  with 
contours  showing  elevations  for  change  of  every  fifty  feet  in  altitude. 
Some  of  it  is  on  the  larger  scale  of  one  mile  to  one  inch,  with  contour 
lines  of  twenty  and  ten  feet  interval.  A  considerable  portion  of  this 
area  was  mapped  before  the  Federal  Survey  began  its  more  accurate 
work  and  is  lacking  in  detail,  is  without  representation  of  houses,  and 
is  devoid  of  accurate  spirit  leveling,  so  that  the  contouring  and  eleva- 
tions upon  it  are  not  sufficiently  reliable  to  afford  a  basis  for  exact  en- 
gineering work. 

The  total  area  of  Illinois  is  56,650  square  miles.  There  have  been 
mapped  in  cooperation  2,492.18  square  miles.  Prior  to  cooperation, 
4,916.83  square  miles.  There  remain  unmapped  49,241  square  miles, 
though  probably  3,000  square  miles  of  the  earlier  reconnaissance  work 
will  ultimately  have  to  be  added  to  this  area  in  the  form  of  resurvey. 

Objects  and  Recommendations. 

As  stated,  the  object  of  making  a  topographic  survey  of  the  State 
in  such  great  detail  as  will  permit  of  representing  the  map  of  the  State 
on  a  scale  of  one  mile  to  one  inch,  is  primarily  to  serve  as  a  basis  for 
study  of  the  structural  and  economic  geology  of  the  State,  with  a  view 
to  aiding  in  the  development  of  its  economic  mineral  resurces.  In 
1905  Illinois  ranked  second  among  the  states  in  quantity  of  coal  pro- 
duced, the  amount  being  38,434,363  short  tons  of  a  value  of 
$40,577,592.     It  ranked  well  up  in  the  production  of  building  stone 


46  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  Ibull.  4 

and  cement-making  materials.  It  is  believed  that  the  output  of  many 
of  the  minerals  found  in  the  State  may  be  increased  through  the 
medium  of  this  survey.  These  maps  have,a  high  value  in  connection 
with  all  studies  for  drainage  of  swamp  and  overflowed  lands.  They 
show  the  positions  of  the  swamps,  the  absolute  heights  of  points  upon 
them,  and  the  relation  of  these  in  altitude  to  the  stream  channels 
through  which  they  may  be  drained.  They  are  of  especial  value  to  the 
State  in  connection  with  studies  for  the  improvement  of  highways. 
They  are  needed  in  connection  with  the  planning  of  public  improve- 
ments, developing  railways  and  trolley  lines,  etc. 

At  the  close  of  December,  1906,  2,492  square  miles  have  been  mapped 
in  cooperation.  As  shown  above  there  remain  unsurveyed  in  cooper- 
ation, or  to  be  revised  of  the  earlier  work  of  the  Federal  Survey,  about 
50,000  square  miles.  In  order  that  this  work  may  be  continued,  now 
that  it  has  been  so  auspiciously  commenced,  $10,000  should  be  appro- 
priated for  each  of  the  years  1907  and  1908  for  the  execution  of  the 
topographic  survey  of  the  State. 

From  the  total  expenditure  by  the  State  and  Federal  Surveys,  and 
the  area  mapped  under  it  as  above  reported,  it  would  seem  that  the 
average  cost  per  square  mile  of  the  topographic  mapping  has  been 
$16.00.  Of  this  the  State  furnished  one-half,  or  at  the  rate  of  $8.00 
per  square  mile.  It  is  possible  that  this  rate  may  be  reduced  in  the 
future,  as  a  large  amount  of  money  was  spent  in  the  last  year  on  pre- 
cise leveling,  which  work  has  now  been  well  extended  over  the  State, 
and  will  be  completed  at  little  additional  expense. 

Organization  and  Reports. 

The  topographic  surveying  in  Illinois  is  under  the  immediate  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  H.  M.  Wilson,  geographer  in  charge  of  the  eastern  division 
of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  Under  him,  Mr.  W.  H.  Her- 
ron,  topographer,  is  in  charge  of  the  section  which  includes  Illinois, 
and  he  has  personal  supervision  of  the  topographic  field  work  and  is 
held  responsible  for  the  plan  and  organization  in  the  State.  Mr.  S.  S 
Gannett,  geographer,  has  charge  of  the  section  of  primary  control 
and  precise  leveling  and  overlooks  such  work  in  Illinois.  Under  these 
men  several  topographers,  named  in  the  body  of  this  report,  had 
charge  of  field  parties,  assisted  by  temporary  aids  employed  for  the 
season  only.  All  of  the  men  excepting  the  temporary  employes  are  U. 
S.  Civil  Service  appointees  who  have  passed  a  rigid  engineering  ex- 
amination. The  temporary  employes  are  selected  preferably  from  resi- 
dents of  the  State  and  fill  out  applications  accompanied  by  letters  of 
recommendation  showing  their  education,  experience,  and  other  quali- 
fications for  this  special  line  of  work.  The  field  work  of  topographic 
surveying  is  further  inspected  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Renshawe,  chief  inspector 
of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  and  by  the  director  of  the  State  Geo- 
logical Survey.     No  charge  whatever  is  made  to  the  State  for  the  ser- 


wilson. J  CO-OPERATIVE   TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  47 

vices  of  any  of  these  expert  division  chiefs,  which  gets  their  supervisory 
advice  free,  excepting  that  Mr.  Herron,  the  section  chief  submits  ac- 
counts for  the  actual  time  he  works  for  the  State. 

Weekly  reports  of  progress  are  sent  to  the  party  chiefs,  and  monthly 
reports  are  submitted  by  the  party  chiefs  to  the  section  and  to  the 
division  chief,  and  by  the  latter  transmitted  with  a  financial  statement 
to  the  director  of  the  State  Geological  Survey. 

Fiscal  System. 

The  salaries  of  the  party  chiefs  are  those  at  which  they  are  appointed 
by  the  Honorable  Secretary  of  the  Interior  as  topographers  in  the 
Federal  Survey.  The  salaries  of  the  temporary  aids  are  fixed  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  qualifications  shown  in  their  applications,  and  by 
promotion  subsequent  to  employment.  All  actual  traveling  expenses 
are  refunded  upon  presentation  of  vouchers  duly  signed  and  sworn  to, 
and  per  diem  in  lieu  of  subsistence  is  allowed,  the  same  ranging  from 
$1.50  to  $2.25  a  day,  according  to  the  location  of  the  work  and  the 
nature  of  the  duties  assigned  the  employes.  All  vouchers  are  sub- 
mited  semi-monthly  in  duplicate  to  the  division  chief  in  Washington, 
who,  after  scrutinizing  and  approving  them,  transmits  a  portion  to  the 
Federal  disbursing  officers  for  payment  and  another  portion  through 
the  director  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  to  the  State  Auditor  for 
payment.  A  monthly  statement  is  certified  to  the  director  of  the  State 
Geological  Survey  itemizing  the  amount  expended  by  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment. The  conditions  of  the  agreement  are  such  that  the  State 
Survey  expends  the  bulk  of  its  funds  during  the  summer  season  on 
actual  field  work  and  the  Federal  Government  pays  the  permanent  sal- 
aries. In  consequence  the  Federal  Government  does  not  expend  nearly 
so  much  as  the  State  by  the  close  of  the  season,  having  to  reserve  a 
sufficient  sum  to  cover  office  salaries  on  drafting  and  computing. 

Nature  and  Uses  of  Topographic  Maps. 

General  Plan — The  topographic  maps  made  under  this  cooperative 
arrangement  are  drawn  up  in  office  in  three  colors  and  furnish  exact 
copy  for  reproduction.  The  published  maps  are  engraved  in  the  office 
of  the  Federal  Survey  in  Washington  on  three  separate  copper  plates, 
on  one  of  which  is  shown  the  drainage  and  water  surfaces,  on  a  second 
all  roads,  houses,  names,  and  other  cultural  features,  and  on  the  third 
figures  of  elevation  and  shapes  and  heights  of  hills  by  contour  lines 
The  map  is  printed  from  transfers  from  these  three  copper  plates  to 
three  lithographic  stones,  in  blue,  for  the  water  features  ;  black  for  the 
cultural  features  ;  and  brown,  for  the  topographic  relief  of  the  surface. 
The  result  is  a  very  handsome  and  attractive  and  extremely  legible 
map,  the  neat  size  of  which  is  about  iyl/2  inches  high  by  13  inches 
wide. 


48  .         YEAE-BOOK    FOE    1906. 


I  BULL.  4 


For  purposes  of  convenient  publication,  and  in  order  that  the  edges 
of  adjoining  sheets  match  and  may  be  mounted  together  in  larger 
groups,  the  whole  area  of  the  country  is  divided  by  latitudes  and  longi- 
tudes fifteen  minutes  each  way  to  a  map  sheet,  so  that  each  map  repre- 
sents one  quarter  of  a  square  degree,  or  an  area  in  Illinois  of  approxi- 
mately 225  square  miles  to  an  atlas  sheet.  To  cover  the  entire  State 
several  hundred  such  atlas  sheets  will  be  required  to  make  the  final  map 
which,  extending  from  latitude  37 °  00'  to  latitude  42 °  30'  will  be  355 
inches  long  north  "and  south,  and  240  inches  long  east  and  west.  Upon 
this  map  when  finally  completed  there  will  be  located  many  thousands  of 
geodetic  positions,  or  an  average  of  one  to  every  twenty  square  miles, 
and  a  still  greater  number  of  permanent  bench  marks  showing  precise 
level  elevations  above  sea,  these  averaging  about  two  to  each  township. 
The  latter  will  be  of  inestimable  value  as  datum  upon  which  to  base 
all  engineering  work,  and  the  former  will  serve  as  permanent  bases 
tor  all  future  cadastral  or  property  and  political  surveys. 

Surveying  in  general  may  be  divided  into  three  classes : 

1.  Those  made  for  general  purposes,  or  information  surveys,  which  may  be 
exploratory,  geodetic,  geographic,  topographic,  geologic,  etc. 

2.  Those  made  for  jurisdictional  purposes,  or  cadastral  surveys,  which 
define  political  boundaries  and  those  of  private  property  and  determine  the 
inclosed  areas. 

3.  Those  made  for  construction  purposes,  or  engineering  surveys,  on 
which  are  based  estimates  of  the  cost  of  public  and  private  works,  such  as 
canals,  railways,  water  supplies,  etc.,  and  their  construction  and  improve- 
ment. 

The  topographic  survey,  one  of  those  in  the  first  class,  is  made  for 
military,  industrial,  and  scientific  purposes.  The  topographic  map, 
made  directly  from  nature  by  measurements  and  sketches  on  the 
ground,  is  the  mother  map  from  which  all  other  are  derived.  It  shows 
with  accuracy  all  the  drainage,  relief,  and  cultural  features  which  it  is 
practicable  to  represent  on  the  scales  chosen. 

The  features  exhibited  of  the  maps  are : 

1.  Hydrography,  or  water  features,  as  ponds,  streams,  lakes,  swamps,  etc., 
which  are  printed  in  blue. 

2.  Hypsography,  or  relief  of  surface,  as  hill,  valleys  and  plains  which  are 
printed  in  brown. 

3.  Culture,  or  features  constructed  by  man,  as  cities,  roads,  villages,  and 
the  names  and  boundaries,  which  are  printed  in  black. 

This  combination  of  colors  renders  these  topographic  maps  readily 
legible.  On  the  reverse  of  each  sheet  is  a  description  of  the  mode 
of  reading  the  map,  and  a  legend,  or  series  of  conventional  signs,  in- 
dicating how  the  various  facts  shown  on  the  map  are  represented. 
All  these  conventions  are  self-explanatory  and  are  readily  understood 
and  interpreted  by  the  layman,  except,  perhaps,  the  brown  "contour" 
lines. 


WILSON.  | 


CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC  SURVEY. 


49 


These  contours  are  lines  of  equal  elevation — lines  along  which  the 
ground  would  be  touched  by  the  border  of  a  water  surface  (of  the 
ocean,  for  instance)  if  it  were  repeatedly  raised  by  a  given  amount. 
Contour  lines  express  three  features  of  relief — (i)  elevation,  (2)  hori- 
zontal form,  and  (3)  grade  or  slope.  To  explain  more  clearly  the 
manner  in  which  the  contours  shown  on  the  maps  of  the  Geological 
Survey  delineate  height,  form,  and  slope,  the  accompanying  contour 
map  (Fig.  1)  has  been  prepared  from  the  ideal  view  shown  above  it. 
It  may  be  interpreted  as  follows : 

1.  A  contour  indicates  a  certain  height  above  sea  level.  In  this  illustration 
the  contour  interval  is  50  feet;  therefore  the  contours  are  drawn  at  50,  100, 
150,  and  200  feet,  and  so  on,  above  mean  sea  level.  Along  the  250-foot  con- 
tour lie  all  points  of  the  surface  250  feet  above  sea;  along  the  200-foot  con- 
tour, all  points  that  are  200  feet  above  sea,  and  so  on.     In  the  space  between 


Fig.  1— Ideal  view  and  corresponding:  contour  map. 

any  two  contours  are  found  elevations  above  the  lower  and  below  the  higher 
contour.  Thus  the  contour  at  150  feet  falls  just  below  the  edge  of  the  ter- 
race, while  that  at  200  feet  lies  above  the  terrace;  therefore  all  points  on  the 
terrace  are  shown  to  be  more  than  150  but  less  than  200  feet  above  sea.  The 
summit  of  the  higher  hill  is  stated  to  be  670  feet  above  sea;  accordingly  the 
contour  at  650  feet  surrounds  it.  In  this  illustration  all  the  contours  are 
numbered,  and  those  for  250  and  500  feet  are  accentuated  by  being  made 
heavier.     Usually  it  is  not  desirable  to  number  all  the  contours,  and  then  the 


-4G 


50  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  L  bull.  4 

accentuating  and  numbering  of  certain  of  them — say,  every  fifth  one — suffice, 
for  the  heights  of  others  may  be  acertained  by  counting  up  or  down  from 
a  numbered  contour. 

2.  Contours  define  the  horizontal  forms  of  slopes.  Since  contours  are 
continuous  horizontal  lines,  they  wind  smoothly  about  smooth  surfaces,  re- 
cede into  all  reentrant  angels  of  ravines,  and  project  in  passing  about 
prominences.  These  relations  of  contour  curves  and  angles  to  forms  of  the 
landscape  can  be  traced  in  the  map  and  view. 

3.  Contours  show  the  approximate  grade  of  any  slope.  The  altitudinal 
space  between  two  contours  is  the  same,  whether  they  lie  along  a  cliff  or  on 
a  gentle  slope;  but  to  rise  a  given  height  on  a  gentle  slope,  one  must  go 
farther  than  on  a  steep  slope,  and  therefore  contours  are  far  apart  on  gentle 
slopes  and  near  together  on  steep  ones. 

Publication. — While  the  Federal  Survey  cooperates  with  the  State 
in  the  making  of  the  field  survey  and  the  drafting  of  the  resulting  map, 
it  undertakes  alone  the  publication  of  the  final  results.  In  consequence, 
though  the  State  contributes  half  toward  the  making  of  the  survey, 
one  of  the  most  expensive  features  of  the  map  making,  the  publication 
and  distribution,  is  handled  at  no  expense  to  the  State.  Meantime  since 
the  inception  of  cooperation  the  State  has  benefitted  by  marked  im- 
provements in  the  method  and  style  of  the  published  maps.  Much 
greater  detail  and  nicer  representation  is  shown  on  the  later  maps 
than  on  the  earlier  ones.  This  includes  chiefly,  exactness  in  represent- 
ing cuts  and  fills  and  other  obstacles  along  railroads  and  highways; 
the  position  of  the  highest  point  on  hill  and  mountain  tops.  Not  only 
are  all  houses  in  cities  and  in  the  country  shown,  but  school  houses 
and  churches  are  distinguished,  as  are  cemeteries. 

Scale  and  Contour  Interval. — The  scale  selected  for  the  cooperative 
maps  is  that  adopted  for  the  whole  of  the  United  States,  which  is  be- 
ing mapped  upon  two  standard  scales,  one  of  about  two  miles  to  one 
inch,  and  the  other  of  about  one  mile  to  one  inch.  This  latter  and 
larger  scale  is  adopted  for  Illinois,  the  exact  multiple  being  represented 
by  the  figures  I  :62,50c  which  is  an  aliquot  part  of  1  : 1,000,00,  the 
international  scale  adopted  by  all  great  organizations  throughout  the 
world,  as  well  as  by  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  and  the  War  De- 
partment of  the  Federal  Government.  The  actual  field  scale  is  4,000 
feet  to  1  inch,  which  is  reduced  in  publication.  In  regions  of  special 
importance,  as  about  large  cities,  the  field  work  of  surveying  is  done 
on  double  this  scale,  or  on  the  scale  of  2,000  feet  to  1  inch,  though  no 
arrangements  for  publishing  on  this  larger  scale  have  yet  been  made  by 
the  Federal  Government. 

The  contour  interval  adopted  is  10  or  20  feet  according  to  the  steep- 
ness and  amount  of  relief  or  comparative  flatness  of  the  slopes.  Which 
of  these  two  contour  intervals  shall  be  used  is  agreed  upon  in  detail 
each  year  by  the  cooperative  officials ;  the  maps  about  Urbana,  where 
the  country  is  quite  level,  having  been  mapped  with  the  10-foot  inter- 
val, while  the  maps  about  Eldorado  and  Belleville,  where  the  country 
is  more  deeply  eroded  being  mapped  on  the  20-foot  interval.  The 
scale  selected  is  so  large  that  a  distance  of  about  100  feet  on  the 
ground,  can  be  represented  on  the  map,  thus  permitting  of  the  actual 
platting  of  every  house  and  every  bend  of  the  road,  etc.  The  contour 
interval  is  such  that  every  change  in  slope  and  every  difference  in 
elevation  amounting  to  10  and  20  feet,  can  be  accurately  represented. 


wilson.  1  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEY.  51 

Woodland  Areas. — Wooded  areas  are  now  indicated  upon  the  co- 
operative topographic  maps  in  a  faint  green  tint.  The  outlines 
of  these  wooded  areas  are  mapped  in  the  course  of  the  field  work  at 
the  same  time  with  other  features,  but  until  recent  years  the  in- 
formation has  been  retained  in  manuscript,  unpublished,  because  of 
the  difficulty  experienced  in  endeavoring  to  so  represent  the  wooded 
areas  as  not  to  obscure  other  features.  An  inspection  of  the  map 
now  shows  at  once  what  is  cleared  land  and  what  is  wooded,  and 
should  the  State  at  any  time  take  up  the  study  of  its  forest  resources, 
the  map  will  furnish  to  it,  as  they  do  to  individuals  and  corporations, 
a  satisfactory  base  map  upon  which  to  classify  the  kind  and  extent 
of  different  timbers.  They  also  show  the  location  of  the  timber  lands 
in  relation  to  routes  of  transportation  as  highways,  streams,  or  rail, 
and  the  intervening  slopes  of  hills  or  mountains  over  which  the  timber 
must  be  hauled  to  market. 

Underwater  Contours. — The  contour  system  used  in  depicting  the 
elevations  of  the  relief  surface  and  showing  the  shapes  and  the  heights 
of  the  hills,  their  slopes,  and  the  valley  bottoms,  is  to  be  continued 
under  water  upon  all  lakes  and  other  water  bodies  of  any  extent.  Upon 
these  lakes  these  contours  We  printed  in  firm  blue  lines,  any  point  upon 
which  represents  the  elevation  above  sea  level,  and  by  mere  subtrac- 
tion from  the  elevation  shown  for  the  surface  of  the  water  body  the 
depth  may  be  obtained. 

Areas  of  Political  Subdivisions. — The  result  of  this  topographic  map- 
ping is  to  show  accurately  for  the  first  time  the  boundaries  of  all 
townships  and  counties  so  far  as  the  data  can  be  procured  in  the 
field  and  from  county  records.  This  survey  is  not  warranted  in  in- 
vestigating questions  of  disputed  boundaries  or  of  obscure  boundaries. 
These  are  matters  for  determination  by  the  courts.  The  boundaries  as 
found  and  shown  on  the  maps  present  clearly  and  accurately  all  ques- 
tions connected  with  the  townships  and  counties ;  shows  in  which 
township  and  county  fall  various  roads,  houses,  etc.,  and  furnish  the 
data  from  which  to  make  an  exact  measurement  of  the  areas  of  these 
political  subdivisions. 

The  system  of  symbols,  and  particularly  the  contour  system  by 
which  elevations  and  slopes  of  these  maps  are  shown,  has  been  adopted 
by  the  Federal  Survey  after  much  careful  thought. 

Uses  of  the  Maps. — It  is  evident  from  the  foregoing  that  the  uses 
of  the  maps  are  so  varied  as  to  furnish  data  touching  nearly  every  public 
and  private  activity  having  to  do  with  the  surface  of  the  land. 

The  maps  are  of  practical  value  for  planning  engineering  projects, 
improvement  of  highways,  construction  of  electric  and  steam  railways, 
and  studies  of  the  sewerage  and  water  supply  of  the  cities.  They  are  of 
political  value  in  connection  with  questions  relating  to  legislative  mat- 
ters, as  the  subdivision  of  counties,  the  assignment  of  jurisdiction  of 
State  institutions,  boundaries  of  towns,  counties,  and  their  relation 
to  natural  features.  They  are  of  administrative  value  in  connection 
with  questions  of  official  control  of  public  works,  reservations,  high- 
ways and  jurisdictions  of  courts.  They  are  of  great  value  in  connec- 
tion with  questions  concerning  the  use  of  timber  lands.  They  are  of 
the  highest  importance  to  the  military  affairs  of  the  State  and'  Federal 


52  YEVR-BOOK    FOR    190(1  [bull.  4 

Governments  in  planning  encampments,  marches,  maneuvers,  etc.  They 
are  of  educational  value  by  presenting  an  exact  knowledge  of  the  coun- 
try, by  serving  teachers  and  pupils  with  studies  of  home  geography, 
and  the  relations  of  hills,  valleys  and  slopes  to  industrial  activities  and 
to  water  courses.  They  are  of  statistical  value  for  the  representation 
of  facts  relating  to  population,  industries,  products,  etc. 

A  valuable  aid,  in  connection  with  any  inquiry  into  the  improvement 
of  the  public  highways,  is  furnished  by  the  classification  of  the  roads; 
as,  first-class,  or  those  having  made  surfaces  of  macadem,  gravel  or 
other  permanent  material;  second-class,  or  ordinary  public  dirt  roads; 
third-class,  or  private  and  farm  roads;  and  fourth-class  as  trails  or 
paths.  A  marked  improvement  is  also  shown  in  the  character  of  the 
lettering  and  other  finish  of  the  engraving,  making  the  maps  more  at- 
tractive and  legible. 

The  State  of  Illinois  has  many  thousands  of  acres  of  swamp  lands, 
chiefly  overflowed  lands,  in  the  bottoms  of  the  Illinois,  Ohio,  Wabash, 
Mississippi  and  other  rivers.  Much  of  the  area  of  these  swamp  lands 
have  already  been  reclaimed  under  State  laws.  The  larger  of  these 
swamp  lands,  those  which  are  most  expensive  for  drainage  or  protec- 
tion, have  not  yet  been  brought  under  agriculture  because  of  the  magni- 
tude of  the  engineering  problems  involved. 

The  cooperative  topographic  maps  furnish  the  essential  data  prelim- 
inary to  the  study  of  drainage  or  protection  of  swamp  lands  on  broad 
and  comprehensive  lines.  They  show  the  exact  location  of  the  sub- 
merged lands;  the  sources  from  which  the  waters  which  reach  them 
are  derived,  with  the  area  of  watershed  and  the  elevations  of  these  sub- 
merged lands  above  the  natural  drainage  channels,  through  which  the 
waters  may  be  passed.  These  maps  will  therefore  greatly  facilitate  re- 
clamation of  many  thousands  of  acres  of  these  lands  which  now  lie  idle, 
but  which  when  drained  will  add  materially  to  the  area  of  productive 
agricultural  lands  of  the  State. 

Finally,  they  are  of  the  highest  economic  importance  as  a  means  of 
showing  location,  extent  and  accessibility  of  lands,  waters,  forests,  and 
mineral  resources.  They  are  indispensable  to  State  and  Federal  bu- 
reaus, to  owners,  investors,  and  corporations  in  connection  with  in- 
quiries into  these  matters.  Their  main  importance,  however,  is  as  a 
basis  upon  which  to  study  the  geological  formations  and  the  relations 
of  the  various  coal,  oil  and  gas-bearing  formations  one  to  another, 
their  depth  below  the  surface  and  the  probable  extension  of  such  re- 
sources into  unexploited  areas ;  also  as  a  basis  for  soil  surveys  for  the 
determination  of  the  agricultural  value  and  properties  of  the  lands. 

Progress  of  Topographic  Surveys  in  Illinois  Prior  to  Co-operation. 

In  1887  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  did  its  first  work  in 
topographic  mapping  in  Illinois.  This  work  was  continued  thereafter 
for  several  years  with  considerable  energy,  chiefly  along  the  course 
of  the  Illinois  river.  This  surveying  was  undertaken  with  a  view  to 
aiding  the  study  of  the  Drainage  Commission  of  Chicago  in  solving 
the  problem  with  which  it  was  charged,  and  included  the  making  of  a 
series  of  fifteen  maps  extending  from  Chicago  via  Joliet  and  Hennepin 


wilson.]  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY  53 

to  Peoria,  and  covering  an  area  of  approximately  3,700  square  miles. 
Other  topographic  mapping  was  done  in  the  neighborhood  of  East  St 
Louis,  and  in  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  State  in  connection  with 
studies  of  mineral  resources  in  the  neighborhood  of  Jo  Daviess  county. 
There  were  thus  mapped  in  the  seventeen  years  prior  to  cooperation 
4,917  square  miles  without  the  assistance  of  the  State,  or  at  the  average 
rate  of  nearly  300  square  miles  a  year.  It  is  evident  that  at  this  rate 
many  years  must  pass  before  the  survey  of  the  State  will  be  completed 
With  cooperation  appropriated  for  at  the  rate  of  $10,000  per  annum, 
there  have  been  mapped  2,492  square  miles,  or  at  the  rate  of  1,246 
tquare  miles  per  annum.  At  an  increased  rate  of  appropriation  there 
would  be  an  increased  output.  The  topographic  mapping  done  prior 
to  cooperation  is  estimated  to  have  averaged  $8.00  per  square  mile. 
The  total  expenditure  on  this  work  by  the  Federal  Government  alone 
and  unaided  has  therefore  been  about  $39,336. 

188/. — The  first  topographic  surveying  prosecuted  by  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  in  Illinois  was  in  connection  with  the  map- 
ping of  the  Louisiana  (Mo.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Pike  county,  for  publica- 
tion on  the  scale  of  1 1125,000,  with  50-foot  contour  interval.  The 
work  was  done  by  Mr.  H.  L.  Baldwin,  topographer. 

1888. — During  this  year  Mr.  Baldwin  completed  the  survey  of  the 
St.  Louis  (Mo.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Madison,  St.  Clair  and  Monroe  counties, 
for  publication  on  scale  of  1 162,500,  with  20-foot  contour  interval. 
This  sheet  was  resurveyed  in  1903  to  bring  the  culture  up  to  date  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 

1889. — The  Calumet  (Ill.-Ind.)  sheet,  in  Cook  county,  was  mapped 
by  Messrs.  D.  C.  Harrison  and  R.  C.  McKinney.  This  sheet  was  pub- 
lished in  1901  after  having  been  revised  for  cultural  changes.  The 
Chicago  sheet,  in  Cook  county,  was  mapped  in  this  year  and  revised 
for  publication  in  1897  and  1899.  The  topographic  field  work  was 
done  by  Messrs.  D.  C.  Harrison,  N.  Tyler,  jr.,  and  R.  C.  McKinney, 
topographers,  together  with  the  Chicago  Sanitary  Commission.  The 
Davenport  (Ia.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Rock  Island  county,  was  mapped  by  Mr. 
W.  J.  Peters,  topographer.  It  has  since  been  reduced  and  forms  part 
of  the  Rock  Island  (Ia.-Ill.)  sheet,  on  scale  of  1 :  125,000.  The  above 
work  was  all  for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1 162,500  with  contour  in- 
tervals of  5  and  20  feet  respectively. 

1890. — The  Clinton  (Ia.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Carroll  and  Whiteside  coun- 
ties, was  mapped  by  Messrs.  W.  J.  Peters  and  R.  C.  McKinney,  topog- 
raphers, and  was  revised  in  1896.  This  was  on  the  publication  scale  of 
1 162,500,  with  a  contour  interval  of  10  feet.  The  Desplaines  sheet,  in 
DuPage,  Cook  and  Will  counties,  was  completed  by  Messrs.  D.  C.  Har- 
rison and  N.  Tyler,  jr.,  and  the  Chicago  Sanitary  Commission.  It 
was  revised  in  1899  for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1 162,500,  with  con- 
tour interval  of  10  feet.  Goose  Lake  (Ia.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Rock  Island 
county,  was  mapped  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Peters,  topographer.  It  now  forms 
a  part  of  the  Cordova  (Ia.-Ill.)  1 1125,000,  sheet,  though  it  was  orig- 
inally for  publication  on  the  1 162,500  scale  with  contour  interval  of  20 
feet.  Joliet  sheet,  in  Cook,  DuPage  and  Will  counties,  was  mapped  by 
Mr.  D.  C.  Harrison,  topographer,  on  the  1  .'62,500  scale  with  contour 
interval  of  10  feet.    The  Leclair  (Ia.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Rock  Island  county, 


54  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906.  I  bull.  4 

was  mapped  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Peters,  topographer.  It  also  forms  a  part 
of  the  Cordova  thirty-minute  sheet,  and  is  published  on  the  1 162,500 
scale,  with  contour  interval  of  20  feet.  The  Marseilles  sheet,  in  La- 
Salle,  Grundy  and  Kendall  counties,  was  completed  by  Mr.  D.  C.  Har- 
rison, for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1  162,500,  with  contour  interval 
of  10  feet.  The  Morris  Sheet,  in  Kendall  and  Grundy  counties,  was 
also  mapped  by  Mr.  Harrison  on  the  same  scale  and  with  the  same 
contour  interval.  The  Ottawa  sheet,  in  LaSalle  county,  was  mapped 
by  Mr.  Harrison  on  the  same  scale  and  with  the  same  contour  interval. 
The  Peosta  (la. -111.)  sheet,  in  Jo  Daviess  county,  was  mapped  by  Mr. 
W.  J.  Peters,  topographer,  and  was  revised  for  publication  in  1896. 
This  was  on  the  publication  scale  of  1:125,000,  with  a  contour  inter- 
val of  20  feet.  The  Riverside  sheet,  in  Cook  and  DuPage  counties, 
was  mapped  by  Messrs.  D.  C.  Harrison,  N.  Tyler,  jr.,  and  the  Chicago 
Sanitary  Commission,  and  was  revised  for  publication  in  1899,  scale 
1:62,500,  contour  interval  10  feet.  Savanna  (Ia.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Jo 
Daviess  and  Carroll  counties,  was  mapped  for  publication  on  the 
scale  of  1  :62,5oo,  with  contour  interval  of  20  feet,  by  Mr.  W.  J. 
Peters,  topographer.  The  Wilmington  sheet,  in  Will  county,  was  map- 
ped by  Mr.  D.  C.  Harrison,  for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1  '.62, 500, 
with  a  contour  interval  of  10  feet. 

1891. — The  Brodhead  (Wis. -111.)  sheet,  in  Winnebago  and  Stephen- 
son counties,  was  mapped  by  Mr.  Van  H.  Manning,  topographer,  for 
publication  on  the  scale  of  1  :62,5oo,  with  a  contour  interval  of  20 
feet.  The  Dunlap  sheet,  in  Stark,  Marshall,  Peoria,  Tazewell  and 
Woodford  counties,  was  mapped  by  Mr.  D.  C.  Harrison  on  the  same 
scale  with  a  contour  interval  of  10  feet,  as  was  also  Hennepin  sheet, 
in  Bureau  and  Putnam  counties.  Lacon  sheet,  in  Bureau,  Putnam  and 
Marshall  counties,  was  also  mapped  by  Mr.  Harrison,  on  the  above 
scale,  with  a  contour  interval  of  20  feet,  as  was  the  Metamora  sheet, 
in  Marshall,  Woodford,  Peoria  and  Tazewell  counties,  with  a  contour 
interval  of  10  feet. 

1896. — The  Cordova  (Ia.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Carroll,  Henry,  Rock  Island 
and  Whiteside  counties,  was  produced  by  Messrs.  W.  J.  Peters  and  R. 
C.  McKinney,  topographers,  on  the  scale  of  1 :  125,000,  with  a  contour 
interval  of  20  feet.  This  map  work  was  a  revision  of  the  Clinton, 
Goose  Lake,  Leclaire,  and  Henry  sheets,  scale  1  '.62, 500,  which  it  re- 
placed. 

1897. — Lancaster  (Wis. -la. -111.)  sheet,  in  Jo  Daviess  county,  was 
mapped  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Cooke,  topographer,  for  publication  on  scale  of 
1 :  125,000,  with  a  contour  interval  of  20  feet.  Highwood  sheet,  in  Cook 
and  Lake  counties,  was  mapped  by  Mr.  R.  C.  McKinney,  topographer, 
for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1  '.62, 500,  with  a  contour  interval  of 
10  feet.  Evanston  sheet,  in  Cook  county,  was  also  mapped  by  Mr. 
McKinney,  on  the  same  scale  and  with  the  same  contour  interval.  Dan- 
ville (Ill.-Ind.)  sheet,  in  Vermilion  county,  was  mapped  by  Mr.  W.  J. 
Lloyd,  topographer,  on  the  above  scale  and  with  the  same  contour  in- 
terval. 


wilson.  I  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEY.  55 

1898. — O' Fallon  sheet,  in  Calhoun  and  Jersey  counties,  was  mapped 
b)  Mr.  Paul  Holman,  topographer,  for  publication  on  the  scale  of 
1 1125,000,  with  a  contour  interval  of  50  feet.  The  Rock  Island  (Ia.- 
111.)  sheet,  scale  1  1125,000,  contour  interval  20  feet,  was  mapped  in 
1889,  and  revised  for  publication  in  1898.  It  is  formed  by  reduction  of 
four  15-minute  sheets,  of  which  Davenport,  111.,  sheet  is  one. 

1900. — Kahoka  (Mo. -la. -111.),  in  Hancock  and  Adams  counties,  pub- 
lication scale  1 1125,000,  contour  interval  20  feet,  was  mapped  by  Mr. 
Paul  Holman,  topographer.  Mineral  Point  (Wis. -111.)  sheet,  scale 
1  :  125,000,  contour  interval  20  feet,  in  Jo  Daviess  county,  was  mapped 
by  Mr.  R.  C.  McKinney,  topographer. 

1  go  1. — New  Harmony  (Ind.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  White  and  Wabash  coun- 
ties, publication  scale  1  162,500,  contour  interval  20  feet,  was  mapped 
by  Mr.  C.  W.  Goodlove,  topographer.  Princeton  (Ind.-Ill.)  sheet,  in 
Wabash  county,  with  above  scale  and  contour  interval,  was  also  map- 
per by  Mr.  Goodlove.  These  sheets  form  by  reduction,  parts  of  the 
Pat  oka  (Ind.-Ill.)  thirty-minute  sheet. 

1902. — Mount  Carmel  (Ill.-Ind.)  sheet,  in  Edwards,  Wabash  and 
White  counties,  scale  1  162,500,  contour  interval  20  feet,  was  mapped 
by  Mr.  C.  W.  Goodlove,  topographer.  It  forms  part  of  the  Patoka 
(Ind.-Ill.)  thirty-minute  sheet,  which  latter  was  completed  and  pub- 
lished during  the  same  year. 

I9°3- — The  St.  Louis  Special  (Mo.-Ill.)  sheet,  was  completed  this 
year  by  Messrs.  C.  E.  Cooke,  W.  O.  Tufts,  G.  Young  and  the  City  of 
St.  Louis,  and  was  published  on  the  scale  of  1 124,000  with  a  con- 
tour interval  of  20  feet.  This  sheet  was  reduced  and  included  in  the 
St.  Louis  double  atlas  sheet,  scale  1  162,500  and  contour  interval  20 
feet,  a  resurvey  of  the  1888  sheets. 

1904. — Peoria  sheet,  in  Tazewell,  Peoria  and  Woodford  counties, 
was  mapped  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Cooke,  topographer,  assisted  by  Mr.  J.  N. 
Williamson.  This  was  on  the  publication  scale  of  1 162,500,  with  a  con- 
tour interval  of  10  feet. 

The  following  list  contains  all  topographic  atlas  sheets  mapped  by 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey  outside  of  any  cooperation  with 
the  State  of  Illinois.  These  sheets  are  arranged  alphabetically  by 
names.  They  show  the  exact  area  of  any  sheet  within  the  State  where 
the  sheet  overlaps  one  or  more  states.  The  total  area  mapped  within 
the  State  is  given. 

The  Geological  Survey,  in  its  measurement  of  areas,  does  not  in- 
clude large  bodies  of  water  bordering  on  political  boundaries  or  the 
open  ocean.  The  measurement  closely  follows  the  shore  line,  jumping 
from  headland  to  headland  across  necks  or  straits  less  than  1,000  feet 
in  width. 


56 


YEAE-BOOK    FOR    1906. 

Quadrangles  Mapped  Prior  to  Co-operation. 


[bull  4. 


Area 
Mapped 

Square  miles 

Year. 

Cont. 
Int. 

Feet. 

Quadrangle. 

Original 
Survey. 

Resurvey  or 
Revision. 

Scale. 

Brodhead  (Wis. -111.) .... 

0.99 

200, 32 

120.87 

*  143. 13 

492.81 

200.12 

*7.46 

223.36 

225.90 

28.55 

*3.30 

224.21 

206.94 

223.36 

3.11 

225.06 

4.39 

224.21 

*104.5H 

11.49 

224.21 

225.90 

10.46 

224.21 

180.45 

44.78 

71.74 

224.21 

*232.29 

226.73 

33.90 

7.06 

222.50 

7.26 

177.00 

2.00 

194.43 

1891 
1889 
1889 
1890 
1896 
1897 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1897 
1890 
1891 
1897 
1890 
1900 
1891 
1898 
1891 
1890 
1888 
1890 
1891 
1900 
1890 
1902 
-     1901 
1898 
1890 
1902 
1904 
1890 
1901 
1890 
1889 
1890 
1895 
1888 
1903 
1890 

20 
10 
5 
20 
20 
10 
20 
10 
10 
10 
20 
10 
10 
10 
20 
20 
20 
10 
20 
50 
10 
20 
20 
10 
20 
20 
50 
10 
20 
10 
20 
20 
10 
20 
20 
50 
20 
20 
10 

1:62500 

Calumet  (Ill.-Ind.) 

1899 
1809 
1896 

1  62500 

Chicago 

1:62500 
1- 62500 

Clinton  (Ia.-Ill.)  t 

Cordova  (la. -111.) t 

1- 125009 

Danville  (Ill.-Ind. ) 

162500 

Davenport  (Ia.-Ill.)§ 

1-62500 

Desplaines 

1899 

1-62500 

Dunlap 

1-62500 

Evanston 

1-62500 

Goose  Lake  (Ia.-Ill. )t 

1-62500 

Hennepin 

1-62500 

Highwood 

1-62500 

Joliet 

1-62500 

Kahoka  (Mo.-Ia.-Ill.) 

1- 125000 

Lacon 

1-62500 

Lancaster  (Wis.-Ia.-Ul.) 

1:12500 

LaSalle , 

1-62500 

LeClaire  (Ia.-Ill.)t 

1:62500 

Louisiana  (Mo. -111.) 

1:125000 

Marseilles 

1-62500 

Metamora 

1-62500 

Mineral  Point  (Wis.-Ill.) 

1:125000 

Morris 

1-92500 

1:92500 

New  Harmony  (Ind.-Ill.)I 

1:62500 

O'Fallon  (Mo.-Ill.) 

1- 125000 

Ottawa , 

1-62500 

Patoka  (Ind.-Ill.)I  

1:125000 

Peoria 

1- 12500 

Peosta  (Ia.-Ill.) 

1- 125000 

Princeton  (Ind.-Ill. )  t 

1:62500 

Riverside 

1899 
1898 

1:62500 

Rock  Island  (Ia.-Ill.)§ 

1:125000 

4:62500 

Ste.  Genevieve  (Mo.-Ill.)  || 

1:125000 

St.  Louis  Special  (Mo.-Ill.  )T 

1903 

1:62500 
1:62500 

224.21 

1:62500 

Total 

*4, 916.83 

*  Figures  in  italic  are  not  included  in  total,  as  the  sheets  form  parts  of  other  sheets  whose 
total  areas  are  given. 

t  Clinton,  Goose  Lake,  and  LeClaire  sheets,  on  scale  of  1:62500  have  been  reduced,  and  form 
parts  of  Cordova  sheet,  on  scale  of  1:125000. 

X  Princeton,  New  Harmony,  and  Mount  Carmel  sheets,  on  scale  of  1:62500,  have  been 
reduced,  and  form  parts  of  Potoka  sheet,  on  scale  of  1:12500. 

§  Davenport  sheet,  on  scale  of  1:62500,  has  been  reduced  and  forms  part  of  Rock  Island  sheet, 
on  scale  of  1:125000. 

H  St.  Louis  Special  sheet  is  included  within  the  St.  Louis  double  sheet. 


Detailed  Report  on  Field  Work. 


Organization  and  Personelle. 

During  the  field  season  of  1905  three  parties  were  engaged  under 
the  supervision  of  Mr.  C.  E.  Cooke,  chief  of  section,  in  the  topographic 
mapping  of  twelve  atlas  sheets,  portions  of  three  of  which  lie  in  the 
adjoining  states  of  Indiana  and  Kentucky,  the  area  lying  within  the 
State  of  Kentucky  having  been  mapped  in  cooperation  with  that  state, 
and  that  lying  within  the  state  of  Indiana  having  been  mapped  by  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  alone.     The  other  two  parties  were 


wilson.  I  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  57 

in  charge  of  Messrs.  Albert  Pike  and  W.  J.  Lloyd,  topographers.  Six 
of  the  quadrangles  surveyed  were  completely  mapped  during  the  sea- 
son. Primary  control  was  extended  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  S.  S 
Gannett,  geographer,  by  two  parties  under  Messrs.  E.  L.  McNair  and 
J.  R.  Ellis,  assistant  topographers.  One  line  of  precise  levels  was  run 
by  Mr.  McNair. 

During  the  field  season  of  1906  Mr.  W.  H.  Herron,  topographer, 
was  placed  in  supervisory  charge  of  the  section  which  includes  Illinois, 
and  under  him  three  parties  were  maintained  throughout  the  season 
under  Messrs.  W.  J.  Lloyd,  topographer ;  C.  L.  Sadler,  assistant  topog- 
rapher, and  J.  G.  Staack,  topographic  aid.  Towards  the  latter  end  of 
the  season  two  parties  under  Messrs.  A.  T.  Fowler,  assistant  topog- 
rapher, and  C.  Hartmann,  topographic  aid,  were  added  to  these  to  aid 
in  completion  of  work  planned.  During  this  season  the  topographic 
mapping  of  four  atlas  sheets  was  completed  and  a  fifth  will  be  com- 
pleted in  the  early  spring.  Preliminary  work  toward  future  mapping 
was  in  progress  on  three  others. 

Primary  control  was  continued  under  the  general  supervision  of  Mr 
S.  S.  Gannett,  geographer  in  charge  of  the  section  of  triangulation  and 
computing  of  the  Federal  Survey.  This  work  was  done  by  a  party  in 
charge  of  Mr.  L.  E.  Tucker,  topographic  aid.  Two  lines  of  precise 
levels  were  run  by  Mr.  T.  A.  Green,  field  assistant. 

Summary  of  Results. 

The  following  are  tabular  statements  of  the  results  of  the  field  work 
of  the  seasons  of  1905  and  1906: 


58 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


]bull;  4 


Total  traverse— Miles  . . . 


Total  elevations- 
Number 


Ml        00  ( 
t~        ©< 


3    8! 


Spirit  levels— Miles. 


BMs— Total  number 


Total  area  mapped— square 
miles 


3     S8 


Days  of  work— Number 


HMHN 


o 


o  o  «  O  ' 


cQ  .fcs 


d    d 


HH. 


dd    d 


Hfri*. 


lag 


I    1 

ft      *■< 


a> 

•u 

X3 

£ 

a 

o 

a 

a    • 

l^ 

oa 

ri 

(at 

02 

ci      : 

c3 

u       O  -u 

O} 

o    9£s 

•a      : 

H 

.a 

tf 

efc3  fl 

ce  g  ss 
dod 


-dt3 

o  o 


>"■ I  r-t   k>   m   M  ( 


0) 

o 
o 


o 


££«x«i 


a 

<u  .rt  a  cc  *-,  *f 
£  e3  «J  a)  c3  £ 


GG 


,°y    ^  "a    -^ 


°  A 

go 

bo   - 

a  a 
ea  o 

n% 

O  c8  -- 

B   □   J* 

ca  £  Q 


..    (VI 

-  6  a  a  »  wi 


(D-d 

■a* 


CJ  <U 

cc  <s  >> 


CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY. 


59 


6 

is 

u 

*3 

1 

49 

d 

Pn 

S 

CO 

| 

% 

DO 

a 

XJ1 

S 

Days  of 
work— Num- 
ber. 

CM 

in 

Topographers. 

r- 

i 

V 

PS 

' 

co 

0 

c 

3 
O 
O 

8 
«a 

2" 

a 

CD 

d 
0 

1 

CD 

bo 
03 

cu 

3 

p 

d 
0 

a 
Q 
dg 

is 

0 

1 

ST  I 

M  o 


a 

b( 

.3 

?3 

bD 

1 

H 

c3 

A 

0 

60 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


[bull.  4 


Total  cost— (Field  only). . . 

to 

— < 

C-4MJ 

CO«D 

IS 

8©5 

o>cot* 

GOt-  00 
CO  ■*  t- 

3 

si 

SIS 

^*0O 
00  CO 

O 
(M 

00 

CM 

Total  traverse— Miles 

o      t-«o    • 

N    883  : 

co 
CO 

******        IM 

ocooo     «o 

i 

GO 

H 

H 

Total  elevations- 

to      «o**eo 

IO        OSCOIO 
SSI*      n'n« 

Oi 

§3 

t-OirH 
CO 

3 

Spirit  levels— Miles .. 

io      osoto 

**         lO  0505 

i 

00 

883      : 

10 

m 

BMS— Total  number. 

CMt-h     . 
i-HCM      • 

CO 
CO 

4MrH 

eo 

Tota 

1  area  mapped-Square 

<M        CMi-IIM 

00 

N 

4M 

Days  of  work— Number  . . . 

C73        CJS  OS  CO 

1  © 

8 

10    • 

10 

73 
<D 
A 
P. 
=3 
(h 

a 

o 

a 

R 

c 

^11             : 

a  03  c3 

C   *3  +3 

£inai      : 
#66     : 

d^      : 

9  o  o 

1^    i 

d^     • 

e 

o 

IK 

d 

f- 

a 

•z 

R 

y 

c 

44 

03 

d 

ha 

0 

73 
a> 

til 

:      ifl  : 

:  ?  a 
73      £4*  os 
9      "3  C3,fl 

pq    o^^ 

R 

P 

a 

R 

:  <o      : 

i*>      : 
:  a      : 

■73 

=§  ft     a 

II     1 
cad      a> 

73  . 

'3  : 

0  ; 

Jd 

.  0 

+=^ 

73  bB 

WW 

73 

a 

O 

O 

73    - 

9  -c 

OS  7 

c 
4* 

B 

0) 

bu 

OS 

Q 

jj 

o 

o 
D 

2 

'J 

a 
.9 
■3 

OJ 

0, 

s 

o 
© 

•  a   -J*   • 

;§;&"; 

■  OS     •  t-t     • 

.0}  .a>  . 

O   03   co 

:  ^  3  44   : 

lO^  03    ; 

-03^      • 

l|.s.s§ 

•>-l  S  .—I  i-H    73 

>  ^  x  x  s 
^  «  a  a  § 

P   M  03  03.S 
O  03   *h   U  —< 

2 

=a 
a 

1 

O 

73* 

cl 
43 

0 

O 
O 
O 

c 
c 

> 
a 

;- 
a 
3 

4- 

c 
E- 

H 

H 

aa 

03 

s 
o 

73' 

0 
a 

CO-OPERATIVE   TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY. 


y\  il,s 

UK.  1 

49 

CO 

S 

49 

co 

$ 

eo 

o 

O 

1 

O 

O 

OS 

"3 

1 

u 

"3 

O 

si 

73    • 

3 

1 

43 

o 

CO 

1 

g 

A> 

W 

s 

n 

s 

■ 

j3 

49 

3 

§ 

| 

CQ 

'5 

<5 

1-1 

<c 

t- 

CO 

■ 

c 

so 

o 

© 

49 

3 

*3 

cc 

co 

© 

$ 

a 

s§ 

co 

o  s 

■si 

t»^  b 

II 

3 

w  o 

O* 

£ 

co 

in 

a 

cc 

03 

SI  I 

> 

<l 

H 

03 

►J 

tn 

H 

£ 

S 

CD 
.3 

ft 

33 

o 

<< 

03 

& 

M 

03 

Oh 

o 

a 

fc 

© 

1 

H 

it 
o 

© 

0. 

o 

u 

CL 

.S  : 

EH 

C 

s 

"•3 

*   : 
75  '• 

O   : 

.2  '• 

, 

co 

c  : 
ee  . 

s-    ■ 

"> 

fc  a 

c3 

„o 

.2 

ll 

§1 

31 

1 

> 

! 
| 

05 

.2 
49 

a 

3 
O 

O 

s| 

"3  u 

M  CD 
-> 

CD/ 

i© 

boa 

3S 

•-9 

. 

O  eg 

a 

3 

C 

> 
1 

QCfl 

O 

O 

27 

50 

i 

2 

li 

Mi 

4 

3 
3 

^3 

©*© 

1* 

£ 

*i 

U  a) 

3 

-  P. 

CO  CO 

2 < 

3 

©  a 

gc 

L| 

o^ 

fe 

O 

61 


62  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  Ibull;  4 

Spirit  Leveling. 

METHODS. 

The  elevations  shown  on  the  topographic  maps  are  determined  from 
accurate  spirit  leveling  executed  in  three  orders :  First,  precise  level- 
ing, whereby  levels  are  brought  hundreds  of  miles  from  mean  sea  level 
-to  different  parts  of  the  State,  and  furnish  the  fundamental  bases  to 
which  further  leveling  is  referred.  This  leveling  is  of  the  highest 
order.  Some  of  it  has  already  been  executed  by  the  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey,  and  recently  this  cooperative  survey  has  run  many  lines  of 
such  leveling.  Second,  primary  leveling  is  run  in  connection  with  the 
topographic  mapping  and  consists  of  a  high  order  of  engineering 
levels,  such  as  are  rim  on  railways  or  in  cities.  Lines  of  these  levels 
are  run  with  such  frequency  as  to  permit  of  the  placing  of  two  perma- 
nent bench  marks  in  each  township.  Third,  based  on  the  above,  sec- 
ondary leveling  or  flying  leveling  is  run  with  less  accuracy  but  yet 
within  limits  of  about  one  foot,  so  as  to  procure  elevations  upon  which 
to  base  the  contour  sketching,  these  lines  of  levels  running  practically 
into  every  section  of  one  mile  square  within  the  area  surveyed.  In  ap- 
pendix attached  hereto  are  printed  instructions  governing  this  work,  as 
is  a  list  giving  elevations  determined  by  leveling  both  prior  to  and  since 
cooperation. 

During  1905  five  parties  were  engaged  in  the  running  of  spirit  levels 
over  the  areas  under  survey,  and  in  1906  five  parties  were  engaged  in 
leveling.  This  work  was  for  the  purpose  of  determining  elevations 
and  establishing  bench  marks  upon  which  to  base  the  contour  sketch- 
ing of  the  areas  mapped.  During  the  field  season  of  1905  there  were 
run  3,740  miles  of  spirit  levels,  and  10 1  permanent  bench  marks  of 
metal  were  established.  In  1906  there  were  run  4,518  miles  of  spirit 
levels,  and  sixty-six  permanent  bench  marks  were  established.  Ap- 
pended hereto  are  descriptions  of  such  bench  marks  as  were  established 
during  the  field  season  of  1905,  all  of  the  precise  leveling  for  1906  and 
a  little  of  the  primary  leveling  for  the  latter  year ;  also  of  levels  run 
prior  to  cooperation. 

ELEVATIONS  DETERMINED,    1896-I906. 

These  results  are  computed  on  a  common  mean  sea  level  datum  with 
the  exception  that  no  adjustment  has  yet  been  made  of  the  results  of 
precise  leveling  of  1906  to  take  account  of  apparent  closure  errors  at 
Shawneetown  and  Fairmount  Junction.  The  results  of  precise 
leveling  are  therefore  not  finally  reduced,  but  it  has  been  planned  to 
obtain  additional  checks  in  1907  by  precise  leveling  and  an  adjustment 
will  then  be  made.  The  connection  with  mean  sea  level  is  obtained  by 
the  adjustment  made  in  1903  by,  the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey 
of  a  great  net  of  precise  levels  which  combines  work  of  various  organi- 
zations and  covers  the  eastern  half  of  the  United  States.  The  precise 
level  lines  within  or  along  the  borders  of  this  State  are  the  Mississippi 
River  Commission  line  and  the  lines  Savanna  to  Chicago,  Grafton  to 
Chicago  and  Ohio  River  Survey  by  army  engineers  (the  last  two  not 


wilson.  I  Cp-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  68 

yet  published),  the  lines  Vincennes,  Indiana,  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and 
Cairo  to  Odin,  by  the  Coast  Survey  and  lines  herein  reported  by  the 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

All  results  of  spirit  leveling  in  this  State  previously  published  by 
the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  and  all  later  work  are  included  in  this 
report,  rearranged  by  quadrangles  and  separated  into  two  parts,  re- 
sults prior  to  and  those  under  cooperation.  Descriptions  and  elevations 
of  bench  marks  are  given  in  fifty  counties. 

The  filed  work  previous  to  1903  was  done  under  the  general  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  J.  H.  Renshawe,  geographer,  and  the  later  work  under 
Mr.  H.  M.  Wilson,  geographer.  The  work  in  the  State  was  super- 
vised in  1905,  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Cooke,  topographer,  chief  of  section.  The 
office  work  of  computation,  adjustment  and  preparation  of  lists  was 
done  by  Messrs.  L.  C.  Fletcher  and  D.  H.  Baldwin,  topographers,  under 
the  supervision  of  Mr.  S.  S.  Gannett,  geographer  in  charge  of  the 
Triangulation  and  Computing  Section  of  the  Geological  Survey. 

The  elevations  are  arranged  according  to  the  degree  of  accuracy  of 
their  determination,  precise  and  primary.  The  precise  leveling  in  this 
State  consists  of  lines  run  in  both  forward  and  backward  direction, 
using  high  grade  instruments,  special  precautions  being  taken  in  ob- 
servations and  reduction,  with  small  allowable  limits  of  divergence  to 
insure  the  lines  to  be  continuously  good  throughout.  The  primary 
leveling  consists  of  ordinary  wye  leveling,  precautions  being  taken 
against  only  the  principal  errors ;  these  lines  are  principally  run  in 
circuits  of  single  lines  which  are  required  to  close  within  a  less  severe 
limit  of  error.  The  allowable  limit  of  divergence  adopted  by  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey  on  all  recent  precise  work  is  represented  in  feet  by 
0.017VD  in  which  D  represents  distance  in  miles  between  bench  marks 
and  the  limit  for  primary  work  is  represented  in  feet  by  0.05  \/D,  D 
in  the  latter  case  representing  the  circuit  distance  in  miles. 

The  standard  bench  marks  are  of  the  two  following  general  forms. 
The  first,  a  circular  bronze  or  aluminum  tablet  3.5  inches  in  diameter 
and  0.25  inch  thick,  appropriately  lettered,  having  a  3  inch  stem 
cemented  into  a  drill  hole,  generally  in  vertical  walls  of  public  buildings, 
bridge  abutments  or  other  substantial  masonry  structure.  The  second, 
a  form  employed  where  masonry  or  rock  is  not  accessible,  consists  of 
a  hollow  wrought  iron  pipe  post  3.5  inches  outer  diameter  and  4  feet 
in  length  after  being  split  at  bottom  and  expanded  to  10  inches  at  base 
so  as  to  prevent  both  the  easy  subsidence  of  the  post  and  its  being 
maliciously  pulled  out  of  the  ground.  The  iron  is  heavily  coated  with 
asphalt,  and  over  the  top  of  the  post  is  riveted  a  bronze  tablet  similar 
to  that  described  above. 

The  numbers  stamped  upon  the  bench  marks  as  described  in  the  fol- 
lowing lists  represent  the  elevations  to  the  nearest  foot  above  mean  sea 
level,  as  determined  by  unadjusted  levels  in  the  field.  They  have  been 
subjected  to  changes  resulting  from  adjustments  necessary  to  close 
circuits  and  to  those  resulting  from  reduction  to  mean  sea  level  through 
readjustment  of  the  precise  level  net  of  the  United  States.  In  some 
cases  the  finally  accepted  elevations  as  printed  herein  differ  from  those 
submitted  as  bench  mark  numbers  by  one  or  two  feet.     This  method 


64 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


I  BULL.   4 


of  numbering  bench  marks  has  been  adopted  where  many  levelmen  are 
working  in  the  same  area  at  the  same  time,  as  less  liable  to  lead  to  con- 
fusion in  identification  of  bench  marks  than  any  attempts  at  serial 
numbering,  and  because  the  bench  mark  number  at  the  same  time 
gives  an  approximate  statement  of  the  elevation.  It  is  assumed  that 
engineers  and  others  finding  these  bench  marks  so  stamped  in  the  field 
will  communicate  with  the  director  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  in 
order  to  obtain  the  accepted  elevation  to  hundredths  or  thousandths 
of  a  foot. 

Any  person  finding  bench  marks  in  the  following  lists  mutilated  or 
destroyed  will  confer  a  favor  by  notifying  the  Director,  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  G,  or  the  Director,  State  Geological 
Survey,  Urbana,  Illinois. 

PRECISE  LEVELING. 


List. 

Quadrangles. 

Counties. 

1 

Danvers,  Danville,  Farmer  City,  Leroy,  Mackinaw, 
Monticello,  Mahomet,  Peoria  and  Urbana 

Olney,  Newton,  Greenup,  Bradbury,  Mattoon,  Oak- 
land, Kansas,  Sidell  and  Fithian 

Champaign,  DeWitt,  McLean,  Piatt, 
Tazewell  and  Vermilion 

2 

Coles,  Cumberland,  Douglas,  Jasper 

3 

DuQuoin,  Gallatia,  Mulkeytown,  Shawneetown  and 
Thompsonville 

Franklin,  Gallatin,  Perry  and  Saline. 

PRIMARY   LEVELING. 


Evanston,  Highwood  and  Waukegan 

Wheaton 

Havana,  Petersburg  and  Springfield 

Peoria 

Mahomet  and  Urbana 

Belleville  and  Breese 

Carmi,  Eldorado,  Enfield  and  New  Haven 


Cook  and  Lake 

DuPage   

Mason,  Menard. Logan  and  Sangamon 

Peoria  and  Tazewell 

Champaign  and  Piatt 

Bond,  Madison  and  St.  Clair 

Gallatin,  Hamilton,  Saline  and  White 


FIELD  WORK  OF  1906  NOT  YET  PREPARED  FOR  PUBLICATION. 


Tallula 

Mulkeytown  , . . 
Thompsonville 

Gallatia 

Eldorado 


Sangamon 

Franklin,  Williamson 


Hamilton 
Saline 


FIELD  WORK  OF  1906  NOT  YET  COMPLETED. 


Galena 

Apple  River 


Jo  Daviess. 


PRECISE  LEVELING. 


Danvers,  Danville,  Farmer  City,  Fithian,  Leroy, 
Mackinaw,  Monticello,  Mahomet,  Peoria  and 
Urbana 


Champaign,  DeWitt,  McLean,  Piatt, 
Tazewell  and  Vermilion 


wihsoNj  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  65 

The  following  are  unadjusted  results  of  precise  levels  run  in  1905-6; 
in  1905  from  the  U.  S.  A.  engineers  bench  marks  at  Pekin,  over  the 
C.  C.  C.  &  St.  L.  R.  R.  to  Champaign,  and  continued  in  1906  over  the 
Wabash  Railroad  to  Catlin. 

The  initial  bench  mark  at  Pekin  is  described  as  follows :  Copper  bolt 
sunk  in  top  of  traction  bridge  over  the  Illinois  river  about  12  feet  north 
of  center  of  track.  The  elevation  of  which  is  accepted  as  455 .364  feet 
as  obtained  by  an  adjustment  of  the  army  engineers'  line  between 
Grafton  and  Chicago.  The  methods,  kind  of  instruments  and  limit  of 
error  used  are  those  now  adopted  by  the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey.  On  all  sections  upon  which  the  forward  and  backward  meas- 
ures in  milimeters  differed  more  than  4.0VK  (in  which  K  is  the  dis- 
tance between  bench  marks  in  kilometers),  both  forward  and  backward 
measures  were  repeated  until  a  pair  run  in  opposite  direction  came 
within  limits,  and  all  other  requirements  necessary  to  obtain  accurate 
results  were  closely  adhered  to.  In  1905  self  reading  rods  were  used, 
3.2  meters  in  length,  graduated  to  centimeters  and  reading  to  milimeters 
by  estimation,  but  in  the  work  of  1906  self  reading  rods  of  the  same 
length  were  used  but  graduated  to  hundredths  of  a  yard  and  reading 
by  estimation  to  thousandths,  computations  being  made  in  feet.  The 
equivalent  limit  of  error  expressed  in  feet  being  .017V 13  (where  D  is 
the  distance  in  miles  between  bench  marks). 

Connection  made  at  Fairmount  Junction  with  precise  level  line  run 
from  Olney  shows  elevations  by  the  line  from  Pekin  to  be  0.740  foot 
higher  than  as  determined  from  Olney. 

The  leveling  of  1905  was  done  by  Mr.  E.  L.  McNair,  topographer 
in  charge,  and  that  of  1906  by  Mr.  T.  A.  Green,  levelman,  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  S.  S.  Gannett,  geographer. 

The  standard  bench  marks  of  the  1906  line  are  stamped  with  figures 
of  elevation  and  year,  but  those  set  on  the  1905  portion  have  not  yet 
been  stamped. 

Precise  Leveling. 

PEKIN,  VIA  C.  C.  C.  &  ST.  L.  RAILWAY,  TO  CHAMPAIGN. 

PEORIA    QUADRANGLE.  Feet. 

Pekin,  in  water  table  on  east  side  of  county  clerk's  office,  copper  bolt. .   479.034 
Pekin,  in  the  water  table  on  east  side  of  county  clerk's  office,  bronze 

tablet    stamped    479.023 

Pekin,  in  top  of  east  abutment  of  traction  line  bridge  across  the  Illi- 
nois river,  12  feet  north  of  center  of  track,  copper  bolt,  U.  S.  Army 

Engineers'  bench  mark   455.364 

Pekin,  in  front  of  Big  Four  station,  top  of  rail 467.1 

Leslie,  1  mile  west  of;  6  miles  east  of  Pekin,  15  rails  east  of  mile  post 
marked  P15,  15  feet  from  center  of  Peoria  and  Eastern  Railway 
track,  in  coping  stone  of  concrete  culvert,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  681.922 

MACKINAW     QUADRANGLE. 

Tremont,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 643.8 

Tremont,  at  west  end  of  concrete  platform  of  station,  25  feet  south- 
east of  street  crossing,  iron  post  stamped 643.367 

Menert,  0.33  miles  west  of;   in  top  of  north  end  of  east  abutment  of 

plate  girder  bridge  over  Mud  creek,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 575.578 

—5  G 


66  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

Feet. 

Menert,  in  front  of  station,  top  of  rail 595.3 

Menert,  0.67  miles  east  of;  on  top  and  on  south  end  of  west  abutment 
of  a  through  bridge  over  Mackinaw  river,  6  feet  below  top  of  rail, 
3.5  feet  from  center  of  track,  and  midway  between  south  shoeplate 
and  south  floor  beam  in  first  panel  from  west,  aluminum  tablet 

stamped   583.077 

Mackinaw,  175  feet  west  of  station;  in  top  of  first  cap  in  east  pier  of 

first  row  of  piers  to  railroad  water  tank,  aluminum  tablet  stamped.   646.182 

Mackinaw,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail   645.4 

Lilly,  in  top  of  southwest  corner  of  west  end  of  concrete  platform  of 
railroad  station,  5  feet  north  of  center  of  track,  aluminum  tablet 

stamped    803.211 

Lilly,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 802.3 

DANVERS   QUADRANGLE. 

Woodruff,  900  feet  west  of  coaling  sheds,  30  feet  south  of  center  of 
track,  on  right  of  way  line  in  front  of  house  of  N.  C.  Osman,  iron 
post  stamped 840.142 

Danvers,  in  top  of  southwest  corner  of  west  end  of  concrete  platform 

of  station,  about  120  feet  south  of  station;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  809.212 

Danvers,  in  front  of  station,  on  top  of  rail 809.1 

Danvers,  4.5  miles  east  of,  in  coping  of  east  wall  of  a  wagon  pass 
under  railroad,  6  feet  north  of  center  of  track,  aluminum  tablet 
stamped 754.892 

Twin  Grove,  in  front  of  station,  top  of  rail 817.2 

Twin  Grove,  at  north  end  of  station  platform,  due  south  of  elevator 

owned  by  P.  Supple,  10  feet  south  of  track,  iron  post  stamped 816.364 

Bloomington,  0.75  miles  west  of,  Alton  and  "Big  Pour"  junc- 
tion in  south  side  of  west  abutment  of  a  plate  girder  bridge  across 
a  creek  used  as  an  open  sewer  for  the  city,  6  feet  below  top  of  rail 
and  15  feet  from  center  of  track,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 746.227 

LEROY    QUADRANGLE. 

Bloomington,  C.  &  A.  junction  Kansas  City  Division 775.2 

Bloomington,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 789.2 

Bloomington,  in  north  pier  of  the  water  tank  about  350  feet  east  of 

passenger  station  and  on  south  track,  aluminum  tablet  stamped..   793.894 

(Spur  Line  from  Above  B.  M.) 
Bloomington,  in  southwest  corner  of  courthouse,  about  2  feet  above 

ground  and  in  face  of  wall,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 829.744 

Bloomington,  1  mile  east  of;  Illinois  Central  Railway  crossing 857.6 

Gillum,  2  miles  west  of;  in  top  of  parapet  wall  of,  on  south  side  of  a 

concrete  arch  across  a  draw  on  the  Big  Pour  R.  R.,  arch  is  No. 

300-88,  20  feet  from  center  of  track,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 832.781 

Gillum,  75  feet  west  of  station;  20  feet  from  center  of  track,  on  south 

side  and  1.75  foot  below  rail,  iron  post  stampel 820.361 

Gillum  station ;   top  of  rail 822.0 

Downs,  360  feet  east  of  station;   15  feet  south  of  center  of  track,  10 

feet  northwest  of  section  car  house,  iron  post  stamped 794.200 

Downs,  in  front  of  station;  top  of*  rail 796.2 

Ford  Woods,  0.67  mile  west  of;   in  coping  stone  on  north  side  of  a 

stone  arch  on  railroad,  No.  of  arch  293.94,  12  feet  from  center  of 

track,   aluminum   tablet   stamped 791.284 

Pord  Woods  station,  in  front  of,  top  of  rail 802.9 

LeRoy,   330  feet  east  of  station;    20  feet  south  of  center  of  track, 

at   intersection   of   right  of  way   line   and   street  line,   iron   post 

stamped    779.848 

LeRoy,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 780.8 

Empire,  130  feet  west  of  station;  15  feet  north  of  center  of  track,  and 

15  feet  east  of  switch  stand  at  siding,  iron  post  stamped 755.525 


wilson]  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  67 

Feet. 

Empire,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 756.6 

Farmer  City,  1  mile  west  of;  in  top  of,  on  west  side  of  abutment  of 
a  small  I  beam  bridge  on  railroad,  10  feet  from  center  of  track, 

aluminum  tablet  stamped   730.664 

Farmer  City,  at  Illinois  Central  crossing,  top  of  rail 732.2 

Farmer  City,  "Big  Four  Ry."  B.  M.   (R.  R.  elevation  723.500) 733.805 

Farmer  City,  375  feet  east  of  junction  of  "Big  Four"  and  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Rys.,  18  feet  south  of  center  of  track  and  65  feet  south  of  where 
first  street  east  of  P.  &  B.  R.  R.  station  crosses  tracks,  iron  post 
stamped   732.456 

MONTICELLO    QUADRANGLE. 

Harris,  60  feet  west  of  station;   16  feet  north  of  center  of  tracks; 

iron  post  stamped    721.579 

Harris,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 722.7 

Mansfield,  270  feet  east  of  Wabash  and  "Big  Four"  R.  R.  crossing,  18 

feet  south  of  the  center  of  Big  Four,  iron  post  stamped 727.234 

Mansfield,  station,  top  of  rail  at  Wabash  R.  R.  crossing 729.6 

MAHOMET    QUADRANGLE. 

Mansfield,  3.5  miles  east  of;  in  south  end  of  the  west  abutment  of  a 
plate  girder  bridge  on  the  Big  Four  R.  R.,  bridge  No.  270-40,  alum- 
inum  tablet   stamped    721.609 

Mahomet,   230  feet  west  of  station;    15  feet  north  from  center  of 

track,  iron  post  stamped 712.064 

Mahomet,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 712.3 

Mahomet,  2  miles  west  of;  in  top  of  south  side  of  a  stone  culvert  on 
P.  &  B.  R.  R.,  10  feet  from  center  of  tracks,  bridge  No.  266-11, 
aluminum  tablet  stamped    733.477 

Rising,  75  feet  west  of  station;  15  feet  north  of  center  of  track,  iron 

post  stamped 734.039 

Rising,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 735.6 

Champaign,  2  miles  west  of;  in  south  side  of  west  abutment  of  a 
small  I  beam  bridge  on  Big  Four  Railway,  15  feet  south  of  center 
of  track,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 748.273 

URRANA  QUADRANGLE. 

Champaign,  53  feet  southeast  of  southeast  corner  of  Engineering  build- 
ing at  University  of  Illinois,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 
No.  1  721.050 

Champaign,  on  south  side  of  east  entrance  to  Engineering  building, 
University  of  Illinois,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 722.721 

CHAMPAIGN  VIA    WABASH  RAILROAD  SOUTHEAST  TO  SIDNEY,  THENCE  EAST  TO  CATLIN. 

Champaign,  southwest  corner  of  University  and  Goodwin  Sts.,  top 
of  sewer  trap    731.94 

Urbana  station,  in  front  of,  top  of  rail 713.9 

Urbana,  1059  feet  east  of  station,  220  feet  north  of  Wabash  tracks, 
45  feet  south  of  Big  Four  tracks,  in  southwest  corner  of  stone  cul- 
vert under  Big  Four  railroad,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 704.688 

Urbana,  789  feet  east  of  station;  45  feet  east  of  mile-post  Cha.  2,  Tol 

285,  at  lock  to  switch  south  of  tracks,  top  of  spike 711.20 

Mira,  2.08  miles  northwest  of;  spike  in  east  side  of  mile-post  at  Cha. 

3,   Tol.   284    745.97 

Mira,  1.03  miles  northwest  of;  spike  in  east  side  of  mile-post  Cha.  4, 

Tol.  283    719.16 

Mira,  at  road  crossing,  top  of  rail,  old  elevation 695.8 

Mira,  30  feet  west  of  track,  30  feet  south  of  road,  3  feet  west  of  fence 
corner,  iron  post  stamped  "695,  1906" 696.033 


68  YEAK-BOOK    FOR    1906.  I  bull.  4 

Feet. 
Deers,  1.99  miles  northwest  of;   spike  in  west  side  of  mile-post  Cha. 

6,  Tol.  281   686.61 

Deers,  0.99  miles  northwest  of;  spike  in  west  side  of  mile-post  Cha.  7, 

Tol.  280    690.61 

Deers,  65  feet  west  of  track,  25  feet  south  of  road,  70  feet  north  of 

store  and  P.  O.,  of  P.  C.  Edwards,  at  northeast  corner  of  barn,  iron 

post  stamped  "691,  1906"   691.902 

Sidney,  2.57  miles  northwest  of;  spike  in  west  side  of  telegraph  pole.  671.13 
Sidney,  1.73  miles  northwest  of;  spike  in  west  side  of  telegraph  pole.  664.32 
Sidney,  0.75  mile  northwest  of;   in  west  side  of  whistle  post,  top  of 

spike   . 662.73 

Sidney,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail  (old  elev.  marked  669) 665.8 

Sidney,  high  school,  in  southwest  corner  of,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 

"673,  1906" 672.523 

Sidney,  high  school,  cross  mark  on  southwest  corner  of  stone  step, 

at  front  entrance,  is  level  with  brick  pavement 670.68 

Homer,  5.29  miles  west  of;  north  side  of  abutment  of  Wabash  bridge 

over  C.  &  E.  I.  R.  R.,  center  of  chisled  square  on  second  tier  of 

concrete   682.12 

Homer,  4.38  miles  west  of;  spike  in  south  side  of  telegraph  pole 677.99 

Homer,  3.56  miles  west  of;   45  feet  north  of  milepost  St.  L.  163,  T. 

273,  35  feet  north  of  track,  5  feet  north  of  telegraph  pole,  iron 

post  not  stamped    667.976 

FITHIAN  QUADRANGLE. 

Homer,  2.38  miles  west  of;  spike  in  north  side  of  telegraph  pole 667.92 

Homer,  1.26  miles  west  of;   90  feet  northwest  of,  whistlepost,  R.  R. 

spike  in  north  side  of  telegraph  pole 669.72 

Homer,  6.05  feet  west  of  station;  30  feet  north  of  track,  25  feet  west 

of  road,  at  east  side  of  asphalt  pavement,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 

"674,  1906"    674.433 

Homer,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 676.4 

Fairmount,  7.59  miles  west  of;  105  feet  northwest  of  whistlepost,  top 

of  spike  in  north  side  of  telegraph  pole   668.20 

Fairmount,  6.64  miles  west  of;   275  feet  northeast  of  milepost  St.  L. 

168,  T.  268,  railroad  spike  in  north  side  of  telegraph  pole 670.65 

Fairmount,  5.59  miles  west  of;  35  feet  north  of  track,  25  feet  east  of 

road,  near  fence  corner,  iron  post  stamped  "664,  1906" 664.341 

Fairmount,  4.5*9  miles  west  of;  in  east  end  of  board  at  road  crossing, 

top  of  spike   673.09 

Fairmount,  3.69  miles  west  of;  spike  in  north  side  of  milepost  St.  L. 

171,   Tol.   265 675.86 

Fairmount,  2.69  miles  west  of;   40  feet  north  of  track,  50  feet  north 

of  milepost  St.  Louis  172,  Tol.  264,  iron  post  stamped  "655,  1906". . .   655.806 

Fairmount,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 661.5 

Fairmount,  1.71  miles  west  of;  240  feet  northwest  of  milepost  St.  L. 

178,  T.  263,  top  of  spike  on  north  side  of  lock 656.789 

Fairmount  Junction,  0.77  mile  west  of;  250  feet  west  of  old  coal  mine, 

top  of  spike  north  side  of  lock  to  switch 655.09 

Fairmount  Junction,  56  feet  northwest  of;  50  feet  west  of  C.  &  E.  I. 

R.  R.  tracks,  60  feet  west  of  signal  station;  35  feet  north  of  "Wabash 

tracks,  in  fence  corner,  iron  post  stamped  "654,  1906" 654.471 

Fairmount  Junction,  C.  &  E.  I.  R.  R.  and  Wabash  railroad,  top  of 

rail    656.13 

Fairmount  Junction,  1.01  miles  east  of;  top  of  second  bolt  from  west 

end  on  south  side  of  bridge,  120  feet  west  of  road  crossing 656.35 

Fairmount  Junction,  2.32  miles  east  of;  R.  R.  spike  in  north  side  of 

milepost  St.  L.  177,  Tol.  259 667.172 

Fairmount  Junction,  3.32  miles  east  of;  40  feet  directly  north  of  mile- 
post St.  L.  178,  Tol.  258,  30  feet  north  of  track,  iron  post  stamped 

"672,  1906"    672.328 


wilson]  CO-OPEKATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  69 

Feet. 
Fairmount  Junction,  4.32  miles  east  of;   spike  in  west  side  of  mile- 
post  St.  L.  179,  Tol.  257 673.96 

Middle  of  bridge  No.  7,  over  stream  and  wagon  road,  top  of  rail 664.84 

Surface  of  water  at  above,  October  29,  1906 648. 

DANVILLE    QUADRANGLE. 

Fairmount  Junction,  5.09  miles  east  of;  top  of  5th  bolt  from  west  end 

on  south  side,  of  bridge  No.  6 665.64 

Catlin,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 663.8 

Catlin  station,  T.  19  N.,  R.  12  W.,  sec.  34,  195  feet  north  of  track,  30 
feet  west  of  road,  at  "Champion's  Corner,"  iron  post  stamped 
"658,  1906" 657.345 


Old  elevation    658.423 

New  elevation   657.345 

Difference  1.078 


Precise  Leveling. 

olney,  newton,  greenup,  bradbury,  mattoon,  oakland,  kansas, 

sidell  and  fithian  quadrangles coles,  cumberland, 

douglas,  jasper  and  richland  counties. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  unadjusted  values  derived  from  a  precise 
level  line  run  from  a  bench  mark  of  the  U.  S.  C.  &  G.  Survey's  line  of 
transcontinental  levels  at  Olney,  described  as  follows :  "Square  cut  in 
one  of  the  columns  at  north  face  of  court  house  at  Olney  marked 

B3 

U.  S.  C.  &  G.  S. 
B[]M 
1881 
its  elevation  is  accepted  as  485.332.    This  line  was  run  north  over  the 
several  railroads  noted  and  connects  at  Fairmount  Junction  with  pre- 
cise levels  of  1906  run  from  Champaign  to  Catlin,  an  extension  of 
the  precise  levels  of  1905  from  Pekin. 

This  connection  makes  the  elevation  of  the  bench  mark  at  Fairmount 
Junction  as  derived  from  Olney  0.740  foot  lower  than  that  derived 
from  Pekin. 

The  leveling  was  done  by  Mr.  T.  A.  Green,  levelman,  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  S.  S.  Gannett,  geographer. 

Olney  North  to  Fairmount  Junction — North  by  Illinois  Central  Railroad 

to  Lerna. 

olney  quadrangle. 

Feet. 
Olney,  Richland  county,  cut  at  the  base  of  one  of  the  columns  at  the 
north  face  of  the  court  house,  marked  B3 

USC  &  GS 
B[]M 
1881     485.332 


70  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

Feet. 
Olney,  Richland  county  court  house,  in  top  of  west  stone  balustrade 

of  steps  at  south  entrance,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "483,  1906" . .  482.860 

Olney,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 471.9 

Olney,  0.86  mile  north  of;  30  feet  west  of  track,  90  feet  south  of  lock. 

to  switch  at  C.  H.  &  D.  junction,  top  of  rail  driven  in  ground 460.876 

Olney,  1.85  miles  north  of;  top  of  south  end  of  terra  cotta  drain  pipe 

under  road,  10  feet  west  of  center  of  track 465.311 

NEWTON  QUADRANGLE. 

Olney,  2.87  miles  north  of;  north  of  road  crossing,  on  east  side  of 
cattle  guard,  top  of  second  spike  from  north  end   466.08 

Olney,  2.87  miles  north  of;  45  feet  west  of  road  crossing,  40  feet  north 
of  road,  in  southeast  corner  of  lot  owned  by  J.  M.  Fleming,  iron 
post  stamped  "465,  1906"   464.744 

Olney,  3.67  miles  north  of;  second  bolt  from  north  end,  east  side  of 
bridge  B.   175-41 464.31 

Olney,  4.38  miles  north  of,  north  end  of  drain  pipe  west  of  track,  15 
feet  south  of  whistle  post  472.37 

Olney,  5.36  miles  north  of;  north  end  of  drain  pipe  east  side  of  track, 
27  feet  southeast  of  whistle  post 473.48 

Olney,  5.36  miles  north  of;  30  feet  east  of  tracks,  40  feet  southeast 
of  private  road  crossing,  50  feet  southeast  of  whistle  post,  10  feet 
south  of  gate  to  house,  iron  post  stamped  "475,  1906" 474.523 

Olney,  6.18  miles  north  of;  top  of  third  bolt  from  south  end,  west  side 

of  bridge  B  172-89   460.59 

Dundas,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 477.6 

Dundas,  439  feet  north  of  station;  50  feet  northeast  of  road  crossing, 
30  feet  east  of  track,  in  southwest  corner  of  Dundas  Rolling  Mill, 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "480,  1906"    480.507 

Dundas,  0.88  mile  north  of;   top  of  rail  at  north  end  of  emergency 

rail  rack  at  milepost  171-76  481.49 

West  Liberty,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  west  rail 483.2 

West  Liberty,  0.53  mile  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  center  of  emerg- 
ency rail  rack  at  milepost  170-77   485.9 

West  Liberty  1.59  mile  north  of;  160  feet  north  of  milepost,  169-78 
70  feet  south  of  bridge  B  168-93,  590  feet  south  of  road  crossing,  30 
feet  east  of  tracks,  east  of  right  of  way  line,  iron  post  stamped 
"480,  1906"    480.468 

West  Liberty,  2.52  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  south  post,  emerg- 
ency rail  rack  at  milepost  168-79    488.60 

West   Liberty,   3.52   miles   north   of;    nail   in   top   of   north   post   of 

emergency  rail  rack  at  milepost  167-80 498.76 

West  Liberty,  4.52  miles  north  of;  8  feet  west  of  milepost  166-81,  iron 

post  stamped  "506,  1906"   506.343 

West  Liberty,  5.52  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  north  post  emergency 

rail  rack  at  milepost  165.82  509.19 

Boos,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 516.6 

Boos,  0.85  mile  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  north  post  emergency  rail 
rack  at  milepost  164-83  513.99 

Boos,  1.84  miles  north  of;  40  feet  northeast  of  milepost  163-84,  in  fence 
corner,  25  feet  east  of  track,  15  feet  east  of  warning  post,  50  feet 
southeast  of  road  crossing,  iron  post  stamped  "524,  1906" 524.431 

Boos,  2.84  miles  north  of;  spike  in  south  post  emergency  rail  rack,  at 
milepost  162-85 523.68 

Boos,  3.84  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  north  post  emergency  rail 

rack,  at  milepost  161-86 528.81 

Newton,  in  front  of  junction  just  south  of  station;  top  of  rail 506.6 

Newton,  180  feet  northwest  of  station;  70  feet  west  of  railroad  cross- 
ing, 20  feet  west  of  water  plug  on  south  side  of  road,  iron  post 
stamped  "512,  1906"  512.203 

GREENUP  QUADRANGLE. 

Center  of  iron  railroad  bridge  over  Embarrass  River 496.52 

Center  of  bridge  over  large  pond 490,56 


wilsonI  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  71 

Feet. 
Newton,  1.06  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  north  post  emergency  rail 

rack  at  mile  post  159-88 487.18 

Center  of  bridge  B  158-73 490.69 

Newton,  2.06  miles  north  of;  spike  in  north  post  emergency  rail  rack 

at  mile  post  158-89 ' 510.26 

Newton,  3.03  miles  north  of;    165  feet  south  of  milepost  157-90,  in 

fence  corner,  30  feet  east  of  track,  10  feet  north  of  private  road  cros- . 

ing,  iron  post  stamped  "538,  1906" 538.020 

Newton,  3.65  miles  north  of;  at  signpost  "Falmouth  1  mile"  warning 

post  marked  "U.  S.  544,"  top  of  rail  at  road  crossing 544.1 

Newton,  4.06  miles  north  of,  nail  in  top  of  north  post  emergency  rail 

rack  at  mile  post  156-91  section  post  B  26-B-25 546.32 

Falmouth,  60  feet  south  of  station;  at  road  crossing,  top  of  rail 548.86 

Falmouth,  0.47  mile  north  of;  346  feet  north  of  mile  post  155-92,  at 

lock  to  switch,  top  of  spike  east  side  of  lock 551.92 

Falmouth,  1.4  miles  north  of;  40  feet  east  of  track,  at  edge  of  fence 

50  feet  east  of  mile  post  154-93,  175  feet  west  of  oil  derrick,  iron 

pipe  stamped   "564,   1906" 564.094 

Falmouth,  2.4  miles  north  of;   nail  in  top  of  middle  post  emergency 

rail  rack,  at  mile  post  153-94 561.68 

Middle  of  bridge  B  152-56,  top  of  rail 568.5 

Middle  of  bridge  152-27,  top  of  rail 563.6 

Rose  Hill,  nail  in  top  of  middle     post     emergency     rail     rack     at 

mile  post  152-95 566.82 

Rose  Hill,  in  front  of  station,  top  of  rail 566.5 

Middle  of  bridge  B-159-08,  top  of  rail 564.9 

Rose  Hill,  1.05  miles  north  of;   5&3  feet  north  of  mile  post  151-96,  in 

fence  corner,  35  feet  southeast  of  road  crossing,  iron  post  stamped 

"566,  1906" 565.848 

Rose  Hill,  1.94  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  south  post  emergency  rail 

rack  at  mile  post  150-97 571.50 

Rose  Hill,  2.98  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  middle  post  rack  emer- 
gency rail  at  mile  post  149-98   580.26 

Hidalgo,  120  feet  south  of  station,  at  road  crossing;  top  of  rail 582.3 

Hidalgo,  in  front  of  station,  top  of  rail 582.3 

Hidalgo,  0.31  mile  north  of;  30  feet  west  of  track,  8  feet  west  of  mile 

post  148-99,  iron  post  stamped  "581,  1906" 581.490 

Middle  of  bridge  B  147-46,  top  of  rail 566.4 

Hidalgo,  1.28  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  south  post  for  emergency 

rail  rack,  150  north  of  sign  "Hidalgo  1  mile"   543.97 

Bridge  B  146-84,  top  of  rail   533.6 

Middle  of  bridge  B  146-39,  top  of  bolt 529.56 

Hidalgo,  2.27  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  south  post  emergency  rail 

rack  240  feet  south  of  mile  post  146-101,  on  east  side  of  track,  in  cut  536.83 

Middle  of  bridge  B  145-72,  over  road,  top  of  bolt 552.91 

Center  of  bridge  B  145-51,  over  road,  top  of  rail 563.8 

Road  crossing  west  of  school  house,  top  of  rail. .". 583.2 

Hidalgo,  3.37  miles  north  of;   245  feet  north  of  mile  post  145-102,  30 

feet  east  of  tracks,  9  feet  north  of  center  of  road  through  field,  at 

edge  of  right  of  way,  iron  post  stamped  "593,  1906" 592.854 

Hidalgo,  4.31  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  south  post  emergency  rail 

rack  at  mile  post  144-103 598.52 

Hull  siding,  in  front  of  signpost,  top  of  rail 593.7 

Hidalgo,  5.31  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  middle  post  emergency  rail 

rack   at   mile   post   143-104 582.41 

Bridge  B-142-86,  top  of  bolt 576.80 

Bridge  B-142-74,  top  of  bolt 570.05 

Bridge  B-142-51,  over  county  road,  top  of  rail 557.4 

Greenup,  junction  Illinois  Central  and  Vandalia  line,  top  of  rail....   553.1 

Greenup,  in  front  of  I.  C.  R.  R.  station,  top  of  rail 553.1 

Greenup,  700  feet  northwest  of  station,  40  feet  north  of  track,  570 

feet  southeast  of  mile  post  142-105,  iron  post  stamped  "543,  1906". .   542.903 


72  YEAR-BOOK    FOR   1906.  [bull.  4 

Feet 

Middle  of  bridge  B  142-76,  top  of  rail 531.7 

North  end  of  railroad  bridge  over  Embarrass  river,  top  of  rail 535.7 

Surface  of  water  at  above,  Sept.  15,  1906 513 

Greenup,  1.23  miles  northwest  of;  nail  in  top  of  east  post  emergency 

rail  rack,  250  feet  west  of  road  crossing 542.20 

Greenup,  2.23  miles  northwest  of;  at  Norveil  siding,  nail  in  east  post 

emergency  rail  rack,  at  mile  post  140-107 587.91 

BRADBURY    QUADRANGLE. 

Greenup,  3.18  miles  northwest  of;  45  feet  northwest  of  road  crossing, 

25  feet  north  of  warning  post,  15  feet  west  of  wagon  road,  iron  post 

stamped  "553,  1906"   552.600 

Middle  of  bridge  B  138-08,  top  of  rail 553 

Greenup,  4.24  miles  northwest  of;  nail  in  top  of  west  post  emergency 

rail   rack,   mile   post   138-109 550.255 

Middle  of  bridge  B  137-80,  top  of  rail 558.7 

Bridge  just  south  of  road  crossing,  top  of  bolt 584.85 

Greenup,  5.24  miles  northwest  of;   0.3  mile  south  of  Toledo,  nail  in 

top  of  north  emergency  rail  rack  at  mile  post  137-110 592.96 

Toledo,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 600.3 

Toledo,  0.75  mile  north  of,  210  feet  north  of  mile  post  136-111,  in  fence 

corner,  35  feet  west  of  track,  10  feet  north  of  private  road  to  Glenn 

Mowell  house,  iron  post  stamped  "602,  1906" 602.077 

Toledo,  1.71  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  north  post  emergency  rail 

rack,  at  mile  post  135-112 602.09 

Toledo,  2.71  miles  north  of;  nail  in  tie  at  mile  post  134-113 601.9 

Bradbury,  top  of  rail  at  road  crossing  south  of  station 608.2 

Bradbury,  in  front  of  station,  top  of  rail 608.3 

Bradbury,  630  feet  north  of  station,  25  feet  west  of  track,  3  feet  west 

of  mile  post  133-114,  iron  post  stamped  "607,  1906" 607.344 

Bradbury,  1.20  miles  north  of;    390  feet  north  of  mile  post  132-115, 

spike  in  west  side  of  whistle  post 630.25 

Bradbury,  2.12  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  north  post  emergency 

rail  rack  at  mile  post  131-116 661.40 

Sign  post  "Janesville  1  mile,"  road  crossing,  top  of  rail 668.5 

Bradbury,  2.94  miles  north  of,  0.53  miles  south  of  Janesville,  30  feet 

west  of  track,  in  fence  corner,   20  feet  south  of  road,  iron  post 

stamped  "676,  1906"   675.795 

Janesville,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 694.1 

Janesville,  0.65  mile  north  of;  nail  in  middle  post  emergency  rail  rack 

at  mile  post  129-118 704.24 

Janesville,  1.65  miles  northwest  of;  railroad  spike  in  top  of  west  post 

emergency  rail  rack,  at  mile  post  128-119 721.60 

Janesville,  2.64  miles  northwest  of;  nail  in  top  of  east  post  emergency 

rail  rack  at  mile  post  127-129 737.61 

Janesville,  2.60  miles  northwest  of,  235  feet  south  of  mile  post  127-120, 

in  fence  corner,  35  feet  east  of  track,  iron  post  stamped  "735,  1906".   735.150 
Sign  post  "Lerna  1  mile,"  top  of  rail  at  road  crossing 744.8 

MATTOON     QUADRANGLE. 

Janesville,  3.31  miles  northwest  of,  in  top  of  south  end  of  iron  drain 

pipe,  3  feet  north  of  waterway  B  126-33 741.14 

Lerna  Junction,  Illinois  Central  and  Toledo,  St.  Louis  and  Western 
R.  R.,  top  of  rail  753.5 

Lerna,  southeast  corner  of  station,  on  east  side,  corner  of  platform,  113 

feet  northwest  of  junction,  iron  post  stamped  "754,  1906" 753.528 

NORTHEAST  BY    TOLEDO,    ST.    LOUIS   AND   WESTERN   RAILROAD    TO  BROCTON. 

Lerna,  1.06  miles  northeast  of,  at  road  crossing,  cross  mark  in  west 

end  of  terra  cotta  drain  pipe,  10  feet  north  of  track 740.13 


Wilson]  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY,  73 

Feet 
Lerna,  2  miles  northeast  of,  60  feet  east  of  mile  post  "St.  Louis  125-T 
326,"  10  feet  south  of  rail  rack,  in  south  end  of  terra  cotta  drain 

pipe,  chiseled  hole 720.605 

Lerna,  3.01  miles  northeast  of,  40  feet  north  of  track,  20  feet  east  of 

road,  iron  post  stamped  "708,  1906"  707.801 

Lerna,  3.99  miles  northeast  of,  250  feet  northeast  of  mile  post  "St. 
L.  127-T.  324,"  20  feet  north  of  whistle  post,  chiseled  hole  in  top 

of  rock    .' 677.10 

Middle  of  bridge  324,  top  of  rail 673.9 

Surface  of  water  at  above,  Sept.  22-24,  1906 641 

Lerna,  5  miles  northeast  of,  440  feet  southwest  of  road  crossing,  top 

of  13th  bolt  from  east  end,  south  side  of  bridge 639.20 

Surface  of  water,  Sept.  22-24,  1906 614 

Middle  of  bridge  323  A,  top  of.  rail 613.34 

Lerna,  5.74  miles  northeast  of,  50  feet  north  of  track,  25  feet  east  of 
road,  20  feet  west  of  silver  poplar  tree,  iron  post  stamped  "615, 

1906" 614.760 

Middle  of  bridge  322,  top  of  rail : 621.6 

Surface  of  water,  Sept.  25,  1906 595 

Lerna,  6.87  miles  northeast  of,  200  feet  northeast  of  overhead  bridge, 
railroad  spike  in  west  end  of  north  support  of  span  for  warning  of 

approach   to   overhead   bridge    635.40 

Middle  of  bridge  over  steam  and  electric  car  line,  top  of  rail 641.8 

Surface  of  water  at  above,  Sept.  25,  1906 613 

Lerna,  7.85  miles  northeast  of;   nail  in  top  of  west  end  of  wooden 

culvert  over  drain  east  side  of  track 650.77 

Charleston,  in  southwest  corner  of  Clover  Leaf  station,  5  feet  east 
of   entrance   to   baggage    room,in   stone   coping,    aluminum   tablet 

stamped  "672,  1906"  672.016 

Charleston,  Coles  county  court  house,  15  feet  west  of  north  entrance, 
in  section  of  building  occupied  by  U.  S.  P.  O.,  in  west  end  of  top 

step,  aluminum  table  stamped  "686,  1906"  685.748 

Charleston,  in  front  of  station  (Clover  Leaf  R.  R.),  top  of  rail 677.7 

OAKLAND  QUADRANGLE. 

Charleston,  1.01  mile  north  of  R.  R.,  spike  in  west  side  of  telegraph 

pole   669.41 

Charleston,  2.06  miles  north  of;  spike  in  west  side  of  telegraph  pole. .  675.04 

Charleston,  2.43  miles  north  of,  10  rails  north  of  road  crossing,  top 
of  rail    688.2 

Charleston,  3.68  miles  north  of,  35  feet  east  of  track,  25  feet  north 
of  county  road,  in  southwest  corner  of  G.  W.  Wasson  lot,  iron  post 
stamped  "686,  1906"  686.078 

Charleston,  4.39  miles  north  of,  at  mile  post  "St.  L.  136-Toledo  315," 

top  of  bolt  in  board  at  private  road  crossing 684.54 

Charleston,  5.40  miles  north  of;  spike  in  east  side  of  mile  post  "St. 

L.  137-T.  314"  678.76 

Fairgrange  station,  in  front  of  station,  top  of  rail 682.3 

Fairgrange,  0.95  mile  northeast  of,  45  feet  south  of  track,  25  feet 
south  of  warning  post,  25  feet  east  of  county  road,  2  feet  west  of 
fence  corner,  iron  post  stamped  "686,  1906" 686.294 

Fairgrange,  1.72  miles  northeast  of,  165  feet  northeast  of  mile  post 
"St.  L.  138-T.  312,"  top  of  third  bolt  from  south  end  of  east  side 
of  bridge  No.  312 670.10 

Bushton,  in  front  of  station,  top  of  rail 671.8 

Bushton,  0.85  mile  northeast  of,  at  road  crossing,  spike  in  west  side 
of  warning  post    668.02 

Bushton,  0.85  mile  northeast  of,  50  feet  northeast  of  road  crossing,  30 
feet  north  of  county  road,  near  fence  corner,  iron  post  stamped 

"666,  1906"    665.797 

Bushton,  1.68  miles  northeast  of;  nail  in  board  on  east  side  of  private 
road  crossing,  333  feet  northeast  of  mile  post  "St.  L.  141-T.  319". . .   664.52 


74  YEAR-BOOK    FOE    1906.  [bull.  4 

Feet. 

Rardin,  in  front  of  station,  top  of  rail 664.1 

Rardin,  0.45  mile  northeast  of  station,  top  of  second  bolt  from  south 

end  east  side  of  bridge  No.  309  B,  75  feet  northeast  of  mile  post 

"St.   L.   142-T.   309"    659.64 

Rardin,  1.58  miles  northeast  of,  58  feet  south  of  private  road  crossing 

10  feet  south  of  angle  in  road,  iron  post  stamped  "658,  1906" 657.559 

Bridge  No.  308  over  Embarrass  river 638.89 

Surface  of  water  at  above,  Sept.  8,  1906 589 

Rardin,  2.49  miles  northeast  of,  150  feet  south  of  road  crossing,  top 

of  spike  in  west  side  of  bridge  No.  307 650.55 

Rardin,  3.47  miles  northeast  of;  spike  in  east  side  of  mile  post  "St. 

L.   145-T.   306"    658.82 

Rardin,  4.42  miles  northeast  of,  R.  R.  spike  in  east  side  of  mile  post 

"St.  L.  145-T.  305" 660.23 

Oakland,  839  feet  south  of  junction,  top  of  spike  in  east  side  of  road 

crossing,  130  feet  northeast  of  mile  post  "St.  L.  147-T.  304" 653.65 

Oakland,  820  feet  south  of  junction,  60  feet  west  of  track,  140  feet 

northwest  of  mile  post  "St.  L.  147-T.  304,  25  feet  south  of  wagon 

road,  iron  post  stamped  "652,  1906" 652.233 

Oakland,  at  Clover  Leaf  junction  with  Vandalia  Railroad,  top  of  rail. .  655.8 
Oakland,  0.95  miles  northeast  of,  top  of  spike  in  board  on  west  side  of 

road  crossing,  145  feet  south  of  mile  post  "St.  L.  148-T.  308" 656.56 

KANSAS   QUADRANGLE. 

Oakland,  1.97  miles  north  of;  spike  in  west  side  of  first  telegraph  pole 

south  of  mile  post  "St.  L.  149-T.  302" 658.81 

Oakland,  2.98  miles  north  of;  R.  R.  spike  in  top  of  post  at  mile  post 

"St.   L.    150-T.    301" 659.18 

Oakland,  2.98  miles  north  of,  50  feet  east  of  track,  30  feet  east  of 
mile  post  "St.  L.  150-T.  301,"  465  feet  north  of  small  bridge  No.  302, 
in  edge  of  field,  iron  post  stamped  "661,  1906" 660.804 

Coles-Douglas  county  line  post,  30  feet  north  of,  top  of  rail 660.7 

Douglas-Edgar  county  line  post,  top  of  rail 655.60 

Oakland,  4.08  miles  north  of,  560  feet  north  of  mile  post  "St.  L.  151- 

T.  300,  top  of  spike  in  board  on  east  side  of  road  crossing 655.13 

Oakland,  4.89  miles  north  of,  411  feet  southwest  of  mile  post  "St.  L. 
152-T.  299,  top  of  spike  in  east  side  of  bridge  No.  300  B,  30  feet 
south  of  road  crossing 660.52 

Oakland,  5.89  miles  northeast  of,  west  side  of  road  crossing,  top  of 
spike  664.25 

Oakland,  5.89  miles  northeast  of,  0.47  miles  southwest  of  Brocton,  65 
feet  north  of  road  crossing,  35  feet  west  of  track,  in  fence  corner, 
iron  post  stamped  "661,  1906"   661.393 

Brocton,  junction  Clover  Leaf  and  C.  H.  &  D.  R.  R.,  top  of  rail 661.9 

NORTH  VIA     C.   H.  &  D.  R.   R.   TO  SIDELL. 

Brocton,  0.44  mile  northeast  of,  top  of  spike  in  board  on  west  side 
of   road    crossing    663.00 

Brocton,  1.18  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  fence,  adjoining  cattle 
guard,  on  east  side   668.06 

SIDELL  QUADRANGLE. 

Brocton,  2.28  miles  north  of;  R.  R.  spike  in  east  side  of  telegraph  pole 
(third  pole  south  of  road  crossing) 677.2 

Brocton,  2.36  miles  northeast  of,  at  Payne's  siding,  25  feet  east  of 
tracks,  50  feet  southeast  of  switch,  6  feet  east  of  telephone  pole, 
and  15  feet  north  of  county  road,  iron  post  stamped  "678,  1906" 677.872 

Brocton,  3.20  miles  northeast  of,  on  west  side  of  private  road  crossing, 
top  of  spike  in  board   663.91 


wilson]  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGEAPHIC    SURVEY.  75 

Feet. 

Brocton,  4.20  miles  northeast  of,  18  feet  south  of  telegraph  pole,  top 
of  spike   655.242 

Hughes  Siding,  30  feet  south  of  road  crossing,  top  of  rail 657.6 

Brocton,  5.16  miles  northeast  of;  R.  R.  spike  in  west  side  of  telegraph 
pole 654.93 

Brocton,  5.16  miles  northeast  of,  0.48  mile  northeast  of  Hughes,  40 
feet  east  side  of  track,  12  feet  east  of  telegraph  pole,  iron  post 
stamped  "655,  1906"    655.475 

Brocton,  6.17  miles  northeast  of,  top  of  third  bolt  from  south  end  of 

and  east  side  of  bridge  No.  86 650.86 

Hume,  junction  C.  H.  &  D.  R.  R.  and  I.  D.  &  W.  R.,  top  of  rail.  s 651.1 

Hume,  0.67  mile  northeast  of;   spike  in  east  side  of  sixth  telegraph 

pole  south  of  water  tank 651.96 

Middle  of  bridge  No.  90,  top  of  rail 650.4 

Surface  of  water  at  above,  Sept.  17,  1906 640   , 

Hume,  1.47  miles  north  of,  1,000  feet  north  of  mile  post,  Olney  78, 
Sidell  7,  40  feet  east  of  track,  90  feet  northeast  of  whistle  post,  iron 
post  stamped   "645,   1906" 645.509 

Hume,  2.28  miles  north  of,  spike  in  west  side  of  telegraph  pole,  30 
feet  north  of  mile  post,  Olney  79,  Sidell  6 652.85 

Hume,  3.3  miles  north  of,  top  of  second  bolt  from  north  end  on  east 
side  of  bridge  No.  94,  60  feet  north  of  mile  post,  Olney  80-Sidell  5. .   664.66 

Surface  of  water  at  above,  October  17,  1906 660 

Hume,  4.3  miles  north  of,  120  feet  north  of  mile  post,  Olney  81-Sidell 

4,  nail  in  top  of  grade  stake  No.  21 691.33 

Hume,  4.34  miles  north  of,  330  feet  north  of  mile  post,  Olney  81-Sidell 
4,  25  feet  west  of  track  and  5  feet  north  of  private  road,  iron  post 
stamped  "693,  1906"   692.78 

Hildreth,  in  front  of  station,  top  of  rail 713.5 

Hildreth,  64  feet  north  of  station,  R.  R.  spike  in  west  side  of  tele- 
graph pole,  30  feet  east  of  mile  post,  Olney  82-Sidell  3 716.75 

Hildreth,  1.15  miles  north  of,  top  of  first  bolt  from  south  end  west  side 
of  bridge   No.   99 695.53 

Hildreth,  1.99  miles  north  of,  at  road  crossing,  150  feet  north  of  Archie 
Siding,  30  feet  west  of  track  and  10  feet  south  of  road,  iron  post 
stamped  "691,   1906" 691.194 

Sidell,  277  feet  south  of  station;  top  of  spike  in  west  side  of  board 
walk  crossing  track 681.04 

Sidell,  high  school,  in  west  side  of;  northwest  corner  of,  in  stone  water 
shed,  2  feet  south  of  corner  of  building,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"684  1906"   684.394 

Sidell  station,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 681.1 

Sidell,  0.91  mile  east  of;  junction  main  line,  top  of  rail 675*1 

NOBTH   BY   BOSSVILLE   BBANCH    C.    &   E.    I.   B.   B.    TO   FAIBM0XJNT   JUNCTION. 

Sidell,  0.93  mile  east  of;  R.  R.  spike  in  north  side  of  telegraph  pole 
10  feet  east  of  section  post  No.  59,  40  feet  north  of  tracks 675.04 

Sidell,  2.05  miles  north  of;  R.  R.  spike  driven  in  west  side  of  telegraph 

pole,  255  feet  south  of  yard  limit  sign 668.04 

Sidell,  3.13  miles  north  of;  top  of  spike  in  north  end  of  board  on  east 
side  of  private  road  crossing 682.32 

Sidell,  3.13  miles  northeast  of;  50  feet  east  of  track,  10  feet  north  of 
private  road,  iron  post  stamped  "679  1906" 679.069 

Maizeton,  road  on  crossing  south  of  siding,  top  of  rail 682.2 

Sidell,  4.27  miles  north  of;  west  end  of  iron  drain  pipe,  under  rail- 
road,  top  of 677.07 

Sidell,  5.34  miles  north  of;  nail  in  top  of  north  post  emergency  rail 

rack  at  mile  post  C  137-T-257   681.44 

Jamaica,  in  front  of  station ;  top  of  rail 682.5 

Jamaica,  145  feet  northeast  of  station;  100  feet  west  of  track,  30  feet 
north  of  road,  at  southeast  corner  of  Joe  Collin's  store  (owned 
by  Wm.  Gohain) ,  iron  post  stamped  "677  1906" 677.122 


76  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906.  Ibull.  4 

FITHIAN   QUADRANGLE. 

Feet. 

Jamaica,  1.07  miles  north  of;  R.  R.  spike  driven  in  west  side  of  second 
telegraph  pole  north  of  telegraph  pole  135-5 673.59 

Jamaica,  2.22  miles  north  of;  60  feet  west  of  track,  70  feet  northwest 
of  milepost  C.134-T  260,  195  feet  northwest  of  switch,  iron  post 
stamped  "668  1906" 667.560 

Jamaica,  3.19  miles  north  of;  R.  R.  spike  driven  in  west  side  of  tele- 
graph pole,  90  feet  southwest  of  milepost  C  133-T  261 662.24 

Fairmount  Junction,  junction  of  C.  &  E.  I.  and  Wabash  R.  R.,  top  of 
rail    655.4 

Fairmount  Junction,  56  feet  northwest  of;  50  feet  yest  of  C.  &  E.  I. 
tracks,  60  feet  west  of  signal  tower,  35  feet  north  of  Wabash  tracks, 

in  fence  corner,  iron  post  stamped  "654  1906" 654.471 

(Elevation  of  above  bench  mark  by  precise  leveling  from  Pekin,  as  given 

in  other  list.) 

Precise  Leveling. 

duquoin,   eldorado,    gallatia,    mulkeytown,    shawneetown   and 

thompsonville   quadrangle franklin,   gallatin,    perry   and 

saline  counties. 

The  following  are  the  unadjusted  results  of  a  line  of  precise  levels 
run  from  Duquoin  southeastward  along  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
lo  Shawneetown.  The  elevations  are  based  upon  the  bench  mark 
''R3"  on  the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  precise  level  line  Cairo 
to  Odin,  111.  It  is  the  bottom  of  a  square  cut  in  corner  of  stone  sill  at 
main  door  opposite  Illinois  Central  Railroad  station  and  its  accepted 
elevation  is  462.141  as  obtained  by  the  adjustment  of  1903  made  by  the 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

The  method,  type  of  instrument,  and  limit  of  error  are  the  same  as 
those  now  used  by  the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Suvery.  The  self 
reading  rods  used  were  3.5  yards  in  length  graduated  to  yards  and 
hundredths  and  reading  by  estimation  to  thousandths,  which  enables 
computation  to  be  made  directly  in  feet  instead  of  meters  as  is  done  by 
the  Coast  Survey.  On  all  sections  upon  which  the  forward  and 
backward  measures  in  feet  differed  more  than  0.017V  D  (in  which  D 
is  the  distance  between  bench  marks  in  miles)  both  forward  and  back- 
ward measures  were  repeated  until  a  pair  run  in  opposite  directions 
came  within  limits,  and  all  other  requirements  necessary  to  obtain  ac- 
curate results  were  closely  adhered  to. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1906  by  Mr.  T.  A.  Green,  levelman,  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  S.  S.  Gannett,  geographer. 

The  standard  bench  marks  are  stamped  with  figures  of  elevation 
and  year.  Many  are  stamped  with  a  value  one  foot  too  small  but  will 
probably  be  restamped  when  further  work  is  done  in  the  locality. 

DUQUOIN    SOUTHEASTERLY    ALONG    ILLINOIS    CENTRAL   RAILROAD    TO    SHAWNEETOWN. 

Feet. 
Duquoin,  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  B.  M.  R.,  the  bottom  of 
a  square  cut  in  corner  of  stone  sill  at  main  door  opposite  Illinois 
Central  railroad  station,  the  cavity  is  marked  thus:    ( ) 462.141 


WILSON]  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  77 

Feet. 
Duquoin,   600  feet  east  of  station;    in  east  brick  wall  of  Exchange 

Bank,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "468  1906" 468.091 

Duquoin,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail 463.4 

Duquoin,    1.1    miles    southeast   of;    railroad   spike    in   side    of   M.P. 

"E.   St.   L.   72" 459.31 

Duquoin,  2.2  miles  southeast  of;    at  M.P.  73,  nail  in  top  of  south 

rack  for  emergency   rail 418.80 

Duquoin,  3.2  miles  east  of;   60  feet  west  of  creek,  40  feet  north  of 

railroad  just  south  of  fence  corner,  iron  post  stamped  "396  1906"..   396.071 
Duquoin,  4.2  miles  east  of;   at  milepost  75,  nail  in  top  of  east  rack 

for    emergency    rail 392.24 

McDonald,  0.4  mile  west  of;  200  feet  west  of  brick  yard,  at  old  switch 

and  private  road  crossing,  top  of  rail 399.7 

McDonald,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  north  rail 395.6 

McDonald,  265  feet  east  of  station,  at  M.P.  76,  nail  in  top  of  east 

rack    for    emergency    rail 395.52 

McDonald,   1  mile  southeast  of;    60  feet  directly  north  of  milepost 

"East  St.  Louis  77  mi.,"  "Eldorado  44  mi.,"  iron  post  stamped  "402 

1906" 401.562 

McDonald,  1.5  miles  southeast  of;  in  board  walk  at  private  road  cross- 
ing,   top   of   bolt 425.24 

McDonald,   2  miles  southeast  of;    360  feet  southeast  of  M.P.   78,  in 

south  side  of  railroad  bridge  over  small  stream,  east  end,  top  of  bolt  437.95 

Mulkeytown,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 424.1 

Mulkeytown,  324  feet  south  of  station;   in  east  side  of  corner  stone 

at    hall    of    "Modern    Woodmen    of    America,"    aluminum    tablet 

stamped    "449    1906" 448.689 

Mulkeytown,  1  mile  east  of;  at  M.P.  89,  nail  in  top  of  east  rack  for 

emergency   rail    461.39 

Mulkeytown,  1.8  miles  east  of;  center  of  track,  in  board  walk  at  pri- 
vate road  crossing,  top  of  bolt 449.66 

Christopher,  0.1  mile  west  of;  at  lock  and  switch,  top  of  railroad  spike  442.15 

Christopher,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 438.6 

Christopher,    in    southwest    corner    of    Christopher    National    Bank, 

aluminum   tablet   stamped   "443    1906" 443.530 

Christopher,  0.8  mile  east  of;   at  M.P.  83,  nail  in  top  of  west  rack 

for    emergency    rail 417.22 

Christopher,  1.7  miles  east  of;  at  M.P.  84,  nail  in  top  of  east  rack  for 

emergency    rail 411.56 

Buckner,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 408.2 

Christopher,  3.0  miles  east  of;    south  side  of  small  railroad  bridge 

over    stream 391.72 

Christopher,  2.8  miles  east  of;  348  feet  west  of  small  railroad  bridge 

over  stream,  150  feet  southeast  of  house  occupied  by  Isaac  Denton, 

iron  post  stamped  "392  1906" 392.632 

Christopher,  3.4  miles  east  of;    in  tie  lying  30  feet  south  of  track, 

spike    392.69 

Christopher,  3.8  miles  east  of;  just  east  of  M.P.  86,  south  side  of  small 

railroad  bridge  over  road,  top  of  bolt 385.15 

Christopher,  4.8  miles  east  of;  at  milepost  87,  nail  in  top  of  post 405.04 

Christopher,  5.7  miles  east  of;  150  feet  southeast  of;  road  crossing,  at 

northeast   corner    of    house   occupied   by   W.   M.    Wolf,    iron    post 

stamped   "438   1906" 438.825 

Christopher,  6.7  miles  east  of;   50  feet  east  of  water  tank  north  of 

track,  south  side  coal  bin,  nail  in  top 449.80 

Benton   (Franklin  county)   court  house,  1,507  feet  north  of  station; 

in    stone    step    just    south    of    west    entrance,    aluminum    tablet 

stamped  "473   1906" 475.496 

Benton,  in  front  of  station ;  top  of  rail 470.4 

Benton,  0.3  mile  east  of;  C.  &  E.  I.  junction  with  I.  C.  R.  R.,  top  of 

rail   470.79 

Benton,  0.9  mile  east  of;  north  end  of  iron  drain  pipe 433.30 


78  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906.  [bull. 


Feet. 

Benton,  1.9  miles  east  of;  railroad  spike  in  north  side  of  post 426.34 

Benton,  2.3  miles  southeast  of;  90  feet  directly  north  of  M.P.  "E.  St. 

Louis  92,  Eldorado  29,"  iron  post  stamped  "405  1906" 406.269 

Benton,  3.3  miles  southeast  of;   at  mile  post  93,  nail  in  west  rack 

for  emergency  rail 392.17 

Benton,   4.3  miles  southeast  of;    at  M.P.  94,   nail  in  west  rack  for 

emergency   rail 445.71 

Benton,  5.1  miles  southeast  of;   0.3  mile  west  of  Smothers,  at  road 

crossing,  railroad  spike  in  board  walk 464.86 

Smothers,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 481.2 

Smothersville  P.  O.,  260  feet  southeast  of  road  crossing,  at  northwest 

corner  of  store,  kept  by  M.  M.  Moore,  iron  post  stamped  "479  1906" .  479.558 
Smothersville,  1.0  mile  southeast  of;  at  M.P.  96,  nail  in  top  of  east 

rack  of  emergency  rail 473.28 

Parrish,  200  feet  northeast  of  road  crossing,  at  southwest  corner  of 

store  kept  by  Brown  &  Moore,  iron  post  stamped  "438  1906" 439.164 

Parrish,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 437.8 

Parrish,   1.1  miles  southeast  of;   at  M.P.  98,  nail  in  west  rack  for 

emergency    rail 428.10 

Parrish,    2.1   miles   southeast   of;    M.P.    99,    nail   in   west   rack    for 

emergency   rail 443.60 

Thompsonville,  50  feet  north  of  track,  at  crossing,  in  right  of  way 

post  502.08 

Thompsonville,  600  feet  south  of  road  crossing,  100  feet  east  of  brick 

school    house,    iron    post    stamped    "494    1906"    Prim.    Trav.    Sta. 

No.  4"  495.065 

Thompsonville,  in  front  of  station ;  top  of  rail 499.6 

Thompsonville,  0.7  mile  southeast  of;  at  M.P.  101,  top  of  east  rack 

of  emergency  rail 480  56 

Thompsonville,  1.7  miles  southeast  of;  at  M.P.  102,  top  of  west  rack 

for  emergency  rail   494.93 

Thompsonville,  2.7  miles  southeast  of;  at  M.P.  103,  top  of  east  rack 

for  emergency  rail 451.79 

Westend,  75  feet  north  of  station;  in  south  wall  of  "Westend  Rolling 

Mill,"  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "429  1906" 430.171 

Westend,  60  feet  east  of  station;  top  of  rail 425.6 

Westend,  1.1  miles  southeast  of;  at  M.P.  105,  nail  in  top  of  west  rack 

for  emergency  rail 408.88 

Westend,  2.1  miles  southeast  of;  at  milepost  106,  nail  in  top  of  west 

rack  for  emergency  rail 402.90 

Westend,  3.1  miles  southeast  of;  M.P.  107,  nail  in  top  of  west  rack 

for  emergency  rail 398.85 

Riley ville,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 398.6 

Riley ville,  0.71  mile  southeast  of;  20  feet  northwest  of  cattle  guard, 

in  corner  of  fence  at  point  where  county  road  jogs  north  from  rail- 
road, iron  post  stamped  "392  1906" 392.886 

Rileyville,  1.9  miles  southeast  of;   at  M.P.  109,  nail  in  top  of  west 

rack  for  emergency  rail 411.87 

Rileyville,  2.9  miles  southeast  of;  at  M.P.  110,  nail  in  top  of  east  rack 

for  emergency  rail 417.99 

Galatia,  0.3  mile  west  of  station;  at  "Galatia  Rolling  Mill,"  in  south- 
west foundation   of  old   elevator,   aluminum   tablet  stamped   "397 

1906"    397.850 

Galatia,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 401.2 

Galatia,  0.2  mile  southeast  of;  at  M.P.  Ill,  nail  in  top  of  west  rack 

for    emergency    rail 412.42 

Galatia,  1.2  miles  southeast  of;  at  M.P.  112,  nail  in  top  of  west  rack 

of  emergency  rail 386.89 

Galatia,  2.2.  miles  southeast  of;    60  feet  north  of  M.P.  113,  nail  in 

stake    414  75 

Galatia,  3.18  miles  southeast  of;  20  feet  directly  south  of  M.P.  "E.  St. 

Louis  114,  Eldorado  7,"  inside  fence,  iron  post  stamped 394.067 


w  11, son]  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  79 

Feet. 

Raleigh,  in  front  of  station ;  top  of  rail 406.9 

Galatia,  4.1  miles  southeast  of;  150  feet  west  of  M.P.  115,  north  side 

of  railroad  bridge,  top  of  bolt 406.47 

Raleigh,  0.60  mile  southeast  of;  at  M.P.  116,  nail  in  top  of  east  rack 

for    emergency    rail 390.85 

Raleigh,  1.59  miles  east  of;   70  feet  west  of  mile  post  "E.  St.  L.  117 

mi.,  Eldorado  4  m.,"  62  feet  south  of  center  of  tracks,  iron  post 

stamped   "390   1906" 390.763 

Raleigh,  2.6  miles  east  of;  at  M.P.  118,  nail  in  top  of  west  rack  for 

emergency   rail 403.000 

Raleigh,  3.6  miles  east  of;  at  M.P.  119,  nail  in  top  of  west  rack  for 

emergency   rail 403.28 

Raleigh,  4.6  miles  east  of;  at  M.P.  120,  nail  in  top  of  east  rack  for 

emergency   rail 405.70 

Eldorado,  30  feet  south  of  southwest  corner  of  Grand  Hotel,  at  edge 

of  pavement,  iron  post  stamped  "388  1905" 387.568 

Eldorado,  Big  Four  and  L.  &  N.  R.  R.  junction;  just  east  of  station, 

top  of  rail 391.6 

Eldorado,  0.5  mile  southeast  of;  at  M.P.  125,  nail  in  top  of  north  rack 

for  emergency  rail -  386-68 

Eldorado,  1.5  miles  southeast  of;  at  M.P.  126,  nail  in  top  of  east  rack 

for  emergency  rail 400.40 

Eldorado,  2.5  miles  southeast  of;  40  feet  north  of  M.P.  127,  at  switch, 

spike  in  tie 408.87 

Grayson,  30  feet  west  of  station;  top  of  rail 406  8 

Grayson,  0.49  mile  southeast  of;   40  feet  north  of  center  of  track,  in- 
side wire  fence,  iron  post  stamped  "1906" 392.313 

Grayson,   0.9   mile  southeast  of;    at  M.P.   128,  top  of  east  rack  for 

emergency   rail 374.28 

Grayson,  1.9  miles  southeast  of;   at  M.P.  129,  top  of  east  rack  for 

emergency   rail 370.83 

Grayson,  3.1  miles  southeast  of;  40  feet  northwest  of  road  crossing,  on 

west  side  of  road,  iron  post  stamped  "1906" : .  362,708 

Grayson,  4.1  miles  southeast  of;  nail  in  top  of  log 352  62 

Equality,  at  northwest  corner  of  L.  &  N.  depot,  iron  post  stamped 

"1906"   361.936 

Equality,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  north  rail 362.6 

Equality,  1.1  miles  southeast  of;  north  of  track,  in  cut,  point  on  rock  362.57 
Equality,  1.6  miles  outheast  of;  at  west  end  of  railroad  bridge  over 

north  fork  of  Salina  river,  top  of  rail 356.12 

Equality,  1.7  miles  southeast  of;  at  mile  post  134,  nail  in  top  of  west 

rack  for  emergency  rail 356.17 

Equality,  2.7  miles  southeast  of;  100  feet  southeast  of  E.  P.  Fowler's 

residence,  40  feet  north  of  track  in  fence  corner,  iron  post  stamped 

"1906"   376.585 

Equality,  3.7  miles  southeast  of;  at  Lawlers  Switch,  at  M.P.  136,  in  top 

of  east  rack  for  emergency  rail 370.86 

Equality,  5.7  miles  southeast  of;  60  feet  north  of  mile  post  "St.  Louis 

138  mi.,  Shawneetown  6  mi.,"  iron  post  stamped  "1906" 352.806 

Cypress  Junction  L.  &  N.  R.  A.  and  B.  &  O.  R.  R.  crossing,  top  of  rail  355.6 

Cypress  Junction,  30  feet  east  of  station,  top  of  rail 357.7 

Cypress  Junction,  0.5  mile  east  of;  at  M.P.  139,  southwest  corner  of 

wagon  bridge  over  drain,  30  feet  west  of  track,  nail 364.60 

Cypress  Junction,  1.5  mile  east  of;  about  100  feet  west  of  M.P.  140, 

at  crossing,  nail  in  east  plank  north  side  of  track 404.20 

Cypress  Junction,  2.5  miles  east  of;   330  feet  west  of  road  crossing, 

50  feet  north  of  M.P.  "St.  L.  141,  Shawneetown  5  mi.,"  iron  post 

stamped    "1906" 396.176 

Cypress  Junction,  3.5  miles  east  of;  at  M.P.  "2  Shawneetown,"  nail  in 

top  of  old  telegraph  pole  cut  off  close  to  ground 376.89 

Shawneetown,  in  front  of  L.  &  N.  R.  R.  station,  top  of  rail 349.9 


80  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

Feet. 

Shawneetown,  at  southwest  corner  of  L.  &  N.  R.  R.  station;  iron  post 
stamped    "1906" 349.262 

Shawneetown,  100  feet  east  of  southeast  corner  of  Riverside  Hotel, 
in  northeast  corner  of  concrete  gun  rack,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"1906"    365.632 

Primary  Leveling. 

evanston,  highwood  and  waukegan  quadrangles cook  and  lake 

COUNTIES. 

The  elevations  in  the  following  lists  are  based  upon  a  Chicago  city 
bench  mark,  a  square  cut  on  the  corner  of  iron  plate  door  step  at  foot 
of  round  iron  pillar  at  northeast  corner  of  two-story  brick  building  at 
southwest  corner  of  Lincoln  and  Foster  avenues,  the  elevations  of 
vvhich  are  now  accepted  as  610.696  feet  above  mean  sea  level ;  they  are 
also  adjusted  to  agree  with  the  corrected  elevation  of  bench  marks  of 
the  Chicago  Sanitary  District  at  Niles  Center  and  Desplaines.  The 
corrected  elevations  are  derived  by  adding  579.938  feet  to  the  eleva- 
tions given  upon  the  Chicago  city  datum,  the  reference  plane  of  which 
is  the  level  of  the  city  directrix,  the  zero  of  lake  gage  and  low  water 
of  1847. 

The  leveling  done  in  1897,  prior  to  cooperation,  was  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  R.  C.  McKinney,  topographer,  by  Mr.  E.  S.  Smith,  level- 
man.  The  standard  bench  marks  stamped  "CHGO"  in  addition  to 
figures  of  elevation  are  in  a  few  cases  greatly  in  error. 

In  1906  leveling  was  done  by  Mr.  Henry  Biicher,  levelman,  under 
direction  of  Mr.  W.  J.  Lloyd,  topographer,  checking  levels  of  1897  on 
the  Highwood  quadrangle  and  extending  levels  through  the  Wau- 
kegan  quadrangle.  Standard  bench  marks  being  stamped  "AD J  1905" 
in  addition  to  figures  of  elevation. 

Evanston   Quadrangle. 

chicago  north  via    evanston  to  winnetka. 

Feet. 
Chicago,  southwest  corner  of  Clark  street  and  Pratt  avenue,  north- 
east corner  of  two  story  brick  building,  base  of  iron  column 604.126 

About  T.  44  N.,  R.  14  E.,  Evanston,  Evanston  city  hall,  north  side  of 
east  entrance;  in  face  of  stone  work  of  18  inches  above  sill,  bronze 

tablet  stamped  "CHGO  601"  602.153 

Winnetka,  old  town  hall;   30  feet  north  of  northeast  corner  of,  iron 

post  stamped  "CHGO  651"  651.300 

Highwood  Quadrangle. 

evanston  west  to  east  edge  of  main  township,  thence  north  to  sherman- 
ville,  thence  east  to  winnetka. 

Niles  Center,  near  southeast  corner  of  St.  Peters  Church,  projecting 
buttress  front  face  of  stone  water  table,  bronze  tablet  stamped 
"CHGO  663"   623.397 

T.  42  N.,  R.  12  E.,  road  crossing  on  half  section  line  between  sections 
15  and  16,  0.75  miles  south  of  Shermanville,  iron  post  stamped 
"CHGO  650"   650.920 


WILSON]  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  81 

Highwood  Quadrangle. 

morton  west  via.  desplaines  to  sec.  16  elk  grove  township,  thence  north 
via  arlington  aptakisic  and  half  dax   to  sec.  33  liberty  township. 

Feet. 

Desplaines,  southwest  wing  of  north  abutment  of  Chicago  and  North 
Western  Railway  bridge  over  DesPlaines  river,  on  southwest  corner 
of  lower  step,  chiseled  cross 630.908 

DesPlaines,  stone  foundation  east  side  of  town  hall,  bronze  tablet 
stamped  "CHGO  642"    642.881 

T.  41  N.,  R.  11  E.,  center  of  sec.  24;  south  of  road  at  angle,  0.5  mile 
east  of  cross  roads  and  130  feet  east  of  road  to  house  of  H.  Beer, 
0.6  foot  north  of  fence  and  2.5  feet  east  of  north  and  south  line 
fence,  iron  post  stamped  "666  ADJ  1905"  665.617 

T.  41  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  16,  northeast  quarter  of;  at  southeast  corner 
of  cheese  factory,  south  face  of  brickwork  near  foundation,  bronze 
tablet  stamped  "716  ADJ  1905" 715.922 

T.  42  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  29,  Arlington  Height  high  school  building, 
(old),  front  face  of  stone  water  table,  at  southwest  corner  of  front 
projection,  bronze  tablet  stamped  "704  ADJ  1905"  703.820 

T.  42  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  8,  northwest  corner,  0.25  mile  east  of;  T  road 
to  south,  at  southwest  corner  of  T  on  west  side  of  road,  8.4 
feet  south  of  fence  corner  and  1  foot  of  fence,  iron  post  stamped 
"705  ADJ  1905"   705.137 

T.  43  N.,  A.  11  E.,  southeast  quarter;  0.5  mile  south  of  Aptakisic, 
9  feet  south  of  forks  of  road  west  side  of  road,  15  feet  east  of  wire 
fence,  iron  post  stamped  "682  ADJ  1905"  681.566 

Aptakisic,  crossing  of  Wisconsin  Central  Railroad,  top  of  southwest 
rail    685.4 

T.  43  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  15;  Half  day  school  building,  front  face  of 
northwest  corner  of  foundation,  bronze  tablet  stamped  "669  CHGO"  667.628, 

T.  43  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  15,  Halfday,  bridge  over  Indian  creek,  at  south- 
west corner  of;  top  of  stone  abutment,  6  feet  southwest  of  end  of 
iron  truss,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "654  ADJ  1905" 653.640 

T.  44  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  34,  near  southwest  corner  of;  cross  roads,  1400 
feet  east  of,  on  south  side  of,  south  side  of  road,  9.7  feet  west  of 
southwest  corner  of  iron  truss  of  wagon  bridge  over  DesPlaines 
river,  primary  traverse  post  No.  13,  stamped  "651  ADJ  1905" 650.883 

HALF  DAY  EAST  TO  ROAD  CROSSING,  CHICAGO,  MILWAUKEE  AND  ST.  PAUL  RAILROAD 
IN  SECTION  17  WEST,  DEERFIELD  TOWNSHIP,  THENCE  NORTH  AND  EAST  TO  LAKE 
FOREST. 

T.  43  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  17,  southwest  quarter  of;  water  subway  under 
Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  at  road  crossing,  east 
face,  at  northeast  corner  of  stone  work,  bronze  tablet  stamped 
"667   ADJ    1905"    667.017 

T.  43  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  7,  Everett  station;  in  front  of;  top  of  rail 680.7 

T.  44  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  31,  southeast  corner,  0.2  mile  west  of;  and  road 
to  east,  at  southeast  corner  and  on  south  side  of  road,  50  feet  east 
of  fence  corner,  1  foot  north  of  fence,  iron  post  stamped  "675 
ADJ  1905" 675.139 

Durpath,  T.  44  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  32,  at  crossing  of  Chicago  and  North 
Western  Railroad,  top  of  rail  674.1 

Waukegan  Quadrangle. 

section  33  liberty  township  north,  via  libertyville  to  rosecrans,  thence 
east  and  south  to  zion  city  and  south  to  lake  forest. 

T.  44  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  33,  in  northeast  quarter  of;  top  of  rail  at  cross- 
ing of  Elgin,  Joliet  and  Eastern  R.  R 673.5 

T.  44  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  21,  crossing  of  Chicago  and  Milwaukee  Electric 
railroad  at  Libertyville  station,  top  of  rail 699.0 

—6  G 


82  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  I  bull.  4 

Feet 

T.  44  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  16,  Libertyville,  in  town  hall,  east  front  at 
southeast  corner  of  building,  in  stone  foundation,  1.3  feet  above 
ground,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "698  ADJ  1905" 698.173 

T.  44  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  16,  Libertyville,  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St. 
Paul  railroad  station,  in  front  of;  top  of  rail 692.4 

T.  44  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  4,  west  quarter  corner,  0.2  mile  east  of;  T  road 
west,  on  east  side  of  road,  opposite  T,  on  line  with  east  and  west 
fence  line,  1.2  feet  west  of  fence  and  45  feet  south  of  telegraph  pole, 
iron  post  stamped  "660  ADJ  1905" 659.431 

T.  45  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  32,  in  northwest  quarter  of;  T  road  south,  south- 
east corner  of,  on  east  side  of  road,  2.1  feet  west  of  old  fence  line 
and  21  feet  south  of  new  east  and  west  fence  line,  iron  post  stamped 
"766  ADJ  1905"   765.949 

T.  45  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  20,  east  quarter  corner  of;  cross  roads,  at 
northwest  corner  of;  in  school  yard,  on  north  side  of  road  inside 
of  fence  line,  1  foot  north  of  fence  and  4.2  feet  west  of  fence  corner, 
at  southeast  corner  of  schoolyard,  iron  post  stamped  "760  ADJ 
1905" 759.773 

T.  45  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  5,  east  quarter  corner  of;  cross  roads  at  north- 
east corner,  on  north  side  of  road,  40  feet  east  of  fence  corner,  1  foot 
south  of  fence,  iron  post  stamped  "720  ADJ  1905"   719.437 

T.  46  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  29,  north  quarter  corner  of;  cross  roads,  south- 
east corner  of;  east  side  of  road,  20  feet  south  of  fence  corner,  1.2 
feet  west  of  fence,  iron  post  stamped  "713  ADJ  1905" 762.518 

T.  46  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  16,  center  of;  cross  roads  at  Rosecrans,  at  north- 
west corner  of;  on  north  side  of  road,  1  foot  south  of  fence,  11  feet 
west  of  fence  corner,  iron  post  stamped  "722  ADJ  1905" 722.230 

T.  46  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  15,  near  center  of;  crossing  of  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee and  St.  Paul  R.  R.,  top  of  rail 697.8 

T.  46  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  14,  east  quarter  corner  of;  cross  roads,  at 
southeast  corner,  on  east  side  of  road  and  8  feet  south  of  fence 
corner,  iron  post  stamped  "701  ADJ  1905" 700.974 

T.  46  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  13,  west  quarter  corner,  0.3  mile  east  of; 
crossing  of  Chicago  and  North  Western  Railroad,  top  of  rail 695.8 

T.  46  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  18,  0.3  mile  west  of;  cross  roads,  at  north- 
west corner  of;  on  north  side  of  road  (on  bank),  2.3  feet  south  of 
old  board  fence,  and  14.5  feet  west  of  east  line  of  fence,  iron  post 
stamped  "714  ADJ  1905"    713.751 

T.  46  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  21,  Zion  City,  crossing  of  Chicago  and  North. 
Western  Railroad,  top  of  rail 630.3 

T.  46  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  21;  southeast  corner  of;  cross  roads  at  Lake 
Mound  Cemetery,  Zion  City,  southeast  corner  of  cross  roads,  east 
of  road,  1  foot  west  of  cemetery  fence,  iron  post  stamped  "638 
ADJ  1905"   632.519 

T.  45  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  4,  southeast  corner,  0.2  mile  west  of;  T  road 
to  west,  at  southwest  corner  of  T,  south  side  of  road,  1.2  feet  north 
of  fence,  9  feet  west  of  fence  corner,  iron  post  stamped  "647  ADJ 
1905"    646.570 

T.  45  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  16,  east  quarter  corner,  0.3  mile  west  of  T.  road 
to  west,  northwest  corner  of  T,  top  of  fire  plug,  Sheridan  road  and 
Glen  Flora  avenue    642.970 

Waukegan,  northeast  corner  stone  window  sill,  in  east  front  of  Lake 

county  court  house  city  B.  M.,  no  marks  664.115 

Waukegan,  T.  45  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec  21,  Lake  county  court  house;  east 
entrance,  in  stone  base  of  two  columns,  on  north  side  of  entrance, 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "669  ADJ  1905" 668.387 

T.  45  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  4,  northwest  quarter  of;  18th  st.  station,  Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee  Electric  R.  R.,  Elgin,  Joliet  and  Eastern  R.  R. 
bridge  over  Chicago  and  North  Western,  C.  &  M.  Electric  R.  R.  and 
wagon  road,  west  abutment  wall,  in  top  of  projection  of  bottom 
course  masonry,  4.2  feet  north  of  south  end  of  wall  and  1.5  feet 
above  pavement,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "659  ADJ  1905" 658.935 


wilson]  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  83 

Feet. 

T.  44  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  20,  Lake  Bluff,  Chicago  and  North  Western  R. 
R.  bridge  over  wagon  road  and  Chicago  and  Milwaukee  Electric 
road,  south  of  station,  in  top  of  stone  foundation  wall  supporting 
iron  column,  between  Electric  road  (Libertyville  branch),  and 
wagon  road,  in  top  of  wall,  3  feet  northwest  of  southeast  end  of, 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "671  ADJ  1905"   670.778 

T.  44  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  33,  Lake  Forestry,  at  southwest  corner  of  city- 
hall  grounds,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Post  No.  12,"  "713 
ADJ  1905"   712.913 

Primary  Leveling. 

du  page  county wheaton  quadrangle. 

The  elevations  in  the  following  list  depend  on  bench  marks  estab- 
lished at  Bartlett  and  Roselle  by  U.  S.  Army  engineers,  their  accepted 
values  as  determined  by  the  1902  adjustment  being  804.035  feet  and 
772.136  feet,  respectively. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1905  by  Mr.  R.  C.  Howard,  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Albert  Pike,  topographer. 

Wheaton   Quadrangle. 

babtlett  south  by  road  to  west  chicago,  thence  east  by  chicago  and  north- 
western railway  to  glen  ellyn,  thence  north  along  highway  and  chicago 
and  great  western  railway  to  roselle. 

Feet. 

Bartlett,  U.  S.  A.  Engineers  B.  M.  No.  89,  150  meters  northwest  of 
station;  100  meters  north  of  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  rail- 
way track,  in  stone  foundation  of  Congregational  church,  center  of 
copper  bolt  leaded  horizontally  on  east  face  of  southeast  corner. . . .  804.035 

T.  40  N.,  R.  9  E.,  near  northeast  corner  sec.  9,  stone  bridge  over  small 
stream,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "787  ILLINOIS  1905"  (in  east 
wall,  southeast  corner)    787.399 

T.  40  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sees.  27,  28,  33  and  34,  0.25  mile  west  of; 
Ingleton  school  house,  south  wall,  southwest  corner,  aluminum 
tablet  stamped  "795  ILLINOIS  1905"   794.817 

West  Chicago,   City  Hall,   east  wall,   2   feet  from  southeast  corner, 

aluminum  tablet  stamped   "784   ILLINOIS   1905" 784.058 

Winfield,  150  feet  east  of  station;  75  feet  south  of  C.  &  N.  W.  Ry., 
stone  culvert,  east  side  of  road,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "727 
ILLINOIS  1905" 726.647 

Wheaton,  court  house,  north  side  of  west  entrance,  aluminum  tablet 

stamped  "753  ILLINOIS  1905"    752.858 

Glen  Ellyn,  high  school,  north  wall,  6  feet  west  of  entrance,  aluminum 

tablet  stamped  "766  ILLINOIS  1905" 766.038 

Bloomingdale,  Kolbusch  &  Hauseminn  store  building,  west  wall,  35  feet 
south  of  north  wall,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "771  ILLINOIS 
1905"    771.107 

GLEN    ELLYN    SOUTH    ALONG    HIGHWAYS    TO    LISLE,    THENCE    WEST    AND    NORTH    BY 
NAPERSVILLE    AND    WARRENHURST    TO     WEST    CHICAGO. 

T.  39  N.,  R.  10  E.,  sec.  35,  near  southwest  corner  northwest  quarter  of; 
west  side,  south  abutment,  small  bridge,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"697  ILLINOIS  1905"    697.482 

Lisle,  0.2  mile  west  of;  C.  B.  &  I.  Ry.  bridge  over  east  branch  Du 
Page  river,  east  abutment,  north  side,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"697   ILLINOIS   1905"    674.449 

Naperville,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  south  rail 715.5 

Naperville,  Nicholas  Library  building,  southwest  corner  VanBuren 
ave.  and  Washington  St.,  west  wall,  northwest  corner,  aluminum 
tablet  stamped  "693  ILLINOIS  1905"    693.290 


84  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  Lbull.  4 

Feet. 

T.  38  N.,  R.  9  E.,  sec.  16,  near  southeast  corner  of  northeast  quarter; 
rock  culvert,  east  abutment,  north  side,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"697  ILLINOIS  1905"    . 697.291 

Warrenhurst,  275  feet  E.  of  railway  track,  50  feet  north  of  road, 
Daw  Bros,  house,  south  wall,  rock  foundation,  10  feet  west  of  south- 
east corner,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "732  ILLINOIS  1905" 732.308 

Primary  Leveling. 

mason,  menard,  logan  and  sangamon  counties havana,  peters- 
burg and  springfield  quadranles. 

The  elevations  in  the  following  list  depend  on  bench  mark  estab- 
lished by  U.  S-  Army  engineers  at  Havana,  111.,  at  south  end  of  east 
pier  of  highway  bridge  over  Illinois  river,  three  feet  from  west  side. 
Top  of  copper  bolt,  its  value  corrected  to  1903  adjustment  being 
451.326  feet.  A  double  rodded  line  was  run  over  the  Chicago,  Peoria 
&  St.  Louis  Railway  to  Athens ;  the  balance  of  the  leveling  was  run 
in  circuits  with  a  single  rod. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1905  by  Mr.  C.  R.  Howard,  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Albert  Pike,  topographer. 

Havana   Quadrangle. 

havana  along  chicago,  peoria  and  st.  louis  ratlway  to  athens. 

(Double  rodded   line.) 

Feet. 
Havana,  Army  Engineers  B.  M.,  iron  highway  bridge  over  Illinois 
river,  on  top  of  south  end  of  east  pier,  top  of  copper  bolt  3  feet 
from  west  side  of  pier 451.326 

PETERSBURG    QUADRANGLE. 

Long  Branch,  255  feet  south  of  engine  room  of  grain  elevator,  in 
west  wall,  5.4  feet  north  of  south  wall,  4.6  feet  south  of  north  wall, 
5.5  feet  above  ground,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "498  ADJ  1905". .   491.247 

Kilbourne,  in  front  of  station;  mail  line,  top  of  east  rail , 494. 

Kilbourne,  McFaddens  Elevator,  in  north  side  of  northwest  founda- 
tion pillar,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "502  ADJ  1905" 495.531 

Oakford,  C.  Lutz's  store,  in  west  wall  brick  foundation,  2  feet  from 

southwest  corner,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "502  ADJ  1905" 495.125 

Aterbury,  W.  C.  Koppleen's  grain  elevator,  northwest  corner  of  rock 

foundation,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "609  ADJ  1905" 601.730 

Hill,  top  east  of  rail  main  line,  in  front  of  station 603 

Petersburg,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  east  rail 505.5 

Petersburg,  Menard  county  court  house,  north  wall,  2  feet  east  of 
entrance,  4  feet  above  ground,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "531 
ADJ  1905"   523.672 

SPRINGFIELD  QUADRANGLE. 

Tice,  school  house,  west  side  brick  foundation,  12  feet  east  of,  north 
side,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "617  ADJ  1905" 610.477 

Tice,  in  front  of  station ;  top  of  north  rail 616. 

Athens,  city  hall,  west  wall,  on  water  table,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 

"613   ADJ   1905"    605.749 


Wilson]  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  85 

ATHENS    ALONG   CHICAGO,   PEOEIA   AND    ST.    LOUTS    RAILWAY    TO    SPRINGFIELD. 

•  Feet. 

Cantrall,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  north  rail 589. 

Cantrall,  Cantrall  Cooperative  Coal  Co.'s  store,  in  water  table,  east 
side  of  building,  3  feet  north  of  south  side,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 

"603  ADJ  1905" 596.147 

Dunlap  school  house,  north  wall,  brick  foundation,  2  feet  from  east 

wall,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "591  ADJ  1905" 583.736 

Andrews,  0.5  mile  north  of;  spike  in  west  side  of  milepost  "P80-47". .  582.127 

Andrews,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  west  rail 583.82 

Ridgley,  opposite  milepost  St.  Louis  87  miles,  top  of  east  rail 593.53 

(LINE  LEAVES   RAILROAD,   FOLLOWS   PEORIA  ROAD.) 

Springfield,  postoffice,  water  table,  east  side,  12  feet  from  southeast 
corner,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "606  ADJ  1905" 598.963 

Springfield,  City  B.  M.  southwest  entrance  court  house  grounds,  in 
stone  post  marked  "City  B.  M.  58.44,"  top  of  copper  bolt 598.285 

SPRINGFIELD  EAST  AND   NORTH  ALONG   HIGHWAY   VIA.   RIVERTON    TO   WILLIAM SVILLE, 
THENCE    WEST   AND    SOUTH    TO    CANTRALL. 

T.  16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  near  center  sec.  21,  in  west  wall  of  brick  foundation 
to  church,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "583  ADJ  1905" 576.416 

Riverton,  opera  house,  T.  16  N.,  R.  5  W.,  near  southeast  corner  sec. 
9,  south  side,  southeast  corner  stone  threshold  opera  house,  alum- 
inum tablet  stamped  "560  ADJ  1905"  552.762 

T.  17  N.,  R.  5  W.,  0.25  mile  east  of;  center  line  between  sees.  32  and 
33,  iron  highway  bridge  over  fork  of  Wolf  creek,  east  abutment, 
southwest  corner,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "535  ADJ  1905" 528.390 

T.  17  N.,  R.  5  W.,  near  center  of  east  half  sec.  20,  Locust  Lane  school 
house,  west  wall  brick  foundation,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "585 
ADJ  1905" .'. 578.398 

T.  17  N.,  R.   5  W.,  near  center  sec.  4,  Williamsville,   east  wall  of 

Praters  bank,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "613  ADJ  1905" 605.615 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W.,  sec.  35,  on  south  line  of;  north  side  of  road,  Fred 
VanMenner's  house,  in  west  wall  of  foundation,  aluminum  tablet 
stamped  "598  ADJ  1905"   591.313 

T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W.,  corner  sees.  8,  9,  16  and  17,  0.25  mile  north  of; 
Cantrall  Cooperative  Coal  Co.'s  store,  east  side  of  water-table 
table,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "603  ADJ  1905". 596.087 


Primary  Leveling. 

champaign  and  piatt  counties — mahomet  and  urbana 
quadrangles. 

The  elevations  in  the  following  list  depend  on  a  bench  mark  estab- 
lished by  precise  line  of  levels  of  1905  at  Champaign,  53  feet  southeast 
of  southeast  corner  of  Engineering  Building,  University  of  Illinois, 
iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  1,"  its  accepted  elevation 
being  721.050  feet.    For  additional  elevations  refer  to  precise  leveling. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1905  by  Mr.  R.  C.  Howard,  levelman, 
t\nder  the  direction  of  Mr.  Albert  Pike,  topographer. 


86  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

Urbana  Quadrangle, 
urbana  along  highway  south  and  east  to  philo. 

Feet. 
Champaign,  University  of  Illinois,  southeast  corner  of  Engineering 

Hall,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  1  P" 721.050 

T.  18  N.,  R.  9  E.,  northwest  corner  sec.  6;   southeast  angle  of  cross 

roads,  iron  post  stamped  "717  ILLINOIS  1905" 717.873 

T.  18  N.,  R.  9  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  17,  north  side,  east  abutment 

bridge,  aluminum   tablet  stamped   "680   ILLINOIS   1905" 680.292 

Philo,  Philo  Exchange  Bank,  east  side  water  table,  12  feet  south  of 

wall,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "737  ILLINOIS  1905" 737.780 

PHILO  ALONG  HIGHWAY  EAST  AND  NORTH  TO  ST.  JOSEPH,  THENCE  WEST  TO  URBANA. 

Sidney,  high  school,  south  side,  southwest  corner,  aluminum  tablet 

stamped  "673  ILLINOIS  1905"    672.523 

T.  19  N.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  sees.  27,  28,  33  and  34,  0.25  mile  east  of; 
south  abutment,  west  side  iron  bridge  over  Salt  river,  aluminum 
tablet  stamped  "655  ILLINOIS  1905"    655.051 

T.  19  N.,  R.  10  E.,  northeast  corner  sec.  15,  0.6  mile  west  of  St.  Joseph, 
west  abutment  north  side  bridge  over  Salt  river,  aluminum  tablet 
stamped  "663  ILLINOIS  1905"  662.649 

Mayview  station,  0.1  mile  east  of;  T.  19  N.,  R.  10  E.,  sec.  8,  south- 
west corner  of;  southwest  corner  intersection  road,  concrete  right 
of  way  post  marked  "P.  &  E.  property  line,"  west  side  post,  alum- 

Mayview,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  north  rail 686 

inum  tablet  stamped  "681  ILLINOIS  1905" 680.662 

ST.  JOSEPH  NORTH  ALONG  HIGHWAY  TO  SECTION  2,  T.  20  N.,  R.  10  E.,  THENCE  WEST 
ON  TOWNSHIP  LINE  TO  SEC.    6,  T.   20  N.,  R.   9  E.,  THENCE  SOUTH  TO  CHAMPAIGN. 

TV  20  N.,  R.  10  E.,  near  center  line  between  sees.  22  and  23,  B.  P. 
Youman's  house,  west  of  road,  in  south  wall,  brick  foundation,  alum- 
inum tablet  stamped  "676  ILLINOIS  1905" 675.960 

T.  20  N.,  R.  10  E.,  sees.  2,  3,  10  and  11,  0.25  mile  south  of  corner,  east 
of  road,  Henry  Dintsman's  house,  south  side,  brick  foundation 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "677   ILLINOIS   1905" 677.393 

T.  21  N.,  E.  10  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  32,  west  side,  north  abut- 
ment bridge,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "688  ILLINOIS  1905" 687.516 

T.  20  N.,  R.  9  E.,  northwest  corner  sec.  6,  north  of  road,  south  side  of 
J.  W.  Jane's  house,  brick  foundation,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"748  ILLINOIS  1905" 748.134 

T.  20  N.,  R.  9  E.,  sec.  18,  0.5  mile  south  of  northwest  corner  of;  west 
side,  north  abutment  bridge,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "728  ILLI- 
NOIS 1905"   727.693 

Mahomet   Quadrangle. 

near  champaign  west  over  illinois  central  railway  to  near  seymour, 
thence  along  highways  to  southwest  corner  of  sec.  7,  t.  18  n.,  r.  7  e., 
thence  east  to  southwest  corner  of  sec.  12,  t.  18  n.,  r.  8  e. 

Staley,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  north  rail 740.596 

T.  19  N.,  R.  8  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  9,  northwest  corner  road,  iron 

post  stamped  "734  ILLINOIS  1905" 734.372 

Bondville,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  north  rail 716.219 

Bondville,  300  feet  east  of  station;   50  feet  north  of  track,  iron  post 

stamped  "717  ILLINOIS  1905"    716.685 

Seymour,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  north  rail 698.965 

Seymour,  100  feet  west  of  station;  north  side  right  of  way,  iron  post 

stamped  "698  ILLINOIS  1905"    697.597 

T.  19  N.,  R.  7  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  18,  north  of  road,  iron  post 

stamped  "707  ILLINOIS  1905"   706.962 

T.  19  N.,  R.  7  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  31,  southwest  corner  of  road, 

iron  post  stamped  "708  ILLINOIS  1905" 708.286 


wilson]  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  87 

Feet. 
T.  18  N.,  R.  7  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  7,  northwest  corner  road,  iron 

post  stamped  "702  ILLINOIS  1905"   702.187 

T.  16  N.,  R.  7  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  10,  northeast  angle  of  cross 

roads,  intersection,  iron  post  stamped  "692  ILLINOIS  1905" 691.839 

T.  18  N.,  Rs.  7  and  8  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  7,  southwest  corner  of 

road,  iron  post  stamped  "690  ILLINOIS  1905" 690.286 

T.  18  N.,  R.  8  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  10,  northwest  corner  of  road, 

southwest  corner  school  yard,  iron  post  stamped  "728   ILLINOIS 

1905"    728.421 

MAHOMET  EAST  ALONG  HIGHWAY  TO  SOUTHWEST  CORNER  SEC.  7,  T.  20  N.,  R.  9  E. 

Mahomet,  230  feet  west  of  station;  15  feet  north  of  track,  iron  post 
stamped 712.064 

T.  20  N.,  R.  7  E.,  and  8  E.,  sees.  13  and  18,  north  of  road,  iron  post 
stamped  "747   ILLINOIS  1905" 747.153 

T.  20  N.,  R.  8  E.,  sec.  10,  southwest  corner  of;  northeast  corner  of 
road,  iron  post  stamped  "772  ILLINOIS  1905" 772.468 


Primary  Leveling. 

bond,  madison  and  st.   clair  counties belleville    and    breese 

quadrangles. 

The  elevations  in  the  following  list  depend  on  an  aluminum  tablet 
set  in  1903  in  west  abutment  of  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad  bridge 
0.25  mile  east  of  Caseyville,  stamped  "449,"  the  elevation  of  which  is 
accepted  as  449.160  feet. 

All  bench  marks  are  stamped  "Illinois  ADJ"  in  addition  to  figures  of 
elevation. 

The  leveling  on  the  Belleville  quadrangle  was  done  by  Mr.  C.  S. 
Blair,  levelman,  and  of  the  Breese  quadrangle  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Wood, 
levelman,  both  in  1905  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  W.  J.  Lloyd,  topog- 
rapher. 

NEAE  CASEYVILLE  VIA  BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD  TO  RIDGE  PRAIRIE,  THENCE 
ALONG  HIGHWAYS  SOUTH  TO  BELLEVILLE,  EAST  TO  4  MILES  EAST  OF  GRASSLAND, 
NORTH  TO  SUMMERFIELD  AND  WEST  ALONG  BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD  TO 
RIDGE  PRAIRIE. 

Feet. 
Caseyville,  0.25  mile  east  of,  in  west  abutment  railroad  bridge,  alum- 
inum tablet  stamped  "449,  A  D  J" 449.160 

Ridge  Prairie,  at  southwest  corner  of  road  crossing,  0.25  mile  east 

of  Purmans,  20  feet  south  of  track,  iron  post  stamped  "564,  ADJ".  563.164 
Belleville,  northeast  corner  of  court  house  yard,  iron  post  stamped 

"Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  15,  A  D  J  531" 530.682 

Grassland,  100  feet  east  of,  200  feet  south  of  station,  iron  post  stamped 

"Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  16,  435  A  D  J" 434.306 

Grassland,  4  miles  east  of,  northeast  corner  or  road  crossing,  south- 
west corner  of  field  of  J.  B.  Freeze,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav. 

Sta.  No.  17,  469  A  D  J" 468.778 

Summerfield,    schoolhouse,    southeast   corner   of,     aluminum     tablet 

stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  18,  478  A  D  J" 478.074 

Lebanon,   stone   step,   just   west   of   main   entrance   to    St.    Joseph's 

church,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "467  A  D  J" 466.296 

O'Fallon,  southwest  corner  of  brick  platform,  at  B.  &  O.  station,  iron 

post  stamped  "551  A  D  J" 550.520 


88  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906.  [bull.  4 

NEAE    CASEYVILLE    VIA      VANDALIA     LINE    TO     ST.     JACOBS,     THENCE     SOUTH     ALONG 
HIGHWAY    TO    ST7MMERVILLE. 

Feet. 
Collinsville,  at  northwest  corner  of  road  crossing,  just  west  of  station, 

opposite  saloon  of  Schmacker  Bros.,  iron  post  stamped  "474,  A  D  J"  472.974 
Formosa,    northeast   corner    of    stone    platform,    iron    post    stamped 

"571,  A  D  J" 570.155 

Troy,    100    feet    north    of,    northwest    corner    of    station,    iron    post 

stamped  "549,  A  D  J" .' 548.626 

St.  Jacobs,  0.25  mile  west  of,  south  side  of  stone  bridge,  aluminum 

tablet  stamped  '  506,  A  D  J" 504.883 

Summerfield,  3.5  miles  north  of,  at  southwest  corner  of  junction,  30 

feet  west  of  cottonwood,  iron  post  stamped  "507,  A  D  J" 506.257 

Breese  Quadrangle. 

four  miles  east  of  grassland,  east  and  along  highways  to  germantown, 
thence  west  along  baltimore  and  ohio  railroad  to  summerfield. 

New  Baden,  in  bank  building,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "463  A  D  J"  462.069 
Albert,  in  Louis  Foytman's  house,  second  one  north  of  railroad,  west 

side  of  street,  aluminum  tablet,  stamped  "445,  A  D  J" 444.477 

Germantown,  Boniface's   school,  in  northeast  corner,  aluminum  tablet 

stamped  '433,  A  D  J" 432.236 

Breese,  in  northwest  corner  of  St.  Dominic  school  building,  tablet 

stamped   "458,   A   D   J" 458.120 

Aviston,  east  side  of  entrance,  south  side  of  brick  Catholic  church, 

tablet  stamped  "475,  A  D  J" 474.385 

Trenton,  in  southeast  corner  of  city  hall,  tablet  stamped  "489,  A  D  J".  497.606 

ST.    JACOBS    VIA     VANDALIA    LINE    TO    HIGHLAND,    THENCE    EAST    AND    SOUTH    ALONG 
HIGHWAYS   VIA   SEBASTOPOL  TO  BREESE. 

Highland,  in  First  National  Bank,  •  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "545,  A 

D  J" 544.680 

Sebastopol,   in   south  side   of  old   brick   school   building,   aluminum 

tablet  stamped  "545,  A  D  J" • 545.325 

St.  Rose,  in  north  side  of  Catholic  church,  in  door  sill,  aluminum 

tablet  stamped  "504,  A  D  J" 503.977 

Breese,  3.5  miles  north  of,  in  east  side  of  house  of  August  Lager, 

aluminum  tablet  stamped  "473,  A  D  J" 472.934 


Primary  Leveling. 

carmi,  eldorado,  enfield  and  new  haven  quadrangles gallatin, 

hamilton,  saline  and  white  counties. 

The  elevations  in  the  following  list  are  based  upon  the  unadjusted 
precise  level  line  of  1906,  Duquoin  to  Shawneetown,  which  recovered 
the  standard  bench  mark  of  this  list  at  Eldorado  and  primary  leveling 
in  Indiana  brought  from  Vincennes,  Indiana,  corrected  on  account  of 
a  connection  obtained  through  Ohio  River  Survey  precise  leveling  of 
1906.  The  elevations  accepted  at  Duquoin,  Illinois,  and  Vincennes, 
Indiana,  are  by  precise  leveling  of  the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey 
corrected  in  accord  with  the  adjustment  of  1903. 

All  bench  marks  are  stamped  "A  D  J"  in  addition  to  the  figures  of 
elevation. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1905  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  W.  J. 
Lloyd,  topographer,  by  Mr.  C.  B.  Blair,  levelman. 


wtlsonI  CO-OPERATIVE   TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY,  89 

Cabmi  Quadrangle. 

neab  grayville,   southeast  over  cairo  division   of   cleveland,   cincinnati, 
chicago  and  st.  louis  railroad  near  stokes. 

Feet. 
Carmi,  west  side  of  main  entrance  in  stone  step  of  First  Presby- 
terian  Church,   aluminum   tablet  stamped   "399" 398.806 

Brownsville,  southwest  corner  of  stone  platform,  iron  post  stamped 

"417    ADJ"     416.487 

SOLITUDE,    INDIANA,    WEST    TO   LITTLE    CHAIN,    ILLINOIS. 

Mannie,  U.  S.  A.  Engineer  B.  M.  No.  32,  on  top  of  coping  of  Louis- 
ville &  Nashville  railroad  bridge,  down  stream  end  of  Indiana  land 
pier,  1  foot  from  edge  of  coping,  chiseled  circle  (Eng'r  elev. 
370.471)   : 373.264 

Enfield  Quadrangle. 

stokes  over  cairo  division  of  cleveland,  cincinnati,  chicago  and  st.  louis 

railway  to  norris  city. 

Stokes,  southeast  corner  of  yard  of  J.  Pyles'  store,  iron  post  stamped 
"415    ADJ" 414.287 

Eldorado  Quadrangle. 

norris  city  along  highways  west  and  south  to  broughton,  thence  along 
louisville  and  nashville  railroad  to  eldorado,  thence  along  highway 
east  to  ridgeway,  thence  north  to  omaha,  thence  over  baltimore  and  ohio 
railroad  to  norris  city. 

Norris  City,  stone  sill,  at  main  entrance  north  side  of  Cumberland 

Presbyterian  Church,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "444  ADJ" 443.520 

Norris  City,  3.5  miles  west  of;  at  northeast  corner  of  Jennings  school 

house,  iron  post  stamped  "410  ADJ" 409.696 

Broughton,  3  miles  north  of;  southeast  corner  of  forks  of  road,  iron 

post  stamped  "371  ADJ" 370.857 

Broughton,  northeast  corner  of  cinder  platform  of  L.  &  N.  depot,  iron 

post  stamped  "379  ADJ" 378.340 

Francis  Mill,  northeast  corner  of  cinder  platform,  iron  post  stamped 

"371    ADJ" 370.780 

Eldorado,  10  feet  south  of  southwest  corner  of  Grand  Hotel;  iron  post 

stamped  "388  ADJ" 387.568 

Eldorado,  3.5  miles  east  of;  at  jog  in  road,  3  feet  northeast  of  oak  tree 

in  middle  of  road,  iron  post  stamped  "373  ADJ" 372.849 

Zion  Church,  front  wall,  northeast  corner,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 

"390  ADJ" 389.546 

Ridgeway,   stone   foundation   of   Catholic   Church,   southeast   corner, 

east  of  front  entrance,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "377  ADJ" 376.784 

Omaha,  90  feet  south  of  station;    12  feet  east  of  track,   iron  post 

stamped  "367  ADJ" 366.765 

Middlepoint,   at   northeast    corner    of    cinder    platform,    iron    post 

stamped  "433,  ADJ" 432.570 

Omaha,  3  miles  east  of,  southwest  angle  of  forks  with  road  running 

south,  iron  post  stamped  "405  A  D  J" 404.968 

New  Haven  Quadrangle, 
near  norris   city,  east  along  highway  to  little   chain. 

Iron,  northeast  corner  of  junction,  5  feet  west  of  southwest  corner 
of  warehouse,  iron  post  stamped  "463  A  D  J" 462.707 

Herald,  3  feet  east  of  northeast  corner  of  school  house,  iron  post 

stamped   "430   A   D   J" 429.727 


90  YEAR-BOOK    FOR   1906.  Ibdll.  4 

Feet. 
Emma,  southeast  corner   of  junction,   0.5   mile   south   of,   iron   post 

stamped  "366,  A  D  J' 365.821 

Little  Chain,  1  mile  west  of,  southwest  corner  of  road  forks,  iron 

post  stamped  "367,  A  D  J" 366.480 

NEAR    EMMA    SOUTH    ALONG    HIGHWAY    TO    INMAN    AND    WEST    TO    NEAR    RIDGEWAY. 

New  Haven,  at  northeast  corner  of  Scudmore  and  Mathia  bank,  alum- 
inum tablet  stamped  "370,  A  D  J" 369.885 

Inman,  southeast  corner  of  forks  or  roads,  0.5  mile  east  of,  iron  post 
stamped   "379,   A   D   J" 378.012 

NEAR   OMAHA   EAST   ALONG   HIGHWAY    TO    NEW    HAVEN. 

Omaha,  6.5  miles  east  of,  northeast  corner  of  junction  with  road 
running  south,  12  feet  west  of  hickory,  2  feet  diameter,  iron  post 
stamped   "387,   A   D   J" 386.758 

NEW   HAVEN    EAST    ALONG   HIGHWAY    TO    WARASH. 

Ragland  Island,  1.5  miles  south  of  (Engineer's  B.  M.  No.  38),  just 
above  Loop  Slough,  75  feet  south  of  large  high  water  barn,  iron 
pipe  marked  "U.  S.  Eng'r  B.  M."   (Engr's  elev.  343.802) 345.83 

Ragland  Island,  1.5  miles  south  of,  75  feet  south  of  barn,  3  feet  east 

of  Engineers'  B.  M.,  iron  post  stamped  "346,  A  D  J" 345.716 

ST.   PATRICK'S   CHURCH   EAST  AND   SOUTH   TO   ROUND   POND   SCHOOL   HOUSE,   THENCE 
NORTH    TO    WABASH    RIVER. 

Church,  0.75  mile  south  of,  nrotheast  corner  of  junction,  iron  post 
stamped  "366,  A  D  J" 365.666 

Round  Pond,  northeast  corner  of  school  house,  iron  post  stamped 

"362,  A  D  J" 361.923 


PRIMARY  LEVELING. 
Prior  to  Cooperation. 


QUADRANGLES. 

COUNTIES. 

List  1. 

Cordova. 

Whiteside,  Henry,  Rock  Island. 

List  2 

Danville. 

Vermilion. 

List  3 

Peoria. 

Peoria  and  Tazewell. 

List  4 

Claremont  and  Mt.  Carmel. 

Edwards  and  Wabash. 

List  5 

East  St.  Louis. 

Madison  and  St.  Clair. 

Primary  Leveling. 

cordova  quadrangle whiteside,  henry  and  rock  island  counties. 

The  elevations  in  the  following  list  are  based  on  the  Mississippi 
River  Commission  bench  mark  at  Albany,  a  copper  bolt  in  the  west  side 
of  the  southwest  corner  of  foundation  of  brick  store  occupied  by  Hop- 
per &  Son,  and  marked  "U.  S.  P.  B.  M."  The  elevation  of  this  bench 
mark,  which  was  accepted  as  the  central  datum  point  for  leveling  in 
this  locality,  is  595.876  feet  above  mean  sea  level  by  the  1903  adjust- 
ment. The  leveling  was  done  in  1896  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Newell,  levelman, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  R.  C.  McKinney,  topographer. 


Wilson  J  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  91 

Coedova  Quadrangle. 

whiteside  county,  albany  township. 

Feet. 
T.  20  N.,  R.  2  E.,  sec.  1,  fourth  principal  meridian,  half  section  line; 

on  south  line,  iron  post  stamped  "678" 679.483 

WHITESIDE     COUNTY,     NEWTON     TOWNSHIP. 

T.  20  N.,  R.  3  E.,  sec.  2,  near  northeast  corner  of  southeast  quarter 
of  northeast  quarter  of;  junction  of  roads  on  east  line  of  section; 
iron  post  stamped  "702" 703.496 

WHITESIDE  COUNTY,  EEIE  TOWNSHIP. 

Erie,  small  triangular  park  in  public  square,  iron  post  stamped  "587"  588.345 

HENRY    COUNTY,    PHOENIX    TOWNSHIP. 

T.  18  N.,  R.  3  E.,  sec.  12,  northwest  corner  of  northeast  quarter  of 
northwest  quarter,  junction  of  roads,  0.25  mile  west  of  Sharon 
postomce;   iron  post  stamped  "597" 598.234 

HENRY   COUNTY,    LORAINE   TOWNSHIP. 

T.  18  N.,  R.  4  E.,  sec.  6,  near  southeast  corner  of,  junction  of  roads 

at  William  Ornett's  (Sharon  Stock  Farm) ;  iron  post  stamped  "627"  628.138 

ROCK  ISLAND   COUNTY,   ZUMA   TOWNSHIP. 

Joslyn,  northeast  corner  W.  H.  Whiteside's  yard,  by  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington and  Quincy  Railroad;   iron  post  stamped  "581" 582.253 

T.  19  N.,  R.  2  E.,  sec.  23,  southeast  corner  of;    iron  post  stamped 

"679"    680.336 

Fenton,  south  side  of  sidewalk,  about  100  feet  west  of  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington and  Quincy  Railroad,  iron  post  stamped  "621"   602.368 

ROCK   ISLAND  COUNTY,    COE   TOWNSHIP. 

Hillsdale,  90  feet  east  of  north  end  of  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy 

Railroad  station;    iron  post  stamped  "598" 578.156 


Primary  Leveling. 

danville  quadrangle — vermilion  county. 

The  elevations  in  the  following  list  were  originally  based  on  the  ele- 
vation of  the  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad,  in  front  of  depot  at 
Danville  Junction,  613.5  feet  above  mean  sea  level.  Dependent  on  this, 
the  central  datum  tablet,  placed  in  the  postoffice  building,  is  stamped 
"DNVL  603."  In  1906  the  bench  mark  at  Catlin  was  connected  with 
the  precise  level  line  run  from  Olney  via  Fairmount  to  Champaign, 
the  bench  mark  at  the  latter  place  having  been  established  in  1905  by 
the  precise  level  line  run  from  Pekin.  A  correction  of  -1.078  feet  has 
been  applied  to  original  elevations  on  the  Danville  quadrangle  to  re- 
duce them  to  mean  sea  level  as  determined  from  the  line  from  Pekin. 


92  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  Lbull.  4 

Bench  marks  set  in  1897  are  stamped  "DNVL"  in  addition  to  figures 
of  the  elevations. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1897  by  Mr.  John  L.  McCalman,  levelman, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  R.  C.  McKinney,  topographer. 

Danville  Quadrangle. 

Feet. 

Danville  Junction,  in  front  of  station,  railroad  crossing,  top  of  rail..   612.4 

Danville,   in   front   of  Chicago  and   Eastern   Illinois   R.   R.   station, 
top  of  rail 597.1 

Danville,  in  front  of  station  of  Wabash  Railroad,  top  of  rail 597.7 

Danville,  in  front  of  Chicago,  Cleveland,  Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis  Rail- 
road station ;  top  of  rail 604.2 

Danville,  postoffice  building,  east  face  of  north  balustrade,  1.5  feet 
above  sidewalk,  bronze  tablet  stamped  "DNVL  603" 601.448 

Danville,   courthouse,  just  south  of  step   to  west  entrance,   second 

course  above  -sidewalk,  bronze  tablet  stamped  "DNVL  604" 602.718 

Westville,  T.  18  N.,  R.  11  W.,  sec.  5,  southwest  corner  of;   iron  post 
stamped  "DNVL  672" 671.012 

T.  19  N.,  R.  11  W.,  sec.  27,  in  north  half  of;  floor  of  bridge  over  Ver- 
milion river,  on  Grape  creek  road 532.4 

Catlin,  T.  19  N.,  R.  12  W.,  sec.  34,  near  center  of;  iron  post  stamped 
"DNVL    658" 657.345 

T.  20  N.,  R.  10  W.,  sec.  18,  quarter  corner  east  side  of ;  on  State  line; 
iron  post  stamped  "DNVL  720" 718.866 

T.  20  N.,  R.  11  W.,  sec.  11,  northeast  corner  of;  rock  at  section  corner  698.2 

T.  20  N.,  R.  11  W.,  sec.  17,  quarter  corner  north  side  of;  iron  post 
stamped  "DNVL  655" 654.033 

T.  20  N.,  R.  12  W.,  sec.  35;   southwest  corner  of;  iron  post  stamped 
"DNVL    649" 647.982 


Primary  Leveling. 

peoria  quadrangle — peoria  and  tazewell  counties. 

The  elevations  in  the  following  list  are  based  upon  an  aluminum 
tablet  in  the  west  side  of  Bradley  Polytechnic  Institute  building,  Peoria, 
111.,  stamped  "607  PEORIA,"  the  elevation  of  which  is  determined  to 
be  607.691  feet  above  mean  sea  level. 

The  initial  points  from  which  the  corrected  elevations  have  been 
obtained  are  the  standard  bench  marks  at  Pekin  and  Mackinaw  river 
bridge  which  have  been  recovered  bv  the  recent  precise  level  lines  of 
the  army  engineers  along  the  Illinois  river.  The  correction  applied  at 
Pekin  to  the  "Memphis"  datum,  the  datum  upon  which  the  engineers' 
figures  are  based,  is  -6.95  feet,  an  interpolated  correction  to  accord  with 
the  "1903  adjustment." 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1902  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Chas.  E. 
Cooke,  topographer,  by  Mr.  Carleton  McRae,  levelman. 

Standard  bench  marks  set  in  the  course  of  this  work  are  stamped 
with  the  letters  "PEORIA"  in  addition  to  the  figures  of  the  elevation, 
mostly  one  foot  lower  than  the  corrected  values. 


wilson]  CO-OPERATIVE '  TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY  93 

PEORIA  WEST  ALONG  FARMINGTON  ROAD  7  MILES,   THENCE  SOUTH   4   MILES,  THENCE 
EAST    TO   HOLLIS,    THENCE   NORTHEAST   TO   PEORIA. 

Feet. 

Peoria,  water  gauge  at  foot  of  Bridge  street;  gauge  mark  reading  130' 
below  Lake  Michigan 451.36 

Peoria,  Bradley  Polytechnic  Institute,  in  west  side  of;  aluminum 
tablet  stamped  "607   PEORIA" 607.541 

Peoria,  7  miles  west  of;  at  cross  roads,  north  limestone  M.  E. 
Church,  in  middle  of  west  foundation,  bronze  table  stamped  "708 
PEORIA"    708.675 

Hollis  township,  on  line  between  sections  4  and  5  200  yards  west  of 
north  and  south  road,  300  yards  north  of  T  road  to  east,  in  north- 
west corner  of  foundation  of  C.  F.  Goetze  house,  aluminum  tablet 
stamped  "622  PEORIA" 622.654 

PEORIA  TO  POINT  25   MILES  EAST  OF  UPPER  FREE  BRIDGE,   THENCE   SOUTH   TO   FARM- 
INGDALE,  THENCE  WEST  TO  PEORIA. 

Peoria,  6.25  miles  northeast  of;  2.5  miles  east  of  Free  Bridge,  house 
of  J.  Grosenbach,  water  tank  at  foundations  of,  east  side  of,  bronze 
tablet  stamped  "693  PEORIA"  693.746 

FARMINGDALE    SOUTH   TO   GROVELAND,    THENCE   WEST   TO  PEKIN. 

Groveland,  southwest  corner  of  Baptist  Church,  aluminum  (?)  tablet 
stamped  "778  PEORIA"   778.710 

HOLLIS  SCHOOL  NO.  4  SOUTH  TO  MAPLETON,  THENCE  EAST  TO  PEKIN,  THENCE  NORTH 
TO   HOLLIS    STATION,    THENCE   RETURN    TO   PEKIN. 

Mapleton,  2  miles  east  of;  cross  cut  in  east  wing  of  south  abutment  of 
steel  wagon  bridge  over  Big  LaMache  Creek 455.33 

Pekin,  Catch  Basin,  in  northeast  corner  of  county  clerk's  office,  in 

court  house  grounds,  aluminum  (?)  tablet  stamped  "478  PEORIA".   479.023 
(Elevation  by  Army  Engineers,  485.973  Memphis  datum.) 

PEKIN   SOUTHWEST  ALONG  RIVER  ROAD  TO  MACKINAW  RIVER  BRIDGE,   THENCE   SOUTH 
4   MILES,    THENCE  EAST  TO   NEAR   HAWLEY,   THENCE   NORTH  TO  PEKIN. 

Mackinaw  river  bridge,  iron,  on  south  wing  of  west  abutment,  alum- 
inum ( ?)  tablet  stamped  "453  PEORIA" 454.255 

(Elevation  by  Army  Engineers,  461.205,  Memphis  datum.) 

Hawley  station,  0.65  miles  east  of;  on  southeast  wing  of  abutment  of 
wagon  bridge  over  north  and  south  road,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"513  PEORIA" 513.744 

HAWLEY    NORTHEASTERLY    TO    GROVELAND. 

Hawley,  1  mile  south  and  0.5  mile  east  of;  iron  bridge  over  small 
branch,  south  wing  of  east  abutment,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"511    PEORIA"    511.521 

Groveland,  6  miles  south  of;  1.5  miles  west  of  Tremont,  wagon  bridge 
on  east  west  road,  east  abutment,  north  wing,  aluminum  tablet 
stamped  "611  PEORIA"    612.127 


94  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  I  bull.  4 

Primary  Leveling. 

claremont  and  mt.  carmel  quadrangles edwards  and  wabash 

counties. 

The  elevations  in  the  following  list  are  based  upon  bench  mark  A3 
of  the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  transcontinental  precise  level 
line  at  Vincennes,  Ind.,  the  elevation  of  which  is  accepted  as  433.445 
feet  above  mean  sea  level.  The  work  in  this  locality  is  extended  from 
the  adjoining  work  in  Indiana,  adjusted  also  in  accord  with  elevations 
brought  by  precise  leveling  of  1906  from  Duquoin,  111. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1902  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Chas.  W. 
Goodlove,  topographer,  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Lowe,  levelman. 

Standard  bench  marks  set  in  the  course  of  this  work  are  stamped 
with  the  letters  "VIN"  in  addition  to  the  figures  of  elevation. 

Mt.  Carmel  Quadrangle. 

grayville  northeast  along  big  four  railroad  via  cowling,  keensburg  and 
schrodt's  station  to  mt.  carmel. 

Feet. 
Grayville,    at    milepost   E    32,    at   northwest    corner    of   bridge    289, 

head  of  bolt 386.66 

Grayville,  100  feet  south  of  station;    6  feet  east  of  track,  iron  post 

stamped  "392  VIN"   392.413 

Cowling,  T.  2  S.,  R.  14  W.,  Big  Four  Station;  northeast  corner  of;  8 

inches  north  from,  6  inches  above  ground,  iron  post  stamped  "397 

VIN"    397.206 

Keensburg,   T.   2   S.,   R.   14  W.,   northwest  corner   of  M.   E.   church 

(frame),  in  face  of  foundation  wall  on  north  side,  aluminum  tablet 

stamped  "430  VIN" 430.172 

Sugar  creek   (Schrodts)   T.  1  S.,  R.  13  W.,  at  northeast  corner  of 

Peter  Schrodts  store,  1  foot  north,  iron  post  stamped  "458  VIN".:  458.566 
Mt.  Carmel  court  house,  at  southwest  side,  in  southeast  wing,  on  west 

sill  wall,  bronze  tablet  stamped  "465  VIN"  464.860 

The  above  bench  mark  is  not  directly  connected  by  leveling  with 

other  bench  marks  of  this  list,  but  is  determined  by  a  checked  line 

from  Princenton,  Indiana. 

MT.    CARMEL     (JUNCTION    ON    BIG    FOUR    AND    SOUTHERN    RAILWAYS),    WEST    ALONG 
SOUTHERN    RAILWAY    VIA    MAUD    TO    BELLMONT. 

Maud,  T.  1  S.,  R.  13  W.,  northeast  corner  of  Christian  church,  east 
side  in  face  of  foundation  wall  of,  bronze  tablet  stamped  "442  VIN".  441.884 

KEENSBURG    NORTHWEST    TO   BELLMONT,    THENCE    WEST    ALONG    SOUTHERN    RAILWAY 

TO     BROWNS. 

Bellmont,  T.  1  S.,  R.  14  W.,  town  hall,  at  southwest  corner  on  south 
side,  in  face  of  wall,  3  feet  above  ground,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"431   VIN"    431.346 

Browns,  T.  1  S.,  R.  14  W.,  in  southeast  corner  of  red  brick  M.  E. 
Church,  in  face  of  south  wall,  3  feet  above  ground,  aluminum  tablet 
stamped  "402  VIN"    402.228 


wilson]  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGPAPHIC    SURVEY.  95 

QRAYVILLE     NOBTH     ALONG     ILLINOIS     CENTRAL     RAILROAD     AND     PUBLIC     ROADS     VIA 
BROWN'S    GAP   TO   BONE    GAP. 

Feet. 
Bone  Gap,  T.  1  S.,  R.  14  W.,  northwest  corner  of  Miss  M.  D.  Rice's 
millinery   store,    north    side,    in   brick   foundation,    bronze    tablet 
stamped  "459  VIN" 459.271 

BONE   GAP   ALONG   PUBLIC    ROADS    VIA    GARD'S    POINT    AND    FRIENDSVILLE    TO    PATTON, 
THENCE  SOUTH  ALONG  BIG  FOUR  R.  R.  TO  MT.  CARMEL. 

Gard's  Point,  T.  1  S.,  R.  13  W.,  Lick  Prairie  Church,  northeast  corner, 
at  east  side  of,  iron  post  stamped  "434  VIN" 433.9 

Patton,  T.  1  N.,  R.  12  W.,  frame  building  of  J.  W.  Elliott;  at  southeast 
corner  and  1  foot  southwest  of  corner,  8  inches  above  ground,  iron 
post  stamped  "416  VIN" : .   416.646 

CLAREMONT  QUADRANGLE AT  FRIENDSVILLE. 

Friendsville,  T.  1  N.,  R.  13  W.,  at  southeast  corner  of  Dr.  C.  S.  Couch's 
house,  3  feet  above  ground,  in  east  face  of  wall,  bronze  tablet 
stamped  '482  VIN"   482.306 


Primary  Leveling. 

madison  and  st.  clair  counties east  st.  louis  quadrangle. 

The  elevations  in  the  following  list  depend  on  the  U.  S.  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey  bench  mark  I3,  being  a  mark  on  a  large  bronze  plate 
with  the  inscription  "U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  Bench  Mark 
T882,"  in  the  south  face  of  the  eastern  land  pier  of  the  Great  Bridge  at 
East  St.  Louis,  its  accepted  elevation  being  413.966  feet  above  mean 
sea  level  as  determined  by  latest  adjustment. 

The  leveling  was  done  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Chas.  E.  Cooke, 
topographer,  by  Mr.  L.  Scott  Smith,  levelman. 

The  bench  marks  are  stamped  "ST.  LOUIS"  in  addition  to  figures 
of  elevation. 

EAST    ST.    LOUIS    GREAT   BRIDGE    ALONG    HIGHWAY    TO    EDGEMONT,    THENCE    NORTH    TO 
MOLIENBOCK,    THENCE   WEST   TO    GRANITE   CITY. 

Feet. 

East  St.  Louis,  a  mark  on  large  bronze  coast  survey  plate  on  east 

land  pier  of  "Great  Bridge,"  U.  S.  C.  S.  B.  M.  I3 413.966 

Caseyville,  0.25  mile  east  of,  north  end  and  west  abutment  railroad 
bridge,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "449  St.  Louis" 449.160 

Bolienblock  Horseshoe  Lake,  northeast  end  of  bayou,  southeast  abut- 
ment iron  bridge  over,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "415  St  Louis". . .   414.795 

Granite  City,  northwest  face,  northeast  wing  public  school  house, 
top  of  stone  foundation,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "431  St.  Louis". .   430.978 

Granite  City,  signal  tower  opposite  union  station,  southwest  corner 

of  foundation  (standard  city  B.  M.)  top  stone  of 425.888 

EDGEMONT     SOUTH     ALONG     HIGHWAY     TO     OGLESBY,     THENCE     TO     SCHNAFF     HOUSE. 

(SINGLE    SPUR    LINE.) 

Ogles,  100  yards  north  of,  west  bound  track  of  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road, on  east  side  of  road,  south  foundation  of  large  brick  house, 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "576,  St.  Louis" 576.129 

T.  1  N.,  R.  9  W.,  Sec.  17,  0.25  mile  west  of  center  of,  1.2  mile  northeast 
of  Imbs,  John  Schnaff's  house,  in  northwest  corner  foundation, 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "517,  St.  Louis" 517.085 


96  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

Primary    Control. 

METHODS. 

In  order  that  the  separate  atlas  sheets  of  the  topographic  map  of 
Illinois  may  match  exactly  in  position  as  they  are  extended  from  one 
end  of  the  State  to  the  other,  it  is  essential  that  that  they  be  based  on 
exact  geodetic  positions  showing  latitude  and  longitude  of  important 
points  throughout  the  area  under  survey,  and  azimuth  or  relation  to 
true  north  and  south  of  important  lines.  This  work  is  started  from 
careful  base  lines  measured  by  the  Coast  Survey  and  the  survey  of  the 
Great  Lakes,  which  was  executed  some  years  ago.  The  cooperative 
survey  starting  from  these  extends  by  primary  triangulation  in  some 
cases,  and  by  lines  of  very  careful  primary  traverse  measured  with 
compensated  steel  tape  and  large  transits  about  the  edges  of  each 
quadrangle  under  survey.  The  effect  is  to  secure  geodetic  positions 
along  the  borders  of  these  quadrangles  on  which  to  base  all  the  adjust- 
ment of  public  land  lines  and  all  roads  within  the  area  of  each,  and  as- 
sure the  matching  of  the  edges  of  adjacent  sheets.  The  positions  thus 
procured  are  permanently  marked  with  metal  posts  or  tablets,  and  will 
be  of  great  utility  hereafter  as  property  becomes  more  valuable,  in 
fixing  definitely  and  permanently  property  lines  and  political  boundar- 
ies. The  instructions  under  which  this  class  of  work  is  executed  are 
appended  hereto,  as  is  a  list  of  positions  so  determined  both  prior  to  and 
since  cooperation. 

Secondary  locations. — Traverse  surveys  for  horizontal  control  were 
run  during  the  field  season  of  1905  over  every  road  and  path  in  the 
area  upon  which  topographic  mapping  was  in  progress.  There  were 
run  6,223  miles  of  such  traverse  surveys,  every  bend  and  every  house 
along  the  roads  being  accurately  located.  In  1906  there  were  run 
3,227  miles  of  similar  road  traverse. 

RESULTS  OF  PRIMARY  HORIZONTAL   CONTROL 1896  TO   I906*. 

The  necessary  primary  control  upon  which  to  base  topographic 
mapping  has  been  obtained  by  running  careful  transit  lines  between 
triangulation  stations  previously  established  by  other  Federal  Bureaus, 
namely  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  the  U.  S.  Lake  Survey  and 
the  engineer  corps  of  the  U.  S.  Army.  These  transit,  or  primary  tra- 
verse lines  are  run  by  a  party  consisting  of  five  men,  the  chief  of  party 
acting  as  observer,  one  recorder,  two  chainmen,  and  a  rodman.  The 
instrumental  equipment  consists  of  one  good  transit  reading  by  vernier 
to  20"  to  30"  ;  one  300- foot  steel  tape,  one  100- foot  steel  tape,  four  hand 
recorders,  two  thermometers,  two  flag  poles,  and  a  good  watch. 

Each  deflection  angle  is  measured  at  least  twice  and  if  the  measures 
differ  more  than  60"  additional  measurements  are  obtained  which  do 
not  differ  by  that  amount. 


*  The  work  of  1896  to  1904  was  prior  to  cooperation,  and  that  of  1905  and 
1906  was  in  cooperation  with  the  State. 


WILSON] 


CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY. 


97 


Distances  are  usually  obtained  with  the  300-foot  tape,  but  when  short 
sights  only  can  be  had,  the  ioo-foot  tape  is  used. 

The  true  direction  or  azimuth  of  the  line  is  obtained  by  observations 
on  Polaris  at  stations  not  more  than  ten  miles  apart.  It  is  customary 
to  observe  for  azimuth  on  every  clear  night  during  the  progress  of  the 
work.  The  tape  when  used  is  kept  under  a  certain  standard  tension 
by  means  of  a  spring  balance,  and  the  temperature  is  taken  at  frequent 
intervals  so  that  a  correction  can  be  applied  when  the  measurements 
are  made  during  extremely  hot  or  cold  weather.  The  line  as  run  thus 
furnishes  the  necessary  data  from  which  as  many  geographic  po- 
sitions can  be  computed  as  desired.  Usually  such  positions  as  roads 
crossings,  railroad  stations,  etc.,  are  computed  at  intervals  of  one  mile, 
and  the  positions  of  the  permanent  station  marks  every  eight  miles. 


Geographic  Positions  Established  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Sur- 
vey Prior  to  Cooperation. 

Primary  Railroad  Traverse. 

The  following  geographic  positions  were  determined  in  1896  from 
primary  railroad  traverse  by  Mr.  George  T.  Hawkins,  starting  at  See- 
horn  triangulation  station  of  the  Mississippi  River  Commission,  and 
running  along  the  Wabash  Railroad  to  Springfield,  connecting  with 
United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  astronomic  pier  in  Capitol 
grounds ;  then  from  junction  of  Wabash  with  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St. 
Louis  Railroad  at  Jacksonville,  along  the  latter  road  to  Springfield  via 
Havana,  and  from  Havana  to  a  point  about  ten  miles  northwest  of 
Havana  along  the  C,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R. 


hull  quadrangle— pike  county. 


Position. 

Latitude.          Longitude. 

O           t           II 

39    45    38.9 
39    42    20.8 
39    42    05.5 
39    42    01.4 
39    41    54.5 
i 

o       r        u 
91    15    55.1 

91    12    26  2 

91    09    16  3 

Barry  depot 

91    02    27.4 

Comer  sees.  19,30,25,24,  T.  4  S.,  Rs.  5,6  W 

91    01    46.9 

baylis  quadrangle— pike  county\ 


Position. 


Latitude.  Longitude. 


Arden  depot 

o         /          // 

39    43     17.5 
39    43    39.9 
39    43    41.8 
39    42    02.8 
39    42    01.6 
39    42    01.7 

O          I          It 

90    56    36.9 

Corner  sees.  7, 18, 13, 12,  T.  4  S.,  Rs.  4, 5  W 

90    54    56.2 

Baylis  depot 

90    54    30  4 

New  Salem  depot 

90    50    42  7 

H  corner  sees.  19, 24,  T.  4  S.,  R.,  3, 4  W 

90    47    59.1 

Pittsfleld  Junction 

90    47    45.0 

-7  G 


98 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


[bull. 


NAPLES  QUADRANGLE— PIKE  AND  SCOTT  COUNTIES. 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Griggsville  depot 

O           1           II 

39    42    03.1 
39    42    02.6 
39    42    22.0 
39    42    23.6 
39    45    09.6 
39    45    15.0 
39    44    59.8 

O            '            II 

90    43    55  4 

H  corner  sees.  23, 24.  T.  4  S.,  R.  3  W.  . 

90    42    13.0 

Valley  City  depot  .           

90    39    07  9 

Middle  drawbridge  at  Valley  City 

90    38    44.1 

Naples  depot 

90    36    26.2 

Corner  sees  7, 18, 13, 12,  T.  15  N.,  Rs.  13, 14  W 

90    35    45.8 

Bluffs  depot 

90    32    10.6 

CHAPIN  QUADRANGLE— MORGAN  AND  SCOTT  COUNTIES. 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Neeleys  depot 

o          /           // 

39    45    20.5 
39    45    53.8 
39    45    54.4 
39    44    44.0 
39    44    44.0 
39    44    42.4 

O           1           II 

90    28    34.8 

90    25    52.2 

Chapin  railroad  junction 

90    24    03.4 

Center  sec.  16,  T.  15  N„  R.  11  W 

90    19    39.2 

90    19    38.8 

x4  corner  sees.  13,18,  T.  15  N.,  Rs.  10,11  W «. .. 

90    15    41.5 

JACKSONVILLE  QUADRANGLE— MORGAN  COUNTY. 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Jacksonville,  junction  Wabash  and  Chicago,  Peoria  and  St.Louis 
railroads 

O           1           II 

39    44    11.9 

39    44    06.5 
39    43    19.0 
39    43    25.9 
39    43    26.4 

O           '           II 

90    13    11.0 

Section  corner  2  miles  east  of  Jacksonville  and  600  feet  north  of 

90    11    46.1 

Arnold  depot 

90    08    40.3 

90    04    45.7 

90    02    21.0 

NEW  BERLIN  QUADRANGLE— MORGAN  AND  SANGAMON  COUNTIES. 


Position. 


Browns  Crossing  depot 

Island  Grove  depot. .' 

Corner  sees.  19,30,25,  24.  T.  15  N.,  Rs.  7,8  W 

Berlin  depot 

Bates  depot 

Curran  depot 

x4  corner  sees.  16, 21,  T.  15  N.,  R.  6  W 

Junction  of  Wabash  and  Chicago,  Peoria  and  St.  Louis  railroads 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

O           /           // 

O           /           II 

39    43    27.0 

89    59    04.4 

39    43    27.2 

89    57    39.3 

39    43    33.2 

89    55    38.9 

38    43    27.6 

89    54    42.6 

39    43    28.1 

89    50    54.9 

39    44    30.2 

89    46    17.5 

39    44    31.8 

89    46    17.1 

39    44    38.1 

89    45    43.9 

SPRINGFIELD  QUADRANGLE— SANGAMON  COUNTY. 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

O           1           II 

39    45    13.8 
39    45    53.1 
39    46    19.0 
39    47    56.8 

O           1           II 

89    43    11.4 

H  corner  sees.  7, 8,  T.  15  N.,  R.  5  W 

89    41    10.8 

89    39    09.0 

Springfield  pier  (United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey) 

89    39    19.4 

WILSON] 


CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY. 


99 


VIRGINIA  QUADRANGLE— CASS  AND  MORGAN  COUNTIES. 


Position. 


Longitude. 


Corner  sees.  3, 4,  Ts.  15, 16  N.,  R.  10  W. . . . 

Leiterberry  depot 

Corner  sees.  2,3,  Ts.  16, 17  N.,  R.  10  W.  . . . 

Little  Indian  depot 

Corner  sees.  14, 15, 22. 23,  T.  17  N.,  R.  10  W 

Railway  junction,  Virginia 

H  corner  sees.  2, 35,  Ts.  17, 18  N.,  R.  10  W. 
Anderson  depot 


38.2 
58.8 
06.8 
06.6 
05.9 
05.1 
31.2 
35.7 


SAIDORA  QUADRANGLE— CASS  AND  MORGAN  COUNTIES. 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

O           1           II 

40    02    59  7 
40    03    51.1 
40    06    16.5 
40    06    17.8 
40    08    00.6 
40    11    28.4 
40    13    50.7 
40    16    28.9 
40    10    37.6 
40    09    08.3 

O            1            II 

90    09    08  6 

Corner  sees.  29,   30,   31,   32,  Ts.  18, 19  N.,  R.  9  W   

90    08    43.7 

Corner  sees.  7, 8. 17, 18,  at  Saidora 

90    08    44.3 

Saidora  depot 

90    08    44.3 

Corner  sees.  5,6,31,32,  Ts.  19.20N.,  R.  9  W 

90    08    44.7 

90    08    19.0 

x4  corner  sees.  27,  34,  T.  21  N.,  R.  9  W 

90    06    20.8 

Corner  sees.  7,18,13,12,  T.  21  N.,  Rs.  8.  9  W 

90    03    24.0 

H  corner  sees.  17, 20,  T.  20  N.,  R.  8  W 

90    01    27  4 

Kil bourne  depot 

90    00    43.7 

ATTERBURG  QUADRANGLE— MASON  AND  MENARD  COUNTIES. 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Oakf  ord  depot 

O           '           " 

40    06    09.2 
40    03    36.4 
40    03    41.3 
40    01    32.1 
40    00    41.2 

o         /          // 

89    57    55.1 

Atterberry  depot 

89    55    29.9 

Corner  sees.  29.30,31,32,  T.  19  N.,  R.  7  W 

89    55    21.7 

Corner  at  Hilltop,  340  feet  north  of  railroad 

89    52    29.7 

89    50    46.4 

TALLULA  QUADRANGLE— MENARD  COUNTY. 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Corner  sees.  19,30,25,24,  T.  18  N.,  Rs.  6,7  W 

C            /            /' 

39    59    21.8 
39    59    07.7 
39    58    57.9 

o          /          ft 

89    49    38.8 

Tice  depot 

89    47    42.8 

M  corner  sees.  26, 27,  T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W 

89    45    07.7 

SPRINGFIELD  QUADRANGLE— SANGAMON  COUNTY. 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Athens  depot 

O           '           II 

39    57    53.1 
39    56    14.8 

o          /          // 

89    43    27.9 

Cantrell  depot 

89    40    32  4 

100 


YEAR-BOOK    FOE    1906. 


I  BULL. 


SPRINGFIELD  QUADRANGLE— SANGAMON  COUNTY. 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Corner  (?)  sees.  15,  16.21,  22,  T.  17 N.,  R.  5  W 

o        r        rr 

39    55    56.6 
39    54    38.6 
39    53    45.7 

39    49    51.5 

39    48    16.8 

O          t          II 

89    39    54  6 

x4  corner  sees.  27, 28, 1  mile  north  of  Cora 

89    38    42  6 

Cora  depot 

89    38    07  0 

Junction  of  Chicago  and  Alton  with  Chicago,  Peoria 
railroads 

and  St.  Louis 

89    38    03  8 

Junction  of  Chicago  and  Alton  with  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroads. 

89    39    05.6 

HAVANA  QUADRANGLE— MASON  COUNTY 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Havana  depot 

O         1          II       ■ 

40    17    37.2 
40    17    55.3 
40    19    39.3 
40    20    58.8 
40    21    37.5 

O         1          n 

90    03    56.0 

West  Havana  depot 

90    04    15.7 

Center  sec.  11,  T.  4  N.,  R.  3  E 

90    06    54.6 

Corner  sees.  1,2, 11, 12,  T.  4  N.,  R.  3  E 

90    07    28.5 

SW.  corner  NE.  H  of  NE.  H  sec.  3.  T. 

4N. 

R.  3E 

90    08    53.5 

The  following  geographic  positions  were  determined  in  1897  oy  Mr. 
George  T.  Hawkins  by  primary  traverse  betwen  Lake  Survey  triangu- 
lation  station  Fairmount  and  the  Indiana-Illinois  State  line.  Traverse 
follows  the  Wabash  Railroad. 

DANVILLE  QUADRANGLE— VERMILION  COUNTY. 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Fairmount  triangulation  station 

O         1            II 

40    01    35.8 
40    02    48.6 
40    02    57.2 
40    03    45.3 
40    03    53.8 
40    05    12.8 
40    05    54.4 
40    06    04.4 
40    07    30.7 
40    08    09.0 
40    09    40.3 
40    11    51.6 

O          1             II 

87    50    48.8 

Fairmount  depot 

87    49    54.2 

Junction.  Wabash  and  Chicago  Eastern  Illinois  railroads 

Catlin  depot 

87  48  22.4 
87    42    13.9 

Permanent  bench  mark  at  Catlin 

87    42    02.8 

One-fourth  corner  sections  24  and  25,  T.  19  N.,  R.  12  W 

87    40    03.4 

Crossing  at  Tilton 

87    38    53.4 

Junction,  Wabash  and  Chicago  Eastern  Illinois  railroads 

Danville,  Wabash  depot 

87  38  37.8 
87    37    31.2 

Junction  Wabash  and  "  Big  4  "  railroads 

87    37    05.0 

Corner  sections  26, 27, 34  and  35,  T.  20  N.,  R.  11  W 

87    35    01.1 

Crossing  of  Wabash  Railroads  and  Indiana-Illinois  State  line 

87    31    51.0 

The  following  geographic  positions  were  determined  by  primary  tra- 
verse by  Mr.  George  T.  Hawkins,  topographer,  in  August,  1901. 

The  line  starts  from  an  adjusted  position  established  in  1899  near 
Evansville,  and  follows  the  Evansville  and  Terre  Haute  Railroad  to 
Vincennes,  where  it  was  tied  to  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  .Survey  astro- 
nomic pier.  From  a  point  on  this  line  at  Princeton,  Ind.,  a  line  was  run 
along  the  Air  Line  Railroad  to  Mt.  Carmel,  111.,  thence  by  Louisville 
&  Nashville  Railroad  to  Evansville,  Ind.,  and  tied  to  original  point. 


WILSON] 


CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY. 


101 


MOUNT  CARMEL   QUADRANGLE— EDWARDS   AND   WABASH   COUNTIES. 


Station. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

o      /        n 

o 

/        // 

38    24    16.2 

87 

45    25.7 

38    24    34.2 

87 

46    27.8 

38    24    06.2 

87 

47    13.9 

38    22    59.6 

87 

49    21.3 

38    21    08.8 

87 

52    02.6 

38    20    04.8 

87 

54    00.0 

38    18    41.2 

87 

56    13.1 

38    15    36.9 

87 

59    29.4 

38    15    27.7 

87 

59    27.7 

Mount  Carmel  station,  Air  Line  Railroad 

Air  Line  and   "Big  4"  Railway  Junction,  point  300  feet  south- 
west of,  on  "  Big  4  ' '  Railway 

T.  1  S.,  R.  12  W.,  center  section  30 

Schrodt's,  road  crossing  at 

Keen  station 

T.  2  S.,  R.  13  W.,  one-fourth  corner  between  sections  18  and  19.. . . 

Cowling  station 

Grayville  station,  "  Big  4  "  Railway 

Gray ville,  crossing  at  ferry 


CARMI  QUADRANGLE— EDWARDS   AND  WABASH  COUNTIES. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Calvin,  one-fourth  mile  northeast  of,  corner  on  township  line  — 

o        /           // 

38    12    59.6 
38    12    36.0 
38    11    02.3 
38    09    50.2 
38    08    05.2 

38    05    47.4 

o       /         n 

88    00    38.8 
88    01    01.7 

T.  4  S.,  Rs.  10  and  11  W.,  corner  sections  7, 12, 13  and  18 

88    02    23.5   l 

88    03    49.4 

Road  crossing,  north  and  south 

88    05    43.7 

Carmi,   junction  of  "Big  4  "  and  Louisville  and  Nashville  rail- 
roads  

88    09    20.4 

GEOGRAPHIC     POSITIONS     ALONG     LOUISVILLE     AND     NASHVILLE    RAILROAD 
FROM  CARMI,  ILL.,  TO  MAUMEE,  IND. 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

ILLINOIS. 
Epworth,  road  crossing  at 

o       /         // 

38    04    17.7 
38    04    05.9 
38    02    10.5 

O          /             If 

88    06    20.2 

T.  5S„  R.  10  W.,  corner  sections  21, 22, 27  and  28.. 

88    05    46.9 

Maumee.  road  crossing  at 

88    02    45.9 

PEORIA    QUADRANGLE PEORIA    AND    TAZEWELL    COUNTIES. 

The  following  geographic  positions  were  determined  by  primary  tra- 
verse run  in  1902  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Ellis.  Starting  from  adjusted  position 
of  the  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis  Railway  station  at  Havana,  the  line 
follows  that  railway  to  a  point  about  3.5  miles  northeast  of  Parkland, 
thence  north  to  Morton,  thence  north  on  Vandalia  Railway  to  Farm- 
dale,  thence  north  and  west  through  Peoria,  thence  west  and  south  by 
wagon  roads  to  Reed  City,  thence  east  by  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western 
Railway  to  Pekin,  thence  southwest  to  point  where  line  first  left  rail- 
way over  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis  Railway. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  CHICAGO,   PEORIA  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAILWAY. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

0       /        n 
40    17    37.2 
40    29    51.3 

.0      /       // 
90    03    56  0 

Road  crossing  north  and  south  (private) 

89    43    07.1 

102 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1906. 


[bull.  4 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  24  N.,  R.5W,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32 

T.  24  N.,  R.5W,  corner  sections  28,  29,  31  and  32 

T.  24  N.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35 

T.  24  N.,  R.5W.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36 

Ts.  23  and  24  N.,  Rs.  4  and  5  W.,  corner  of 

T.  24  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  28,  29,  32  and  33 

T.  24  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  27,  28,  33  and  34 

T.  24  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35 

T.  24  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36 

T.  24  N.,  R.  3  and  4  W.,  corner  sections  25,  30,  31  and  3( 
T.  24  N.,  R.  4  W..  x4  corner  between  sections  25  and  30 

Road,  corner  in 

Road  east  and  west 

T.  24  N.,  R.4W,  corner  sections  7,  8,  17  and  18 

T.  24  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  5,  6,  7  and  8 

Ts.  24  and  25  N.,  R.  4  W.  corner  sections  5,  6,  31  and  32 
Maple  Grove  school  house,  road  corner  at 


8!) 


07.7 
58.3 
41.2 
32.7 
22.5 
05.5 
58.2 
49.9 
42.3 
34.4 
34.7 
18.6 
20.1 
37.7 
38.9 
42.2 
30.6 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  VANDALIA  RAILWAY. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Morton  crossing  of  Tremont  and  St.  Louis  Railway 

o        /         // 
40    36    30.7 
40    37    25.5 
40    39    35.8 
40    40    16.1 

C            /               '/ 

89    27    48.1 
89    29    00.2 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

89    30    06.3 

Road  crossing  north  and  south 

89    31    21.5 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


Three  roads,  junction  of 

Creek  northwest,  bridge  over 

Creek  west,  bridge  over 

T.  26  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  1,  2,  11  and  12 

Pitt  and  mound  45  feet  south  of  road  on  top  of  hill 

Illinois  river,  center  draw  to  wagon  bridge,  over 

Peoria,  North  Perry  street  and  Abingdon  avenue,  corner  of . . . 

Peoria,  Knoxville  and  Frye  avenues,  corner  of 

Peoria,  Elizabeth  and  Nebraska  avenues,  corner  of 

Peoria,  Main  and  Franklin  streets,  corner  of 

Road  west 

Pottstown,  railway  crossing  at 

T.  9  N.,  R.  7  E.,  x4  corner  between  sections  27  and  34 J 

T.  9  N.,  R.  11  E.,  corner  sections  27,  28,  33  and  34 

T.  road  north 

T.  road  east 

Ts.  8  and  9  N.,  R.  7  E.,  H  corner  between  sections  6  and  31 

Hale,  crossing  Iowa  Central  Railway  at 

T.  8N.,  Rs.  6  and  7  E..  corner  7,  12,  13  and  18 

Gravel  road  east  and  west 

Ts.  7  and  8  N.,  Rs.  6  and  7  E.,  corner  7,  12,  13  and  18 

T.  road  ease 

T.  road  east 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

0 

/ 

„ 

o 

, 

it 

40 

40 

57.7 

89 

33 

13.4 

40 

41 

41.8 

89 

32 

26.7 

40 

42 

49.0 

89 

31 

46.6 

40 

43 

30.7 

89 

31 

24.5 

40 

48 

56.8 

89 

31 

18.8 

40 

43 

58.2 

89 

30 

30.8 

40 

43 

27.9 

89 

32 

52.9 

40 

42 

35.3 

89 

34 

17.6 

40 

42 

44.4 

89 

35 

38.8 

40 

42 

37.9 

89 

36 

13.5 

40 

41 

59.4 

89 

36 

33.6 

40 

42 

17.0 

89 

38 

08.9 

40 

43 

05.3 

89 

39 

39.5 

40 

43 

32.1 

89 

41 

23.3 

40 

43 

32.2 

89 

41 

57.6 

40 

43 

32.3 

89 

43 

06.7 

40 

43 

06.1 

89 

44 

50.1 

40 

42 

39.9 

89 

44 

50.6 

40 

41 

29.3 

89 

44 

49.6 

40 

40 

55.1 

89 

45 

25.2 

40 

39 

38.3 

89 

46 

07.6 

40 

37 

27.0 

89 

45 

24.4 

40 

36 

20.8 

89 

45 

23.6 

40 

35 

16.0 

89 

45 

22.9 

WILSON I 


CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY 


103 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE   TOLEDO,    PEORIA   &  WESTERN   RAILWAY. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Reed  City,  railway  crossing  at 

Road  crossiog  north  and  south 

Road  crossing  north,  east,  south  and  west 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Orchard  Mines,  road  crossing  at 

Pekin,  center  of  draw  in  wagon  bridge — 


40  34  32.5 

40  33  59.0 

40  34  21.2 

40  34  48.5 

40  35  20.1 

40  34  22.3 


03.2 
50.2 
31.5 
30.0 
41.5 
18.2 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  CHICAGO.   PEORIA  &  ST.  LOUIS   RAILWAY. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis  Railway  and  Peoria  &  Pekin  Union 

Railway,  crossing  of 

Globe  Distillery,  east  and  west  road  crossing  at 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

T.  24  N.,  R.  5  W.,  x4  corner  between  sections  17  and  20 


40 
40 
40  32 


33  38.8 
33  03.5 
16.1 
40  31  22.8 


39  21.8 

39  55.9 

40  44.7 

41  35.0 


Primary  Traverse. 


GALLATIN  AND   WHITE  COUNTIES NEWHAVEN    QUADRANGLE. 

The  following  geographic  positions  were  located  by  primary  traverse 
in  1903  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Ellis.  The  line  starts  from  an  adjusted  traverse 
position  at  Mannie  and  follows  highways,  south  to  border  of  qua- 
drangle ;  thence  west  to  northwest  corner  of  quadrangle ;  thence  south 
along  west  border  of  quadrangle  to  Ridgeway;  thence  east  to  Union - 
town,  Ky.,  connecting  at  the  latter  place  with  spur  line  from  Hender- 
son, Ky. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude, 


Mannie,  road  crossing  at 

T.  6  S.,  Rs.  10  and  11  E.,  corner  sections  1,  6,  7  and  12 

T.  6  S..  Rs.  10  and  11  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  13  and  18 

T.  7  S.,  R.  10  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  23  and  26. 

T.  6  S.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27 

T.  6  S..  R.  10  E.,  corner  sections  21.  22,  27  and  28 

Emma,  crossroads  at  church  in  north  part  of 

Emma,  T  road  south  at 

Emma,  crossroads  0.75  mile  south  of 

T.  6  S.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32 

T.  6  S.,  Rs.  9  and  10  E.,  corner  sections  25,  30,  31  and  36 

R.  6  S.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36 

T.  6S.,  R.  9E.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35 

T.  road  north 

Range  line  road  at  T  road  east 

Road  atT  road  east 

Ts.  6  and  7  S.,   Rs.  8  and  9  E.,  corner  sections  31,  36,  1  and  6 

T.  7  S.,  Rs.  8  and  9  E.,  corner  sections  7,  12,  13  and  18 

T.  7  S.,  Rs.  8  and  9  E.,  corner  sections  13,  18,  19  and  24 

T.  7  R  ,  Rs.  8  and  9  E.,  corner  sections  19,  24,  25  and  30 

T.  7  S.,  Rs.  8  and  9  E.,  corner  sections  25.  30,  31  and  36 

T  road  west 

T  road  west 

T  road  east 

T  road  east 

T  road  east 

Ridgeway,  crossroads  0.5  mile  east  of 

T.  8  S.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32 

T.  8  S..  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  28,  29,  32  and  33 


38  02 

38  01 

37  00 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  57 

37  57 

37  57 

37  55 

37  54 

37  53 

37  52 

37  52 

37  51 

37  50 

37  49 

37  48 

37  48 

37  47 

37  47 


10.5 
29.2 
02.6 
52.3 
52.9 
53.4 
53.7 
40.7 
01.4 
02.0 
02.7 
02.8 
03.2 
03.8 
51.0 
51.0 
11.2 
27.1 
36.0 
43.6 
50.1 
23.6 
30.0 
38.4 
47.8 
54.8 
02.2 
35.8 
34.5 


88  02 

88  02 

88  02 

88  04 

88  04 

88  05 

88  07 

88  07 

88  07 

88  08 

88  09 

88  10 

88  11 

88  14 

88  15 

88  15 

88  15 

88  15 

88  15 

88  15 

88  15 

88  15 

88  15 

88  14 

88  14 

88  14 

88  14 

88  14 

88  13 


45.9 
29.8 
30  3 
10.3 
42.7 
49.7 
11.7 
08.5 
13.3 
03.0 
08.6 
14  8 
21.5 
08.2 
09.8 
48.3 
48.2 
43.9 
43.9 
43.1 
44.3 
53.2 
02.5 
45.7 
48.0 
46.6 
46.9 
47.1 
40.5 


104  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1906.  [Bull.  4 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS—  Continued. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

T.  8  S.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  27,  28,  33  and  34 

37    47    32.9 
37    47    33.4 
37    47    33.7 
37    47    33.6 
37    47    33.0 

37    47    24.1 
37    47    03.2 
37    48    07.5 
37    48    47.4 

88    12      33.5 

T.  8  S.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35 

88    11      29.9 

T.  8  S.,  R.9E„  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36 

28    10      24.2 

T  road  south 

88    09      16.4 

T.  8  S.,  R.  10  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  30  and  31 

Intersection  of  north  w  est  and  southeast  road  and  road  east  to 
Sandy  Ford 

88    08      45.3 

88 

88    08      07.7 

Intersection  of  roads  at  mouth  of  lane  just  east  of  sawmill 

Schoolhouse,  T  road  east  about  2, 000  feet  south  of 

88  08  14.8 
88    06      49.4 

Schoolhouse,  T  road  south  at  house  about  3, 000  north  of 

88    05      19.2 

GALLATIN,    HAMILTON,    SALINE    AND    WHITE    COUNTIES- 
QUADRANGLE. 


-ELDORADO 


The  line  starts  from  adjusted  traverse  position  at  Ridgeway  and 
follows  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Railroad  south  to  point  about 
one  mile  northwest  of  Cypress  Junction,  thence  along  Louisville  & 
Nashville  Railroad  through  Equality,  Eldorado,  and  Broughton  to 
point  0.5  mile  south  of  Dale,  thence  along  north  border  of  quadrangle 
by  public  highways,  connecting  with  adjusted  traverse  position  about 
five  miles  east  of  Norris  City. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE    BALTIMORE    AND  OHIO  SOUTHWESTERN 

RAILROAD. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Ridgeway,  street  crossing  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Rail- 

0      /       tt 

37    47    59.0 
37    46    19.5 
37    45    17.3 

0       1       n 
88    15      36.9 

88    15      17.7 

88    15      09.5 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

01       a 
37    43    58.8 
37    43    58.9 

0        /       a 
88    14      59.0 

T  9  S    R  9  E 

88    14      48.2 

wilson]  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEY.  105 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE   LOUISVILLE   AND  NASHVILLE  RAILROAD 


Station. 


Longitude. 


Road  crossing  north  and  south 

Road  crossing  north  and  south 

Equality,  road  crossing  north  and  south  just  west  of  water  tank. 
Equality,  road  crossing  north  and  south  180  feet  west  of  station. . 

T.  9  S.,  R.  7  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  12  and  13 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Road  crossing  north  and  south 

Road  crossing  north  and  south 

Eldorado,  crossing  Louisville  &  Nashville  and  Big  Four  railroads 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

T.  8  S.,  R.  7  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  9  and  16 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Francis  Mills,  road  crossing 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

T.  8  S.,  R.  7  E.,  corner  sections  16,  17,  20  and  21 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Broughton,  road  crossing  500  feet  north  of  station 

Road  crossing  east  and  west  near  spur  head  block 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Dale,  road  crossing  0.5  mile  south  of 


03.8 
10.5 
23.2 
57.8 
53.8 
04.4 
06.2 
42.5 
00.1 
24.3 
14.3 
33.1 
41.8 
52.2 
59.2 
06.5 
06.4 
35.5 
23.3 
48.6 
10.5 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

T  road  north 

o        /        // 

37    59    06.4 
37    58    53.7 
37    58    54.0 
37    58    54.4 
37    58    54.7 
37    58    56.5 
37    58    56.2 
37    58    56.1 
37    58    56.0 
37    58    56.2 
37    58    56.5 
37    58    56.3 

o       t       n 
88    22    03  7 

T  road  south  at  quarter  corner - 

88    57    21  7 

88    25    30  6 

T.  6  S..R.  7  E., corner  sees.  22, 23, 26, and 27 

88    24    36.1 

T.  6  S. ,  R.  7  E. ,  corner  sees.  23,  24, 25,  and  26 

88    23    30  0 

T.  6  S.,Rs.  7  and  8  E., corner  sees.  19,24,25  and  30 

88    22    24.2 

T.  6  S.,R.  8  E.,  corner  sees.  19, 20, 29,  and  30 

88    21    18  1 

T.  6  S.,  R.  8  E.,  corner  sees.  20, 21, 28,  and  29 

88    20    12  3 

T.6S..R.8E., corner  sees.  21, 22, 27, and  28  . . , 

88    19    06  1 

T.  6  S..R.  8  E.,  corner  sees.  22,23, 26,  and  27 

88    18    00  0 

T.  6  S..R.  8  E.,  corner  sees.  23, 24,25,  and  26 

88    16    54  2 

T.  6  S.,  Rs.  8  and  9  E.,  corner  sees.  19, 24, 25,  and  30 

88    15    48.5 

Geographic  Positions  Established  in  1905-1906. 


MADISON    AND    ST.     CLAIR    COUNTIES BELLEVILLE    QUADRANGLE. 

The  following  geographic  positions  on  the  United  States  standard 
datum  were  determined  by  primary  traverse  in  1905  by  Mr.  J.  R. 
Ellis,  assistant  topographer.  The  line  starts  from  United  States  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey  triangulation  station,  Sugarloaf,  follows  high- 
ways south  to  Belleville;  thence  east  along  the  Southern  Railway  to 
east  edge  of  quadrangle;  thence  along  highways  north  to  northeast 
corner  of  quadrangle,  connecting  with  Berger  triangulation  station 
and  Parkinson  triangulation  station ;  thence  west  along  highways  to 
northwest  corner  of  quadrangle,  and  south  to  Sugarloaf  triangulation 
station. 


106 


YEAK-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


[bull.  4 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Sugarloaf  triangulation  station:  Near  middle  of  north  line  of  NE 
x4,  sec.  20,  T.3N.,  R.8W.,  on  bluff  overlooking  American  Bot 
torn,  3  miles  northwest  of  Collinsville  on  land  of  C.  Witte,  on 
top  of  prominent  mound,  which  is  50  feet  above  the  ground  to 
the  east  and  150  to  200  feet  above  American  Bottom  on  west. 
Station  mark:  A  marble  post  6  by  6  inches  by  2*2  feet  long,  top 


1  inch  above  ground  and  marked  thus: 


u. 

S. 

C.  &G. 

S. 

Center  of  iron  bridge  near  road  corner 

Collinsville  crossing  of  Combs  avenue  and  Clay  street 

Collinsville  and  Belleville  road  crossing  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
at  electric  power  house 

Collinsville,  3  miles  southeast  of;  in  southwest  corner  of  stone 
foundation  of  Bethel  Church,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  '  'Prim. 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  14.  1905." 

T.  2N..R.  8  W.,  sees.  10,11,14,  and  15,  road  crossing  near  corner.. 

T.  2  N., 8  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  22  and  23,  T  road  east. . 

Ridge  Prairie  saloon,  crossroads  at 

Hy  Pfeifer's  saloon  and  hotel,  1  mile  south  of  road  west 

T.  road  west  at  schoolhouse 

Road  crossing,  O'Fallon  branch  Louisville  and  Nashville  Rail- 
road, 100  feet  north  of  milepost  18 

Belleville,  street  crossing  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad,  main 
line 

Belleville,  in  northeast  corner  of  court-house  yard,  iron  post 
stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  15,  1905" 


38    42    05.3 


38  41  17.5 

38  40  05.9 

38  39  39.5 

O  I           II 

38  38  41.1 

38  37  17.9 

38  36  20.8 

38  35  33.4 

38  34  23.8 

38  33  35.9 

38  32  26.6 

38  31  48.6 

38  30  47.3 


90    00    27.5 


90  00  28.0 

89  59  41.0 

89  58  56.4 

o  '        // 

89  57  42.1 

89  57  58.3 

89  57  58.2 

89  57  58.1 

89  57  57.7 

89  57  56.2 

89  57  52.0 

89  59  00.9 

89  58  50.3 


GEOGRAPHIC    POSITIONS    ALONG    SOUTHERN     RAILWAY     FROM     BELLEVILLE 

EASTWARD. 


Station. 


Longitude. 


Belleville,  crossing  of  Southern  Railway  under  Louisville  and 
Nashville  Railroad,  near  city  reservoir 

Mines,  road  crossing  north  and  south 

Road  crossing  north  and  south 

T.  1  N.,  R.  8  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  13  and  14 

Road  crossing,  north  and  south,  760  feet  east  of  telegraph  office. . . 

Shiloh  station,  milepost  22,  road  crossing  north  and  south 

Road  crossing  north  and  south  between  mileposts  23  and  24 

Grassland  on  property  of  Chas.  Griffin,  northeast  corner  of  post- 
office,  bears  S.  85°  40'  W.,  distant  110  feet,  iron  post  stamped 
'  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  16,  1905" 

Road  crossing  north  and  south,  150  feet  west  of  milepost  27 

Road  crossing  north  and  south,  170  feet  west  of  milepost  28 


50.3 
50.0 
49.3 
49.3 
43.4 
55.7 
07.6 


19.1 
25.0 

18.7 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

North  and  south  road  crossing  of  Southern  Railway,  near  south- 
west corner  of  field  of  J.  B.  Freese,   iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim. 
Trav  Sta  No  17    1905"                 

o         /         // 

38    31    55.6 
38    33    13.8 

o       /       // 
89    45    38.9 

T.  1  N.,  R.  6  W,  near  quarter  corner  between  sees.  3  and  10, 
crossroads 

89    45    06.6 

wii.son]  CO-OPERATIVE   TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS   ALONG  HIGHWAYS—  Continued. 


107 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Truss  Bridge 

T.  2  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  27  and  34, 
crossroads 

Summerfield,  in  water  table  at  southeast  corner  of  public  school 
building,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  18, 
1905  "  

Berger  triangulation  station,  near  northwest  corner  of  NE.  M 
of  NW.  24  section  22,  T.  2.  N.,  R.  6  W.,  on  property  of  Doctor 
Berger,  1  mile  north  of  Summerfield  and  3  miles  east  and  ^ 
mile  north  of  village  of  Lebanon.  Station  mark  :  An  earthen- 
ware pyramid  marked  '*U.  S.  C.  S.,'*  36  inches  below  surface, 
above  which  is  a  marble  post  30  inches  long  and  6  inches 
square,  marked 


u. 

s. 

C.  &G. 

s. 

its  upper  surface  even  with  the  ground. 

Western  reference  mark  is  a  marble  post  32  inches  long,  4  inches 
square,  in  range  with  eastern  row  of  trees  in  Doctor  Bergers 
orchard ;  it  is,  as  nearly  as  could  be  determined,  on  north 
boundary  of  section  22,  which  is  boundary  of  Berger's  land. 
Position  of  western  reference  mark 

T.  2  N.,  R.  6  W.,  crossroads  at  100  feet  north  to  small  bridge 
center 

Crossroads  40  feet  southwest  to  mail  box,  36  feet  northwest  to 
culvert 

Ts.  2  and  3  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  3  and 
34,  crossroads  at ;  also  line  between  Madison  and  St.  Clair 
counties 

T.  3  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  22  and  27,  T 
road  south 

T  road  east,  160  feet  south  of  iron  bridge 

St.  Jacobs,  crossroads  at  Nollbaner's  hotel,  in  south  part  of 

Crossroads  at  quarter  corner  between  sections  11  and  14 

Crossroads  at  quarter  corner  between  sections  12  and  13 

Parkinson  triangulation  station :  On  land  of  M.  A.  Parkinson, 
in  middle  of  NE.  x4  section  12,  T.  3  N.,  R.  6.  W.,  and  1.5  miles 
west  by  south  from  Highland.  Station  mark  :  The  vertex  of  a 
hollow  square  earthenware  pyramid  3  feet  below  surface,  with 
letters  "U.  S.  C.  S."  cut  on  its  sides,  over  which  is  a  marble 
post  6  by  6  inches  and  2.25  feet  long,  on  top  of  which  letters 
"  U.  S.  C.  &  G.  S."  are  cut.  Reference  marks:  Two  marble 
posts  5  inches  square,  2.5  feet  long.  2  inches  above  ground  with 
a  line  diagonally  across  tops  terminating  in  arrowhead,  arrow- 
head pointing  to  station ;  northeast  reference  mark  18  feet 
834  inches  to  station  center  ;  southeast  mark  18  feet  8*8  inches 
to  station  center ;  from  center  of  northeast  mark  to  southeast 
mark,  25  feet  8  inches  ;  from  station  center  to  surveyors  rock, 
16  feet  9*2  inches 

Highland,  about  2  miles  west  of  ;  road  crossing  north  and  south, 
480  feet  east  of  water  tank 

In  southwest  corner  of  wood  pasture  owned  by  John  Regel,  iron 
post  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  19,  "  corner  stone  in  center 
of  road  bears  S.  2°  W.,  distant  17  feet 

T  road  north,  16  feet  northeast  to  cross  on  fence  post,  19  feet 
northwest  to  west  end  of  culvert 

T  road  west  at  Marine  cemetery 

T  road  east  1.5  miles  west  of  Marine  cemetery 

Silver  Creek,  national  road  over  west  fork  of,  center  of  iron 
bridge  on 

Troy,  5.2  miles  northeast  of  ;  in  northwest  corner  of  pasture 
owned  by  Henry  Wendler,  at  forks  of  road,  iron  post  stamped 
"  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  20,  1905  " 

T.  4  N.,  R.  7  W.,  corner  sections  27,  28, 33  and  34,  T  road  south. . . . 

T.  4  N.,  R.  7  W.,  corner  sections  28, 29, 32  and  33,  stone 

T  road  west,  12  feet  southeast  to  stone  in  north  and  south  road. . 


38    34    04.0 
38    34    57.5 

38    35    56.3 


38  36  42.4 

38  37  34.4 

38  38  13.8 

38  39  18.8 

38  41  04.3 

38  41  57.5 

38  42  50.8 

38  42  49.5 

38  42  47.9 


38  43  26.9 

38  44  02.9 

38  44  32.5 

38  44  32.9 

38  44  59.7 

38  45  00.7 

38  45  18.6 


38  44  46.3 

38  45  32.3 

38  45  32.1 

38  45  59.0 


89    45    07.6 
89    45    07.2 

89    45    09.8 


89  45  32.1 

89  45  06.6 

89  45  09.1 

89  45  11.4 

89  45  13.3 

89  45  47.8 

89  46  05.6 

89  44  08.4 

89  43  01.6 


89  42  44.3 

89  42  48.3 

89  44  24.2 

89  45  47.1 

89  46  54.4 

89  48  34.2 

89  49  18.4 


89  51  02.1 

89  52  27.7 

89  53  35.1 

89  54  43.2 


108 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


[bull.  4 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD  BETWEEN 

MONT  AND   PETERS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Mont,  Illinois  Central  Railroad  station 

Suburban  electric  railroad  crossing  over  Illinois  Central  Railroad 

Glen  Carbon,  near  Illinois  Central  Railroad  station,  on  property 
of  Madison  Coal  Co.,  southeast  of  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
station,  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  21,  1905  " 

Peters  station,  road  crossing  north  and  south 


38    46    02.1 
38    45    40.1 


38    44    45.4 
38    44    30.9 


55    50.0 
57    23.4 


89  58    59.8 

90  00    07.3 


CHAMPAIGN   AND  PIATT   COUNTIES MAHOMET   QUADRANGLE. 

The  following  geographic  positions  were  obtained  by  primary  tra- 
verse run  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Ellis  in  1905.  The  line  starts  from  a  position 
near  Thomsonboro  located  by  primary  traverse,  follows  highways  west, 
south,  and  east  near  borders  of  quadrangle,  and  is  connected  with  an 
adjusted  traverse  position  near  Tolono.  Positions  are  given  on  United 
States  standard  datum. 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

T.  21  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32,  at  crossroads.. 

o 
40 

14 

19.3 

o 

88 

12 

45  5 

T.  21  N.,  R.9E.,  northeast  corner  section  36,  iron  post  stamped 

'  'Prim  Trav.  Sta.  No.  8  1905" 

40 

14 

18.5 

88 

13 

54  8 

T.  21  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36,  at  crossroads.. 

40 

14 

18.5 

88 

IS 

03.4 

T.  21  N.,  R.  8  E.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35,  T  road  east 

40 

14 

18.0 

88 

16 

12.2 

T.  21  N.,  R.  8  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  27  and  28, 

crossroads 

40 

14 

44.2 

88 

17 

21  2 

T.  21  N.,  R.  8  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  28  and  29,  cross- 

40 

14 

43.8 

88 

18 

39  5 

T.  21  N.,  R.  8  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  29  and  30,  cross- 

40 

14 

43.5 

88 

19 

39  0 

T.  21  N.,  Rs.  7  and  8  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  25  and 

30,  T.  road  east 

40 

14 

43.7 

88 

20 

47  2 

T.  21  N.,  R.  7  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  25  and  26,  T 

road  east 

40 

14 

43.0 

88 

21 

54.0 

T  21  N.,  R.  7.  E.,  in  northeast  corner  section  35,  stone  to  corner 

sections  25,  26,  35  and  36  bears  N.  41°  50'  E.,  distant  38  feet.   Nail 

in  blaze  on  east  side  of  hickory  tree  bears  S.  39°  20'  W.,  distant 

29.4  feet.    Iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  9  1905" 

40 

14 

16.4 

88 

21 

54.2 

T.  21  N.,  R.  7  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  27  and  34,  cross- 

40 
40 

14 
14 

16.9 
17.2 

88 
88 

23 
25 

36  6 

T  21  N.,  R.  7  E.,* corner  sections  28,  29,  32  and  33,  T  road  north. . . 

19.8 

T  21  N.,  R.  7  E.,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32,  T  road  north... 

40 

14 

17.4  . 

88 

26 

28.6 

T  21  N.,  R.  7  E.,  corner  sections  30,  31,  west  of  T  road  east 

40 

14 

17.4 

88 

27 

36.9 

T  21  N  ,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36,  T  road  north. . . 

40 

14 

16.1 

88 

28 

45.8 

Mansfield,  1.5  miles  north  of;  T.  21  N.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  26, 

27   34  and  35,  0.5  miles  west  of;  in  northwest  corner  of  S.  J. 

Trimmer's  field  at  east  and  west  road  crossing,  in  limestone  30 

by  10  by  8  inches,  aluminum  tablet  stamped     Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 

No  10"                        

40 
40 

14 
12 

15.9 
51.1 

88 
88 

30 
30 

08  7 

Mansfield,  crossing  of  Wabash  Railway  and  Big  Pour  Railway. . . 

39.6 

40 

11 

34.6 

88 

30 

14  3 

40 
40 

10 

09 

16.0 
23.6 

88 
88 

30 
30 

02  3 

T*  20  N  ,  R.  6  E  ,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35.  crossroads  at . . 

01.9 

T  20  N.,  R.  6  E.,  south  corner  sections  34,  35,  T  road  north  near. . 

40 

08 

44.1 

88 

30 

01.5 

T  19  N.,  R.  6  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  2  and  3,  cross- 

roads near 

40 

08 

04.5 

88 

30 

04.6 

Centerville,  1  mile  south  of;  at  T  road  west,  in  ground,  in  pasture 

owned  by  W.  L.  Alexander,  1.5  feet  from  north  and  south  fence 

on  east  side  of  road,  in  stone  8  by  9  by  30  inches,  aluminum 

40 

nt; 

19.6 

88 

30 

03  3 

T  19  N  ,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  22,  23,  14  and  15,  T  road  east  — 

40 

05 

53.6 

88 

30 

03.3 

T  19  N.    R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  22,  23.  26  and  27 

40 

05 

01.5 

88 

30 

03  1 

T  19  N.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35,  T  road  west — 

40 

04 

08.8 

88 

30 

03.3 

CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY, 


109 


GEOGRAPHIC   POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS—  Concluded. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

T.  19  N.,  R.  6  E. 

o 

40 
40 
40 
40 

39 
39 
39 
39 
39 
39 
39 

39 

39 
39 
39 
39 
39 

08 

02 
01 
00 

59 
59 

59 

59 
59 
59 

57 

59 

59 
59 
59 
59 
59 

16.8 
24.1 
31.4 

38.8 

45.8 
46.6 
47.0 
46.9 
47.3 
47.5 
47.5 

47.6 

47.8 
47.2 
46.8 
46.1 
45.2 

o 

88 
88 
88 
88 

88 
88 
88 
88 
88 
88 
88 

88 

88 
88 
88 
88 
88 

30 
30 
30 
30 

30 
28 

27 
28 
25 
24 
23 

22 

20 
19 

18 

17 
16 

0?,  9 

T.  18  N.,  R.6E., 
T.  18  N.,  R.  6E. 
T.  18  N.,  R.  6  E. 

corner  sections  2.  3,  10  and  11,  crossroads 

corner  sections  10,  11,  14  and  15,  crossroads 

corner  sections  14,  15,  22  and  23 

02.4 
01.9 
02  0 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  E., 

just  inside  of  f 

post  stamped 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6E., 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  E., 

in  northwest  corner  section  36,  at  crossroads, 
eld  and  3  feet  from  corner  of  hedge  fence,  iron 
"Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  12  1905" 

01  ?. 

corner  sections  23,  24,  25  and  26,  crossroads 

53.1 
44  6 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7E. 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7E., 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7E., 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7E. 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7E. 

corner  of  L.  W 

to  maple  tree, 

1905" 

corner  sections  19,  20,  29  and  30,  crossroads 

corner  sections  20,  21,  27  and  28,  crossroads 

corner  sections  21,  22,  27  and  28,  crossroads 

corner  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27,  crossroads 

in  southeast  corner  section  23,  near  southeast 
.  Schrader's  barn  lot,  at  crossroads,  15  feet  east 
iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  13, 

39.0 
30.4 
22.1 
13.5 

05  6 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  E.,  east  corner  of  sections  24  and  25,  crossroads,  is 

56  6 

T.  18  N.,  R.  8  E. 
T.  18  N.,  R.  8  E. 
T.  18  N.,  R.  7E. 
T.  18  N.,  R.  7E. 

corner  sections  19,  20,  29  and  30,  crossroads 

corner  sections  20,  21,  28  and  29,  ci'ossroads 

corner  sections  21,  22,  27  and  28,  crossroads 

corner  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27,  crossroads 

53.4 

45.8 
37.7 
29.7 

LOGAN,  MENARD  AND   SANGAMON   COUNTIES SPRINGFIELD  QUADRANGLE. 

The  following  geographic  positions  were  obtained  from  primary 
traverse  by  Mr.  E.  L.  McNair,  topographer,  in  1905.  The  line  starts 
from  adjusted  position  at  Tice,  follows  wagon  roads  east,  south,  and 
west  near  border  of  quadrangle,  and  is  connected  with  adjusted  po- 
sition at  the  crossing  of  the  Wabash  and  Alton  railways  in  South 
Springfield.  Starting  again  from  adjusted  position  at  Athens  the  line 
follows  wagon  roads  south  along  west  border  of  quadrangle  and  is 
connected  to  adjusted  position  at  Curran,  at  the  crossing  of  the  Wabash 
and  the  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis  railways.  Positions  are  given  on 
the  Springfield  astronomic  datum. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Tice  station 

Tice,  3  corners  1.25  miles  north  of 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  16  and  21 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W. ,  in  northeast  corner  section  22,  road  south 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W.,  in  northeast  corner  section  23,  iron  post  stamped 

'  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  1,  1905" 

Indian  Point  Presbyterian  Church,  road  south,  1,800  feet  west  of 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W.,  section  24,  northwest  corner  of 

T.  18  N.,  R.  5  W.,  quarter  corner  northeast  quarter  section  19  and 

southeast  quarter  section  18,  T  road  west 

T.  18  N.,  R.  5  W.,    corner  sections  16,  17,  20  and  21,  T  road  east. . . 

T.  18  N.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  15,  16,  21  and  22 

T.  18  N„R.5W„  corner  sections  14,  15,  22  and  23,  4  corners 

T.  18  N.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  between  sections  23  and  24 

T.  18  N.,  Rs.  4  and  5  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  19  and 

24,  Fancy  Prairie  station,  crossing  C.  &  A.  Railway  just  south  of 
T.  18  N.,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner' between  sections  19  and  20,  T 

road  west 

T.  18  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  16,  17,  20  and  21 

T.  18  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  15,  16,  21  and  22,  T  road  south. . . 

T.  18  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  14,  15,  22  and  23 

C.  &  A.  Railway,  crossing  of 


07.7 
15.7 
16.0 
02.8 


40  00  10.5 

40  00  11.4 

40  00  16.2 

40  00  17.1 

40  00  17.1 

40  00  17.7 

39  59  51.9 

39  59  52.2 


53.0 
19.7 
20.2 
20.5 
30.6 


47  42.8 

47  41.6 

46  50.6 

45  45.4 

44  17.5 

43  46.4 


41 

56.6 

40 

31.8 

39 

23.9 

38 

14.7 

37 

06.3 

35 

58.7 

34 

43.8 

33 

35.4 

32 

27.0 

31 

19.2 

30 

44.5 

110  YEAR-BOOK    FOR   1906. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS—  Concluded. 


Lbull.  4 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  18  N.,  R.4  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  26  and  35, 4  corners 
T.  18  N.,  Rs.  3  and  4  W.,  corner  sections  25,  36,  30  and  31,  4  corners 
Williams,  T.  18  N.,  Rs.  3  and  4  W.,  sections  25,  46,  30  and  31,  in 

northeast  corner  of  town  of,  30  feet  northeast  of  intersection  of 

roads,  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  2" 

Ts.  17  and  18  N.,  Rs.  3  and  4  W.,  corner  of,  4  corners 

T.  17  N.,  Rs.  3  and  4  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  12  and 

7,  T  road  north 

T.  17  N.,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  12  and  13,  road 

west 

T.  17  N.,  R.  4  W.,   quarter  corner  between  sections  13  and  24,  T 

road  east 

T.  17  N,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  24  and  25,  T 

road  east 

T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W..  quarter  corner  between  sections  25  and  36,  4 

corners  

Ts.  16  and  17  N.,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  sections  1  and  36,  1.25 

miles  east  of  Barclay.  3.5  feet  in  ground,  iron  post  stamped 

'  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  3,  1905" 

Ts.   16  and  17  N.,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  sections  2  and  35,  0.25 

mile  east  of  Barclay,  4  corners 

T.  16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  2  and  11,  Troad 

north 

Interurban  Electric  Railway,  T.  16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  on  line  of  sections 

11  and  14,  crossing  of 

T.  16  N,  R.  4  W.,  center  section  23,  T  road  north 

T.  16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  near  center  of  section  24,  4  corners 

T.  16  N.,  R.  4W.,  on  line  sections  25  and  26,  T  road  north 

T.  16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36,  T  road  south. . 

Ts.  15  and  16  N.,  quarter  corner  section  2 

T.  15  N.,  R.  4  W.,  northeast  quarter  section  11,  T  road  east 

T.  15  N.,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  sections  13  and  14,  1.9  miles  east 

of  Rochester:  near  T  road  north,  iron  post  stamped   "Prim. 

Trav.  Sta.  No.  4,  1905" 

Rochester,  T.  15  N.,  R.  4  W.,    southwest  quarter  of  section  15,  4 

corners  

T.  15  N.,  R.  4  W.,  in  northeast  corner  section  17,  T  road  south .... 
T.  15  N.,  R.  4  W.,  in  northwest  corner  section  17,  T  road  south — 
T.  15  N.,  R.  4  W.,    quarter  corner  between  sections  18  and  19,  4 

corners  

T.  15  N.,  R.  1  W.,  north  part  of  section  30,  T  road  west 

T.  15  N.,  R.  5  W.,  in  northeast  corner  section  25,  center  of  bridge 

over  Sugar  Creek 

T.  15  N.,  R.  5  W.,  in  southeast  corner  section  23,  T  road  east 

T  15  N.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  14,  15,  22  and  23,  Illinois  Central 

Railroad  crossing 

T.  15  N.,  R.  5  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  15  and  22,  4 

corners ! 

Wabash  and  Alton  railways,  crossing  of,  T.  15  N.,  R.  5  W.,  in 

northeast  corner  of  section  12 

THENCE  ALONG  WEST  BORDER  OF  QUADRANGLE. 

Athens  station,  T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W.,  in  section  36 

T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  11  and  12,  4 
corners  

T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  12  and  13,  4 
corners  

T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W.,  center  section  24,  4  corners 

T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W.,  section  23,  center  of  pier  of  bridge  over  Sanga- 
mon river 

T.  17  N.,  R.  16  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  27  and  28,  T 
road  south 

T.  16  N.,  R.  5  W.,  center  of  southeast  quarter  section  3,  T  road  W 

T.  16  N.,  R.  6  W.,  near  center  section  10,  in  grass  triangle  near  T 
road  west,  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  5,  1905" — 

T.  16  N,  R.  6  W.,  north  part  section  22.  4  corners 

T.  16  N.,  R.  6  W.,  north  part  section  27,  T.  road  west 

T.  16  N.,  R.  6  W.,  center  section  34,  T  road  north 

Ts.  15  and  16  N,  quarter  corner  section  3,  T  road  south 

T.  15  N,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  10  and  15,  1 
mile  northeast  of  Curran,  near  T  road  north,  iron  post  stamped 
'  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  6,  1905" 

Wabash  and  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis  railways,  crossing  of. . . 


58  36.6 
58  86.7 


39  58  36.9 

39  57  44.4 

39  56  26.0 

39  55  59.4 

39  55  07.1 

39  54  15.2 

39  53  22.8 

39  52  30.1 

39  52  29.4 

39  51  37.0 

39  50  44.4 

39  49  27.6 

39  49  28.4 

39  48  11.9 

39  48  12.4 

39  47  19.6 

39  46  13.9 

39  45  01.3 

39  45  00.8 

39  45  12.4 

39  45  21.2 

39  44  39.9 

39  43  40.0 

39  43  40.4 

39  44  12.8 

39  44  37.7 

39  44  36.6 

39  46  19.0 


39  57 
39  56 


39  55 
39  54 


39  53 

39  51 

39  51 

39  49 

39  48 

39  47 

39  47 


53.1 
20.0 


27.6 
35.4 


39  54  27.5 


43.7 
46.4 

14.2 
44.7 

44.5 
39.4 
13.2 


39  45  24.2 
39  44  38.1 


80   30   43.6 
80   29   01.6 


89  29  34.3 

89  29  33.8 

89  29  33.3 

89  29  32.7 

89  30  41.2 


29 


39 


43 

27.9 

43 

38.1 

43 
43 

37.0 
19.0 

44 

32.8 

45 
45 

47.3 
15.4 

45 
45 
45 
45 
45 

32.3 
30.1 
30.1 
28.0 
12.1 

45 
45 

10.3 
43.9 

WILSONl 


CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY. 


Ill 


CHAMPAIGN   COUNTY URBANA  QUADRANGLE. 

The  following  geographic  positions  on  the  United  States  standard 
datum  were  established  from  primary  traverse  run  in  1905  by  Mr.  J. 
R.  Ellis,  assistant  topographer.  The  line  starts  from  east  tower  of 
Illinois  State  University  at  Champaign,  located  by  triangulation  of 
the  United  States  Lake  Survey;  follows  Illinois  Central  Railroad  to 
Tolono ;  thence  east  along  Wabash  Railroad  to  Homer,  connecting 
with  Lake  Survey  triangulation  station,  Lynn  Grove,  and  Lake  Survey 
triangulation  station  chimney  at  Sidney ;  thence  by  wagon  road  north 
along  border  of  quadrangle  to  Thomsonboro ;  thence  southwest  along 
Illinois  Central  Railroad  to  starting  point. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE   ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD  BETWEEN 
CHAMPAIGN  AND  TOLONO. 


Station. 


Latitude.- 


Longitude. 


Champaign,  east  tower  "Industrial  School,  "  U.  S.  Lake  Survey 
triangulation  station 

Champaign,  near  southeast  corner  of  Engineer  Building,  State 
University,  in  ground  at  cross  sidewalks  near;  said  building 
bears  N.  26°  15'  W..  distant  52.5  feet,  iron  post  stamped '  'Prim 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  1,  1905  " 

Champaign,  road  crossing,  1.25  miles  south  of  (west  track) 

Savoy,  road  crossing,  1  mile  north  of  (west  track) 

Savoy  station,  (west  track) 

Savoy  station,  road  crossing,  1  mile  south  of  (west  track) 

T.  18  N,  R.  8  E.,  corner  sections  11.  12,  13,  and  14 

Tolono,  in  southeast  corner  of  lot  at  Commercial  Hotel ;  south- 
east corner  of  C.  H.  Bell's  store  bears  N.  28°  30'  E.,  distant  185 
feet ;  southeast  corner  of  hotel  bears  N.  4°  E..  distant  108  feet ; 
iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  2,  1905  " 


40    06    32.9 


40 

06 

38.1 

40 

05 

40.2 

40 

04 

08.6 

40 

03 

14.8 

40 

02 

22.0 

40 

01 

29.3 

39    59    06.4 


13      37.8 


88      15 


35.2 
40.5 
55.0 
03.5 
11.9 
15.6 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  WABASH  RAILWAY  NEAR  TOLONO. 

Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Tolono,  road  crossing  north  and  south,  1.25  miles  east  of 

O           t             II 

3a    59    21.5 

88      14      15.4 

Tolono,  road  crossing  north  and  south  on  section  line 

39    59    37.8         88      13      04.9 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  HIGHWAYS  BETWEEN  TOLONO  AND  SIDNEY 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

T.  18  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  of  sections  20,  21,  28.  29,  at  crossroads. .. 
T.  18  N,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  21,  22.  27,  and  28,  at  crossroads. . . 
T.  18  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  22,  23,  26,  and  27,  at  crossroads. . . 
T.  18  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  23,24,  25,  and  26.  at  crossroads. .. 
T.  18  N,  Rs.  9  and  10  E.,  corner  sections  19, 24, 25  and  30,  at  cross- 

o       /         // 
39    59    45.9 
39    59    46.5 
39    59    47.1 
39    59    47.6 

39    59    48.3 

39    58    55.6 

39    58    03.3 

39    58    09.85 
39    58    02.4 
39    58    54.7 

39  59    48.7 

40  00    40.4 
40    01    25.45 

O              t             II 

88  11  56.9 
88  10  48.7 
88  09  40.9 
88      08    32.4 

88      07    24.1 

T.  18  N.,  Rs.  9  and  10  E.,  corner  sections  25,  30, 31,  and  36,  at  cross- 

88      07    23.7 

Ts.  17  and  18  N.,  Rs.  9  and  10  E.,  corner  sections  1,  6,  31,  and  36, 
at  crossroads 

88      07    23.3 

Lynn  Grove  triangulation  station  :  In  SW.*4  of  SE.  ]4  section  31, 
T.  18  N,  R.  10  E.,  3  miles  southeast  of   Philo  railway  station. 
Station  mark  :    A  stone  post  3  feet  below  surface  with  another 
directlv  over  it  as  a  surface  mark 

88      06    35.90 

Black,  east  and  west  road  crossing  Frisco  Railway 

88      05    09.0 

T.  18  N,  R.  10  E..  corner  sections  28,  29,  32  and  33,  at  crossroads. 
T.  18  N,  R.  10  E.,  in  southeast  corner  section  20. 4  feet  from  corner 

of  hedge  fence,  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.3, 1905  " . 
T.  18  N,   R.  10  E.,    quarter  corner  between  sections  16  and  21, 

crossroads  near 

88  05  07.6 
88  05  08.1 
88      04    33.6 

88      04    10.02 

112  YEAK-BOOK    FOE    1906.  [BULL.  4 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  WABASH  RAILWAY  EAST  OF  SIDNEY. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Sidney,  crossing  of  Wabash  and  Frisco  railways,  1  mile  east  of . . 

Road  crossing  north  and  south  between  sections  11  and  12 

Road  crossing  north  and  south  between  sections  7  and  12 

T.  18  N.,  R.  14  W.,  near  quarter  corner  west  side  section  7,  in 
southwest  corner  of  field  and  just  off  right  of  way,  iron  post 
stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  4,  1905  " 


40  01  30.6 
40  01  40.5 
40    01    47.2 


40    01    52.9 


88      03 
88      01 


87      59 


25.7 
43.6 


00      35.0 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Ts.  18  and  19  N.,  R.  11  E.,  and  14  W.,  0.5  mile  north  of  corner  to 

o 

, 

it 

0 

i 

„ 

sections  6,  6,  31,  and  31,  T  road  west 

40 
40 

08 
04 

28.7 
34.7 

87 
87 

59 
59 

40.1 

40.0 

T.  19  N.,  R.  HE.,  14  W.,  corner  sections  18,  18,  and  19,  19,  cross- 

40 

05 

52.2 

87 

59 

39.8 

T.  19  N.,  R.  11  E.,  in  northeast  corner  section  18,  in  corner  of  field 

owned  by  Lou  Richards,  2.5  feet  soutwest  of  corner  fence  post 

and  133  feet  south  of  Big  Four  Railway,  in  limestone  40  x  7  x  5 

inches,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta>No.  5, 1905" 

40 

06 

45.0 

87 

59 

39.9 

T.  19  N.,  R.  11  E.,  14  W.,  corner  sections  6,  6,  and  7  and  7,  cross- 

roads  

40 

07 

39.0 

87 

59 

39.7 

Ts.  19  and  20  N.,  R.  HE.,  14  W.,  corner  sections  6  and  6  and  31 

and  31,  crossroads 

40 

07 

31.8 

87 

59 

39.7 

T.  20  N.,  R.  14  W.,  west  corner  sections  30  and  31,  at  Union  school 

40 
40 

Oil 
10 

23.9 
15.2 

87 
87 

59 
59 

39.8 

T.  20  N..  R.  HE.,  14  W.,  corner  sections  19,  19,  and  30,  30 

39.6 

T.  20  N.,  R.  14  W.,  west  corner  sections  18  and  19,  T  road  east. . . . 

40 

11 

06.9 

87 

59 

39.7 

T.  20  N.,  R.  14  W.,  west  corner  sections  7  and  18,  T  road  east 

40 

11 

59.1 

87 

59 

39.8 

T.  20  N.,  R.  14  W.,  west  corner  sections  6  and  7,  T  road  east 

40 

12 

50.7 

87 

59 

39.9 

T.  20  N.,  Rs.  11  E.,  14  W.,  north  cor.  sections  6  and  6,  T.  road  south 

40 

YA 

29.8 

87 

59 

40.2 

T.  21  N.,  R.  11  E.,  southeast  corner  section  25,  in  southeast  corner 

of  Doctor  McFarland's  garden,  corner  sections  25, 30, 31  and  36, 

T.  21N.,Rs.  10  and  HE.,  bears  S.  43°  E.,  distant  55  feet,  iron  post 

stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  6, 1905" 

40 

14 

23.1 

88 

00 

06.2 

T.  21  N.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  sections  25.  26, 35  and  36;  crossroads 

40 

14 

22.6 

88 

01 

15.1 

T.  21  N.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  sections  27, 28, 33  and  34,  at  Flatville 

40 

14 

22.3 

88 

02 

23.8 

T.  21  N.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  sections  28, 29, 32  and  33;  crossroads 

40 

14 

22.2 

88 

03 

32.7 

T.  21  N.,R.  10  E.,  in  northeast  corner  section  31,  at  crossroads,  1.5 

40 

14 

22.0 

88 

04 

41.8 

feet  from  corner  fence  post,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav. 

Sta.  No.  7. 1905.                                                 

40 
40 

14 
14 

21.3 
21.1 

88 
88 

05 
06 

51.7 

T.  21  N.,  Rs.  9  and  10  E.,  corner  sections  30, 31, 36  and  25;  crossroads 

59.9 

T.  21  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  25, 26, 35  and  36;  crossroads 

40 

14 

20.8 

88 

08 

08.7 

40 

14 

19.6 

88 

11 

02.0 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD  BETWEEN 
THOMASBORO  AND  CHAMPAIGN. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Milepost  792,  east  and  west  road  crossing  470  feet  south  of,  east 

o 

40 
40 
40 
40 
40 

40 

40 

13 

\2 
11 

10 
09 

OS 

07 

// 

27.0 
00.8 
21.2 
15.6 
22.9 

30.1 

17.9 

o          / 

88      11 
88      12 
88      12 
88      13 
88      13 

88    13 

88    14 

44  2 

Leverett,  east  and  west  road  crossing  1  mile  north  of,  east  track. . 

20.3 

36  8 

T.  20  N..R.9E.,  sections  19  and  20,  south  corner  of,  T.  road  north. 

12.8 
26  3 

Milepost  786,  east  and  west  road  crossing,  230  feet  south  of,  east 

48.3 

Illinois  Central  Railway  and  Big  Four  Railway,  crossing  of,  north 

17  7 

CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY. 


113 


Franklin,  Hamilton,  Saline    and     Williamson,     Counties — Galatia 
Quadrang  le — Continued. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS    ALONG  HIGHWAYS,    AKIN  TO  DALE. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Three  corners,  road  north  to  Akin 

Akin,  northwest  corner  of  Chas.  Crisps'  Furniture  Store  is  south- 
east, northeast  corner  of  Main  store  is  85  feet  west,  southeast 
corner  of  McGuyers'  store  is  68.5  feet  northwest.  1.5  feet  west 
of  sidewalk,  in  sandstone  post,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
'"  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  5 

T.  6  S.,  Rs.  4  and  5  E. ,  corner  sections  24, 25, 29  and  30 

Three  corners,  road  north,  south  and  east 

House  of  Granville  Hungate,  3  corners,  road  north 

Little  Spring  Church,  road  opposite 

T.  6  S.,  R.  5  E.,  center  W.  ^  sections  25,  Flanagan  Township, 
Hamilton  county,  bears  5.2  feet  N.  83°  13'  W.  southeast  corner 
post  of  Perry  S.  Lee's  orchard  is  6.4  feet  southwest,  oak  tree 
bears  S.  66°  30'  W.,  141.5  feet  on  north  side  of  highway,  in  store 
post  3  feet  by  8  by  6  inches,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "Prim. 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  6 

T.  6  S.,  Rs.  5  and  6  E.,  on  north  and  south  township  line,  middle 
of  east  one-half  section  25 

T.  6S.,  R.  6E.,  at  corner  sections  19  and  30,  on  township  line, 
30  feet  northwest— black  oak  tree  8  inches  in  diameter  ;  30  feet 
southwest— telephone  pole 

T.  6  S.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  19.  20, 30  and  31 

T.  6  S.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  18, 19, 20  and  17 

T.  6S..  R.  5E.,  4  corners  sections  16, 17, 20  and  21 

T.  6  S.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  15, 16,  21  and  22 

T.  6  S. .  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  14, 15, 22  and  23 

Dale,  southeast  of  :  at  middle  of,  center  W.  rail  L.  &  N.  R.  R 


37  58  13.9 


37  59  20.6 

37  58  53.5 

37  58  27.5 

37  58  41.6 

37  58  27.0 


37  58  27.2 
37  58  27.2 


37  58 

37  58 

37  59 

37  59 

37  59 

37  59 


54.6 
54.4 
47.4 

47.3 

47.8 
48.8 
06.7 


44    48.3 


47.34 
18.7 
12.8 
23.4 

34.8 


88    36    28.7 
88    35    39.6 


35 

39.3 

34 

33.2 

34 

32.7 

33 

27.1 

32 

21.1 

31 

13.8 

29 

10.5 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS   ALONG   THE   ILLINOIS  CENTRAL   RAILROAD. 
ELDORADO   TO   HARRISBURG. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Eldorado,  center  of  track  at  intersection  of  Louisville  and  Nash- 
ville and  Big  Four  Railways 

O           1              II 

37    48    53  8 

O          1             II 

88     26    04  1 

Road  crossing 

37     48     16  2              88    27     17  7 

Road  crossing,  east  and  west 

37    47    29.51 
37    45    52.2 

88    28    48  2 

Big  Muddy  Creek,  east  end  of  trestle  427  over..  . 

88    31    12  5 

-8  G 


114 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


[bull.  4 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS   ALONG  HIGHWAYS   NEAR   SOUTH   BORDER  OF 

QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Harrisburg,  in  southwest  corner  of  court  house  yard,  iron  post 
stamped  ' '  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  1,  1906  " 

o 

37 
37 

37 
37 

37 
37 

37 

37 

37 
37 

37 

44 
44 

44 
44 

44 
44 

44 

14 

44 
44 

44 

it 

24.1 
25.0 

24.4 
35.6 

24.9 

24  4 

24.4 
24.7 

24.0 

23.8 

17.8 

o 

88 
88 

88 
88 

88 
88 

88 

88 

88 
88 

88 

32 
34 

34 

35 

37 

37 

38 

40 

42 
44 

45 

19  8 

T.  9  S.,  R,  6  E„  center  section  17,  crossroads 

00  ?, 

T.  9  S.,  R.  6  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  17  and  18,  T 
road  south 

33  5 

T.  9  S.,  Rs.  5  and  6  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  13  and  18. . 
T.  9  S.,  R.  5  E.,  one-sixteenth  corner  between  northeast  quarter 

44.2 
07  3 

T.  9  S.,  R.  5  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  14  and  15 

58  9 

T.  9  S.,  R.  5  E.,  one-sixteenth   corner  between  northwest  and 
southwest  corners,  section  12,  north  side  of  road  1.5  foot  south 
of  fence  line,  14  feet  east  of  fence  cornerpost,  3  feet  southeast 
of  telephone  post,    33.5  feet  northeast  of   center  of   corners, 
signboard    *  16  mi.   to  Marion;    5  mi.   to   Harrisburg;  8  mi.  to 
Galatia  ;  "  old  barn  is  southeast  of  4  corners,  iron  post  stamped 
"  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  2,  1906" 

47  3 

Dallasania,    4  corners,    one-sixteenth  corner  between  northeast 

27  2 

T.  9  S.,  Rs.  4  and  5  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  18  and  13, 

21.7 

T.  6  S.,  R.  5  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  14  and  15 

33  4 

T.  9  S.,  R.  4  E.,  at  middle  south  side  of  northwest  quarter  section 
15,  south  side  three  corners,  2  feet  north  of  wire  fence ;  82  feet 
west — fence  corner,    530  feet   north— southeast   corner  wagon 
shed  west  side  of  road,  361  feet  east— line  between  a  large  oak 
and  maple  tree  on  opposite  sides  of  road  ;  road  north  to  Attella, 
east  to  Harrisburg,  west  to  Marion;  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim. 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  3,  1906  " 

?A  7 

Franklin  and  Williamson,  Counties — Thompsonville  Quad- 
rangle. 


GEOGRAPHIC    POSITIONS    ALONG    HIGHWAYS    NEAR    EAST    BORDER    OF   QUAD- 
RANGLE. 


Stations. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

T.  9  S..R.  4  E.,sec.  15,  at  middle  of  south  side  of  northwest  quarter 
of;  2  feet  north  of  wire  fence,  82  feet  west— fence  corner,  530  feet 
north— southeast  corner  wagon  shed  west  side  of  road,  361  feet 
east — line  between  a  large  oak  tree  and  maple  tree  opposite 
sides  of  road,  north  to  Attela,  east  to  Harrisburg,  west  to  Ma- 
rion; on  south  side  of  3  corner  road,  iron  post  stamped   '  'Prim. 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  3,  1906" 

O           1           II 

37    44    17.8 
37    45    17.8 
37    45    56.6 
37    46    37.8 

37    47    31.4 

37    47    57.7 

37    48    49.1 
37    50    34.4 

37    51    51.9 
37    52    44.5 
37    53    37.4 
37    54    29.8 

37    54    57.2 
37    56    45.4 

37    57    43.8 

o          /           // 

88    45    24.7 

88    45    23.3 

88    45    22.6 

Station  101  . .                                                     

88    45    40.0 

T.  8  S.,R.  4  E.,  corner  sees.  27,28,  33  and  34,  190  feet  southeast  of 
this  district  No.  8,  Grant  schooJ-house 

T.  8  S.,R.  4  E.,sec.  28, 10  feet  northeast  of  large  oak  tree  east  of 
Shiloh  Church 

88  45  40.3 
88    46    13.2 

Corinth,  center  of  3  corners  south  of,  30  feet  northeast  of  Dogwood 

88    46    37.5 

Three  corners,  25  feet  northwest — large  fencepost  corner 

88    46    09.2 

Small  plank  bridge,  middle  of,  east  and  west,  Williamson-Frank- 

88    45    40.2 

T.  7  S.,R.  4  E.,  south  corner  road  east,  corner  sees.  27,  28, 33  and  34. 
T.  7  S.,  R.  4  E.,  corner  sees.  21, 22,  27  and  28 

88  45  39.1 
88    45    39.4 

T.  7  S..R.  4  E., corner  sees.  21,22,15  and  16 

88    45    59.6 

Thompsonville,  in  schoolyard,  52.4  feet  to  southeast  corner  school- 
house.  79.  6  feet  north  to  large  elm  tree  in  corner  of  yard,  82.9 
feet  northeast  to  elm  tree  in  corner  of  yard  across  street,  iron 
post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  4,  1906" 

88    45    40.2 

88    45    07.0 

T.  6  S.,  R.  4  E.,  3  corners  in  center  of  south  half  sec.  27,  Franklin 
county,  35  feet  southeast— oak  tree;  30  feet  northeast— oak 

88    45    05.1 

CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY 


115 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  NORTH  AND  WEST  BORDERS 

OF  QUADRANGLE. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Akin,  at  southeast  corner,  northwest  corner  Chas.  Crisp's  Furni- 
ture store,  is  southeast,  northeast  corner  of,  Main  store  is  85  feet 
west,  southeast  corner  of  McGuyer's  store  is  68.5  feet  northwest, 
1.5  feet  west  of  sidewalk,  in  sandstone  post  aluminum  tablet 
stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  5,  1906" 

T.  6  S..R.  4  E.,  center  sec.  21,  road  crossing 

T.  6  S..R.  4  E.,  center  sec.  20,  4  corners 

T.  6  S..R.  4  E.,  and  3  E.,  on  township  line  between  Benton  and 
Easton  townships,  sees.  19  and  14,  north  and  south  township  line. 

T.  6  S..R.  3  E.,  corners  between  sees.  23  and  24 

T.  6  S..  R.  3  E.,  south  half  sec.  22,  corner  of  Benton-Thompsonville 
and  Aiken  roads,  west  side  of  road,  southwest  corner  of  plank 
bridge  on  Benton  Thompsonville  road— 63  feet  northwest; 
southwest  corner  of  plank  bridge  on  Akin  road— 34  feet  north- 
east; sweet  gum  tree  blazed  on  north  side  on  east  side  of  road, 
77  feet  southeast,  elm  tree  20  inches  in  diameter— 6  feet  north- 
west, sweet  gum  tree— 6  feet  southwest 

Three  corners  road  west 

Benton,  center  of  C.  &  E.  I.  R.  R.  crossing 

T.  6  S.,  R.  3  E.,  corner  sees.  18  and  19,  on  township  and  range  line 
between  Benton  and  Browning  townships  and  Rs.  2  and  3  E 

T.  6  S.,  R.  2  E.,  at  quarter  corner  between  sees.  13  and  24,  iron  post 
stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  8,  1906" 

Four  corners 

T  6  S.,  R.2E„  bears  N.  49°  30'  E.,  corner  stone  sees.  25,  26,  35  and 
36 

T  6  S.,R.  2  E.,  quarter  corner  sees.  26  and  35 

Ts.  6  and  7  S.,  R.  2  E. ,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  32  and  2 

Middle  Branch,  center  of  bridge  over 

T.  7  S.,  R.  2  E., corner  sees  14, 15,22  and  23,  a  black  locust  post  at 
3  corners  road  south 

Public  wells,  road  corner  at,  road  east  to  west  Frankfort 

T.  7  S.,  R.  2  E.,  3  corners  road  east,  west  and  north,  corner  sees.  26, 
27, 34  and  35 

T.  7  S.,R.  2  E.,  about  center  of  south  half  sec.  33,  at  intersection 
of  C.  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.,and  an  east  west  wagon  road,  iron  post 
stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  9,  1906" 


20.26 

20.0 

20.0 


37    59    20.6 
37    59    17.8 


37  59  06.0 

37  59  36.2 

37  59  52.6 

37  59  43.4 

37  59  41.5 

37  58  49.3 

37  57  56.6 

37  57  56.1 

37  57  03.5 

37  55  52.0 

37  54  26.7 

37  53  47.7 


37    52 


37    51    59.5 


Longitude. 


88  44  46.34 

88  46  10.6 

88  47  17.5 

88  49  13.1 

88  50  02.9 


51  38.7 

52  33.7 

54  49.0 

55  41.7 

56  14.7 

56  29.9 

56  46.5 

57  19.9 
57  20.4 
57  36.1 

57  52.8 

57  52.4 

57  52.7 


88    59    32.8 


GEOGRAPHIC    POSITIONS    ALONG    HIGHWAYS    NEAR    SOUTH  BORDER    OF 

QUADRANGLE. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  9  S.,  R.  2  E.,  approx.  corner  sees.  9, 10, 15  and  16,  road  north 

T.  9  S.,  R.  2  E.,  corner  sees.  10, 11, 15  and  14 

Marion,  corner  of  Marion  ave.,  and  North  Court  street,  south- 
west corner,  26  feet  southeast  of  is  a  maple  tree  at  southwest 
corner  of  cemetery 

Marion,  center  of  north  gate  to  Marion  courthouse  yard 

T.  9S..R.  3  E., corner  sees.  17, 18, 19  and  20 

Crab  Orchard  creek,  center  of  iron  bridge  over 

T.  9  S.,R.  3  E.,  southwest  corner  of  roads  at  corner  sees.  14,  15,  22 
and  23;  stone  to  sec.  corner  is  47  feet  northeast;  a  big  dead  oak 
on  southeast  corner  is  58.5  feet  east,  soushwest  fence  corner  is 
10  feet  east,  in  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  11, 1906"  .... 

Road  north 

T.  9  S.,  R.  4  E.,  on  ^  sec.  line  sec.  20,  crossroads 

Crab  Orchard,  3  corners  on  Marion-Harrisburg  road  about  2.5 
miles  east  of;  on  northwest  quarter  sec.  21,  T.  9  S.,  R.  4  E.,  75 
feet  northwest  is  southeast  corner  of  red  voting  house,  20  feet 
east  on  corner  is  cherry  tree 


37    44    44.8 
37    44     14.3 


37  44  35.5 

37  43  55.1 

37  43  50.6 

37  43  51.3 


37  43  50.9 
37  43  55.5 
37    43    51.7 


17     43     44. 


88    59    00.0 
88    57    52.7 


55  55.0 

55  35.3 

54  37.2 

53  20.7 


88    51    17.0 
88    49    34.9 

88    47    17.8 


45    31 


116 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


I  BULL.    4 


Herrin  Quadrangle. 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  EAST  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Road  crossing,  east  and  west  highway 

Herrin,  0.5  mile  north  of;  center  crossing  north  and  east  public 
road  and  the  C.  B.  &  Q.  R.  R 

Herrin,  southeast  corner  public  road  and  east  Maple  st 

Stone  at  road  corner  road  west  to  Mine  No.  2 

T.  8  S.,  R.  2  E.,  sections  31  and  32,  T.  9  S.,  R.  2  E.,  sections  5  and  6, 
corner  of.  dead  shell-bark  tree  in  door-yard  of  Mr.  Anderson  is 
95  feet  southwest;  section  corner  is  about  18  feet  north;  south 
rail  of  electric  railroad  crossing  is  50  feet  north;  mailbox  post  of 
L.  Stottar  is  3  feet  southwest;  iron  post  is  1.5  feet  north  of 
fence  line,  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  10, 1906".   . 

T.  9  S.,  R.  2  E.,  corner  sections  4, 5, 8  and  9,  Baptist  church  is  about 
200  feet  northeast 


37    49    12.6 


37 


T.  9  S.,  R.  2  E.,  approx.  corner  sections  8,9, 16  and  17 37 


50.7 
06.6 
08.9 


37    46    28.7 

39.9 
45.9 


00    55.4 


28.5 
28.5 
29.2 


01    12.3 


00    07.9 
00    07.0 


Madison  and  Clinton  Counties — Breese  Quadrangle. 

The  following  geographic  positions  were  determined  by  primary 
traverse  in  1905  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Ellis.  The  line  starts  from  an  adjusted 
position  on  the  Belleville  quadrangle  two  miles  west  of  Highland.  The 
line  follows  Vandalia  Railroad  to  Highland,  thence  east  and  south 
along  highways  to  near  southeast  corner  of  quadrangle ;  thence  west 
vlong  highways  to  point  three  miles  of  New  Baden,  where  line  is  run 
west  over  Southern  Railroad  to  Primary  Traverse  Station  No.  17. 
The  line  was  tied  to  Breese  and  Damainsville  triangulation  stations, 
United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

Breese  Quadrangle . 
geographic  positions  along  the  vandalia  railroad  near  highland. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Highland,  road  crossing  2  miles  west  of. 
Highland,  road  crossing  1  mile  west  of. . 
Highland,  road  crossing  at  station 


38  44  02.9 
38  44  19.8 
38    44    38.5 


42  48.2 
41  52.9 
40    50.5 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Stations. 


German  Cemetery,  road  at  70  feet  due  N.  to  entrance 

Ts.  3and4N.,R.  5  W.,  near  corner  to  sections  2, 3, 34  and  35, 30  feet 

northwest  to  sycamore  tree,  36  feet  northeast  to  dead  black  oak 
Ts.  3  and  4  N.,  R.  5  W.,  sections  1,  2,  35  and  36.  center  of  road  at 

hedge  fence  north 

Fred  Linenfilser,  400  feet  west  of  his  residence,  in  his  pasture, 

5  x  5  x  24  inch  stone  walnut  trees  bears  N.  35°  45'  E.,  distance 

40.4  feet,  aluminum  tablet  in  top  of  stone,  stamped  "Prim. 

Trav.  Sta.  No.  22, 1905" 


Latitude. 


38  44  33.1 

38  44  35.8 

38  44  34.7 

38  44  35.1 


Longitude. 


89  39  42.4 

89  38  03.5 

89  36  56.8 

89  36  40.3 


CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY. 
GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS   ALONG   HIGHWAYS—  Concluded. 


117 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Ts.  3  and  4  N.,  Rs.  4  and  5  W.,  corner  sections  1,  6,  31  and  36.  also 
junction  Madison,  Clinton  and  Bond  counties,  19  feet  southwest 
to  west  end  of  small  bridge,  29  feet  southeast  to  U.  S.  mail  box. 

T.  road  north,  15  feet  north  to  center  of  small  bridge 

T.  road  south,  27  feet  northeast  to  Wm.  Prentiger's  mail  box 

Jamestown,  T.  road  north,  one  mile  west  of,  27  feet  southeast  to 
dead  locust  tree 

Jamestown  public  school  grounds,  near  south  line  of,  57  feet  east 
of  southwest  corner  of  same,  southwest  corner  of  school  build- 
ing bears  N.  5°  E.,  distant  144  feet,  in  top  of  dressed  limestone 
5  x  5  x  24  inches,  aluminum  in  tablet  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 
No.  23. 1905" 

T.  3  N.,  R.  4.  W.,  corner  sections  2,  3,  10  and  11,  at  crossroads,  37 
feet  northwest  to  corner  yard  fence.  36  feet  southeast  to  cross 
on  gatepost 

T.  3  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  14,  15,  22  and  23,  at  crossroads,  30 
feet  northeast  to  cross  on  corner  fencepost,  54  feet  southeast  to 
milk  platform 

T.  3  N.,  R.  4.  W.,  west  corner  sections  23  and  26,  center  of  road  at 
fence  east  just  north  of  schoolhouse I 

T.  3  N..  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  26, 27, 34  and  35 

H.  Hinkams  farm,  T.  road  west,  42  feet  east  to  wild  cherry  tree. . ! 

State  road  crossing  with  north  and  south  road  24  feet  north  to< 
cross  on  corner  fence  post,  63  feet  southwest  to  cross  on  corner! 
fence  post 

Breese,  1  mile  north  of ;  in  northeast  corner  of  Frank  Budde's 
field,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim  Trav.  Sta.  No.  24,  1905" 

Breese,  Catholic  church  spire 

Crossroads,  27  feet  northwest  to  west  end  of  stone  culvert,  30  feet 
southeast  to  Hem.  Ahler's  mail  box 

Crossroads,  20  feet  northwest  to  west  end  of  culvert,  35  feet 
southwest  to  cross  on  telephone  pole 

Germantown,  crossroads  1  mile  north  of  ;  18  feet  north  to  center 
of  bridge  

Germantown,  Catholic  church  spire 


38  44  35.6 

38  44  33.3 

38  44  31.3 

38  44  03.2 


38    43    59.7 
38    43    36.1 


38  41  51.1 

38  40  58.7 

38  40  06.5 

38  38  56.9 


31.3 


38    37    30.4 
38    36    32.0 


35    47.0 
34    54.6 


38    34    02.2 
38    33    13.2 


Longitude. 


35  49.9 

34  32.2 

33  23.0 

31  41.8 


31    06.9 


31    07.2 


31    03.6 


31 

31 
31 

02.3 
01.0 
00.1 

31 

33.0 

31 
31 

32.0 
44.3 

32 

06.4 

32 

06.1 

32 
32 

06.34 
15.9 

GEOGRAPHIC    POSITIONS    ALONG    THE     SOUTHERN    RAILROAD    NEAR 

SHOAL    CREEK. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Shoal  Creek,  center  of  bridge  over 

Road  crossing  north  and  south 

o         /             // 

38    32    46.4 

38    32    28.8 

o        /            // 

89    30    47.5 
89    29    52  8 

GEOGRAPHIC    POSITIONS    ALONG    HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  road  south  at  large  wooden  cross '. 

Bartelso,  1.25  miles  southwest  of  ;  at  T  road  north,  in   southeast 
I?  corner  of  field  owned  by  Herman  Soole,  nail  in  blaze  on  tree 

bears  N.  76°  45'  E..  distant  39.8  feet,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 

Trav.  Sta.  No.  25,  1905" 

Murch's  school  house,  T.  road  east,  just  south  of,  25  feet  north 

east  to  cross  on  wild  cherry  tree,  31  feet  southeast  to  corner 

wire  fence 

Germantown,  T.  road  south  1.5  miles  south  of  ;  33  feet  southeast 

to  cross  on  post 

Center  of  private  road 

T.1N.,  R.  4  W..  corner  sections  8,  9.  16  and  17,  T.  road  north. . . . 
T.  1  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  7,  8,  17  and  18,  crossroads,  36  feet 

northeast  to  large  apple  tree.  37  feet  southeast  to  locust  tree. . . 
T.  1  N..  R.  4  W.,  east  corner  sections  18  and  19 


38    32    11.6 


38    31    44.8 


38 


31    41.8 


31 
31 
32 

47.1 
44.2 
16.1 

32 
31 

17.5 
24.9 

89    29    02.9 


29    02.8 


24.9 


31 
33 
33 

31.8 
00.9 
12.3 

34 
31 

18.2 
17.0 

118  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG   HIGHWAYS—  Concluded. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.1N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  18  and  19  (west  corner),  24  feet 
west  to  cross  on  rail  fence 

T.  1  N.,  R.  5  W..  east  corner  sections  24  and  25,  T.  road  west,  50 
feet  northwest  to  cross  on  fence,  39  feet  west  to  south  end  of 
tile  culvert 

T.  1  N„  R.  5  W,  southwest  corner  section  24,  0.5  mile  east  of 
Damiansville,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  26, 
1905" 

Damiansville.  Catholic  church  spire 

Damiansville  school  house,  1.25  miles  west  of;  T.  road  east,  42 
feet  southeast  to  northwest  corner  of  school  house,  25  feet 
southwest  to  northeast  end  of  small  bridge 


38 


31    27.1 
30    35.2 


30    36.3 
30    35.8 


38 

38    30    48.6 


35    34.9 
35    34.9 


36  42.2 

37  24.4 


56.4 


GEOGRAPHIC    POSITIONS     ALONG    SOUTHERN    RAILROAD    NEAR    NEW    BADEN, 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

New  Baden,  north  and  south  road  crossing  about  3  miles  east  of ; 

o         /             // 

38    31    54.3 
38    31    53.2 
38    31    53.0 
38    31    54.2 

38    31    55.6 

O            1             II 

89    38    57.0 

89    40    37.4 

89    42    03.1 

Milepost  31,  road  crossing  north  and  south  170  feet  west  of 

North  and  south  road  crossing  of  Southern  Railway,  near  south- 
west corner  of  field  of  J.  B.  Freese,  iron  post  stamped  'Prim. 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  17,  1905" 

89    43    58.5 
89    45    38.9 

Menard  and  Sangamon  Counties — Tallula  Quadrangle. 

The  positions  in  the  following  list  were  determined  by  primary  Tra- 
verse in  June,  1905,  by  Mr.  E.  L.  McNair,  topographer.  The  line  be- 
gins at  Brown's  Crossing,  on  the  Wabash  Railway,  at  the  western 
boundary  of  Sangamon  county,  and  runs  north  on  or  near  the  county 
line  to  about  the  center  of  township  18  N.,  R.  8  W.,  Menard  county, 
thence  east  to  Petersburg. 


GEOGRAPHIC    POSITIONS    ALONG    HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Brown's  Corners  flag  station;  center  of  track  at  railroad  crossing 
T.  15  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  15  and  22,  near  quarter  corner  between 

T  road  west 

T.  15  N.,  R.  8  W.,  section  10,  near  center  of;  in  triangle  of  roads, 

at  T  road  east,    iron  post  stamped    '  'Prim.  Trav.   St.  No.  7, 

1905"  

T.  16  N.,  R.  8  W.,  near  center  section  34,  3  corners,  T  road  south. 
T.  16  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  27  and  34,  quarter  corner  between,  T 

road  east 

T.  16  N.,  R.  8W.,  sections  21  and  22,   quarter  corner  between,  3 

corners,  county  line  road  to  north 

T.  16  N.,   R.  8  W.,   sections  9,   10,   15  and  16,  corner  of ,  T  road 

T.  16  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  3,  4,  9  and  10,  corner;  T  road  east 

T.  16  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  3  and  4,  quarter  corner  between,  3,cor- 
ners,  T  road  to  west 


43  27, 

44  23 


45    51 

47    34 


39    48    00. 
39    49    19. 


39    50    37. 
39    51    29. 


89 


51    55.8 


59    04.4 
59    04.9 


59    05.6 
59    07.0 


59    02.6 
59    37.2 


59    37.8 
59    38.2 


59    38.1 


CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY. 
GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS—  Concluded. 


119 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Ashland,  0.75  mile  east  of;  T.  17  N..  R.  8  W.,  sections  27.  28.  33 
and  34,  corner  of;  at  intersection  of  roads,  at  northwest  corner, 
iron  post  stamped   '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  8,  1905"* 

T.  17  N..  R  8  W.,  northwest  corner  of  Sangamon  county,  T  road 

to  PUSt 

T.  17  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  15,' 16.  21  and  22 \  corner  of' ' '. '. '. ! . . .' . .... 

T.  17  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  9.  10,  15  and  16,  corner  of,  T  road 
west 

T.  17  N.,  R.  8W.,  sections  3  and  4,  quarter  corner  between,  4 
corners  

Ts.  17  and  18  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  4  and  33,  Quarter  corner  be- 
tween   

T  road  south  in  western  part  section  28 

T.  18  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  27  and  28,  quarter  corner  between,  T 
road  south,  county  line  between  Menard  and  Cass  counties 

T.  18  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  21,  22,  27  and  28,  corner  of 

T.  18  N..  R.  8  W.,  sections  15  and  16,  quarter  corner  between, 
in  grass  triangle  in  center  of  road  south  and  25  feet  south  of 
center  of  east  and  west  roads,  450  feet  west  of  farm  house  of 
Amos  Shoneweise,  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  9, 
1905"  

T.  18  N.,  R.  8W.,  sections  14  and  15,  quarter  corner  between,  T 
road  to  south 

T  road  to  north,  in  creek  bottom 

T.  18  N.,  Rs.  7  and  8  W.,  sections  13  and  18.  quarter  corner  be- 
tween, 4  corners  

T.  road  south  in  western  part  of  section  17 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7W.,  sections  15  and  16,  quarter  corner  between,  T 
road  south 

Overhead  crossing  of  Chicago  and  Alton  R.  R 

Petersburg  station,  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis  Railway,  center 
of  track 


39 

53 

14.4 

89 

59 

39.1 

39 
39 

53 
54 

55.5 
59.6 

89 
89 

59 
59 

39.0 
39.8 

39 

55 

51.9 

89 

59 

40.5 

39 

57 

10.3 

89 

59 

41.6 

39 

39 

57 

58 

36.0 
53.8 

90 
90 

00 

00 

15.4 
43.6 

39 
39 

58 

59 

54.2 
20.2 

89 
89 

59 
59 

42.3 
42.4 

40 

00 

38.2 

89 

59 

42.6 

40 
40 

00 
00 

38.5 
51.1 

89 
89 

58 
57 

34.9 
26.9 

40 
40 

00 

00 

38.6 
39.2 

89 
89 

50 
55 

17.9 
02.8 

40 
40 

00 
00 

39.2 
39.5 

89 
89 

53 
51 

03.3 

36.8 

40 

00 

41.20 

89 

50 

46.40 

Lake  County — Waukfgan  Quadrangle. 

In  June,  1906,  Mr.  L.  E.  Tucker,  topographic  aid,  ran  a  line  of 
primary  traverse  around  the  borders  of  this  quadrangle.  Starting  at 
Benton  triangulation  station,  United  States  Lake  Survey,  and  tieing  to 
primary  traverse  post  No.  i,  of  1904. 


Waukegan  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Benton  triangulation  station,  U.  S.  Lake  Survey,  in  N.  W.  quar- 
ter of  N.  W.  quarter  of  section  7,  Benton  township.  Station 
mark.  A  stone  post  2^2  feet  below  surface,  with  another  direct- 
ly over  it  as  a  surface  mark.  Height  of  station  used  was  65 
feet.  Reference  marks:  Two  stone  posts,  one  S.  13°  04'  W., 
dist.  565.9  meters,  one  N.  68°  59'  E.,  19.65  meters  distant. 
Height  of  ground  at  station  above  mean  level  of  Lake  Michigan 
is  212.6  feet 

T.  45  N.,  R.  12  E.,  quarter  corner  sections  7  and  8,  four  corners, 
North  Prairie  church  on  N.  E.  corner;  schoolhouse  on  north- 
west corner 

Chicago  &  Milwaukee  and  Electric  railroad  and  Winthrop  Har- 
bor road,  crossing  of 


42    29  02.88 


28  44.2 
28  43.9 


87    52  43.35 

87    51  46.8 
87    50  41.9 


120 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


(bull.  4 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  CHICAGO  AND  NORTHWESTERN  RAILROAD. 
ZION  CITY  TO  LAKE  FOREST. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Zion  City,  corner  of  Shiloh  Boulevard  and  Elijah  avenue,  north- 
east corner  of  American  Express  office  90  feet  southwest 

Zion  City,  Shiloh  Boulevard  and  Chicago  &  Northwestern  rail- 
road crossing,  west  rail 

East  and  West  road  crossing 

Waukegan  Courthouse 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  railroad  and  Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern 
railroad,  crossing  of 

Road  crossing,  east  and  west 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  and  Chicago  &  Milwaukee  Electric  rail- 
roads, overhead  crossing  of 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  railroad,  overhead  crossing 

Lake  Forest,  in  southeast  corner  of  city  hall  yard,  at  corner  of 
Forest  and  Deerpatt  sts.,  southeast  corner  of  city  hall  bears  N. 
63°  30'  W.,  distance  34.5  feet;  northwest  corner  of  Chicago  Tel. 
Co.  building  bears  S.  41°  30'  E.,  distant  78.3  feet,  iron  post 
stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  12,  1906" 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  railroad  and  highway  crossing 


42  26  59.2 

42  26  59.0 

42  23  04.8 

42  21  36.8 

42  19  29.9 

42  18  32.2 

42  16  45.3 

42  15  27.7 


42    15    03.9 
42     14    49.4 


Longitude. 


87  49  31.0 

87  49  04.4 

87  49  26.3 

87  49  58.4 

87  50  20.6 

87  50  46.8 

87  50  47.9 

87  50  28.2 


87    50    28.7 
87    51    42.1 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Ts.  43  and  44  N.,  Rs.  11  and  12  E 

Ts.  42  and  44  N.,  R.  11  E  ,  sections  36  and  35  and  1  and  2 

Ts.  43  and  44  N.,  R.  11  E.,  approximate  corner  sections  35,  34,  3 
and  2 

DesPlaines  River,  on  south  side  of  town  line  road,  9.8  feet  south- 
west of  corner  of  iron  bridge  across  river;  an  8  inch  oak(  on  op- 
posite side  of  road  is  22  feet  north,  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim. 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  13.  1906" 

Milwaukee  road  and  town  line,  corner  of 

Four  corners  east  of  railroad  crossing 

Wisconsin  Central  railroad,  azimuth  of,  at  station  69 

Diamond  Lake,  in  southwest  corner  of  schoolhouse  No.  76,  Union; 
5  feet  north  of  schoolyard  corner,  southwest  corner  of  school- 
house  is  83.6  feet  northeast;  southeast  corner  of  house  of  Wm. 
Einzewam's  is  20.5  feet  northwest  by  west,  iron  post  stamped 
'  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  14,  1906" 

Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  railroad,  azimuth  from  station  77 

Three  corners,  road  east 

Rockefeller,  Hotel  Cameron,  center  of  street  crossing 

Wisconsin  Central  railroad  and  highway  crossing 

Four  corners 

Ts.  44  and  45  N.,  R.  10  E.,  and  R.  HE 

Gages  corners 

Three  corners,  road  west 

Druses  Lake,  at  3  corners  600  feet  north  of  north  shore  of,  op- 
posite to  Brown's  cottage,  fence  corner  on  west  of  road  is  29.5 
feet  south,  blazed  oak  26.7  feet  north;  W.  C.  Brewer's  mailbox 
post  No.  4,  at  corner  is  22  feet  southeast;  iron  post  stamped 
"  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  15,  1906" 

Road  crossing 

T.  45  N.,  R.  10  E.,  sections  1  and  12 

T  45  N.,  R.  11  E.,  corner  sections  6  and  7 

Tp.  corner 

Four  corners,  road  east  and  west,  northwest  and  southeast 

Hickory  Corners,  an  oak  tree  is  35  feet  northeast  Methodist 
church  is  on  southwest  corner,  mailbox  No.  69  is  35  feet  north- 
west   

Three  corners,  road  west,  schoolhouse  on  northwest  corner 

Pikeville,  Wis.,  4  corner,  south  side  state  line  road,  west  side 
N.  &  S.  road,  fence  corner  on  southwest  corner  is  30  feet  south- 
west  

T.  1  N.,  R.  21  E.,  50  feet  northeast  of  south  corner  of  sections  34 
and  35,  N.  side  state  line  road,  800  feet  northwest  Chas.  Craw- 
ford's house,  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  1,    1906" 


42    14    23.8 
42    14    24.2 


42    14    24.7 


42  14  25.6 

42  14  25.3 

42  14  25.3 

152  01 


42  22  17.8 

42  23  09.6 

42  24  02.1 

42  24  02.1 

42  24  54.5 

42  26  39.4 


42    27    58.1 
42    28    24.1 


42  ,29    44.5 
42    29    42.5 


87    53  09.4 
87    54  19.6 


87    55  30.0 


87  56  21.5 
87  56  39.7 
87    56  36.2 


42 

14 
51 
15 

29.1 

18.5 

88 

00  13.4 

42 

88 

00  05.0 

42 

1« 

25.2 

88 

00  14.1 

42 

17 

51.7 

88 

00  17.4 

42 

18 

21.5 

88 

00  15.2 

42 

19 

39.9 

88 

00  16.3 

12 

20 

19.2 

88 

00  16.1 

42 

21 

37.8 

88 

00  06.5 

01  12.8 
00  14.5 
00  14.1 
00  14.1 
00  13.6 
00  37.4 


88    01  01.42 
88    01  04.5 


88    01  30.3 
87    59  24.6 


Declination,  N.  border  3°  05';  S.  border.  2°  34'-  W.  border  3C  48' 


WILSON ] 


OO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY 


121 


Primary  Traverse — JoDaviess  County — Apple  River  Quadrangle. 

The  field  work  of  primary  traverse  on  the  Apple  River,  Galena,  Her- 
rin  and  Murphysboro  quadrangles,  Jo  Daviess,  Jackson,  Perry,  Frank- 
lin and  Williamson  counties,  was  done  by  L.  E.  Tucker,  topographic 
aid,  in  1906,  but  the  positions  of  the  following  described  points  have 
not  yet  been  computed :  * 

GEOGRAPHIC   POSITIONS   ALONG   RAILROADS   AND   HIGHWAYS  FROM  WARREN, 
APPLE  RIVER  AND  SCALES  MOUND  TO  ELIZABETH. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Road  crossing 

Apple  River,  southwest  cornor  lot  10,  block  6,  yard  of  W.  H. 
Smith,  southwest  cornor  of  Henry  Smith  store  is  E.  64.5  ft.: 
southwest  corner  of  Henry  Smith  house  is  N.  42.2  ft.,  iron  post 
stamped  '  'Prim.  Sta.  No.  16,  1906." 

Ts.  29  and  30  N.,  Rs.  3  and  4  E 

Railroad  crossing 

Law  station,  in  front  of 

Road  crossing  north  and  south 

Underneath  crossing 

Scales  Mound,  southwest  corner  of  school  yard,  corner  Presby- 
terian church  porch  is  S.  E.  93.2  feet,  S.  E.  cor.  Catholic  church 
is  W.  51  feet;  S.  W.  corner  school  house  porch  is  N.  E.  70  feet., 
iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  17,  1906." 

Hesselbacher  cheese  factory,  road  leads  east 

Northwest  corner  of  factory 

Road  west  at  top  of  Flint  Rock  hill 

Gate  to  Lutheran  church 

Corner  of  Ridge  road  and  Shappville  road,  mail  box  of  Robert 
Hill  is  50  feet  east  of  station 

Corner  Scale  Mound-Elizabeth  Ridge  road  and  Thompson  Mill 
Galena  road 

Three  corners  road  east,  mail  box  of  H.  J.  Ehredt  by  gate  west 
side  of  road >. 

T.  28  N.,  R.  2  E.,  S.  E.  part  sec.  26,  in  southwest  corner  of  3  cor- 
ners near  school  house  No.  4,  (Mt.  Morley) ;  Schol  House  is  119  ft. 
N.41°  00'  E.,  a  blazed  oak  is  124  ft.W.,an  oak  stump  with  mailbox 
of  E.  E.  Sanderson,  Louis  Werner  S.  41°  E.,  and  Henry  Hess 
is  41.5  ft  on  east  side  of  road,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav. 
Sta.  No.  18,  1906." 

Three  corners  road  east;  mailbox  of  Will  Brickner  is  35  ft.  E.  of 
station 

Hickory  Grove  School  House,  Elizabeth  Township,  center  of  road 
in  front  of 

4  corners,  center  of;  mailbox  of  H.  Rees  on  southeast  corner 

Corner  of  Elizabeth,  Galena  and  Scales  Mound  Ridge  road  bears 
S.  31°  15'  W 

Elizabeth,  corner  Main  and  Myrtle  sts.,  corner  Black  Hawk  Bldg. 
bears  S.  89°  36'  W.  35  ft.;  corner  Illinois  Bldg.  bears  N.  12°  E., 
45  feet 


GEOGRAPHIC    POSITIONS    ALONG    HIGHWAYS    TO    SOUTHWEST    CORNER    QUAD- 
RANGLE THENCE  TO  MASSBACH. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Crossing  of  Chicago  Great  Western  Railway 

T.  27  N.,  R.  2  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  25  and  36  (Approx . 
cor.  not  found)  

T.  27  N.  R.  2  E.,  and  T.  26  N.,  R.2E.,  quarter  corner  between 
sees.  36  and  1,  respectively 

Pleasant  Hill  School  House,  Hanover  Township,  being  S.W.  corner 
of  quadrangle;  east  side  of  school  yard  fence,  43  feet  south  of 
N.  E.  corner  of  school  fence,  126.6  feet  north  of  large  white  oak, 
at  southeast  corner  of  school  yard;  another  large  white  oak  is 
11  feet  S.  E.  of  B.  M.;  school  fence  is  4  feet  west;  iron  post 
stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  19.  1906." 

*  These  will  be  furnished  on  request. 


Longitude. 


122 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


I  BULL.   4 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS—  Concluded. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  26  N.,  R.  3  E.,  approx.  corner  sees.  7,  8,  17  and  18,  road  south. 
T.  26  N.,   R.  3  E.,   approx.  corner  sees.  8,   9,  16  and  17,  Derinda 

Center,  4  corners 

T.  26  N.,  R.  3  E.f  approx.  corner  sees.  9.  10,  15  and  16,  west  end  of 

iron  bridge  over  Big  Rush  Creek 

Massbach,   600  feet  south  of  P.  O.;  road  north,  south  and  west; 

(route  south;)  east  side  of  road  at  three  corners 

T.  26  N.,  R.  3  E.,  on  south  line  sec.  14,  3  corners  O.  5  mile  south  of 

Massbach  P.  O 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  VIA  MORESVILLE  TO  WARREN. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  26  N.,  Rs.3  and  4  E.,  corner  sees.  13  and  34,  and  18  and  19  res- 
pectively bears  S.  73°  00'  E.,  70  feet;  (corner  approx.),  south- 
east corner  of  schoolyard  of  Camp  Creek  Union  School  14. 
DerindaTownship,  S.E.cor.  school  house  bears  N.  33°  00'W.81  ft.; 
16  inch  oak  bears  N.  42°  30'  E.,  52  feet;  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim. 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  20,  1906." 

T.  26  N.,  R.  4E.,  corner  sees.  17,  18,  19  and  20 

T.  26  N.,  R.  4  E.,  N.  E.  part  sec.  20,  4  corners  on  Galena-Dixon 
road,  private  road  west 

Pleasant  Valley  Township,  T  road  at  Carroll  School  House  No. 
21 


Center  of  road  in  front  of  Pleasant  Valley  Town  Hall 

T.  road  south  just  west  of  white  schoolhouse 

T.  26  N.,  R.  5  E.,  northwest  quarter  sec.  7,  on  south  side  o4 

Savanna-Freeport  road,   150  feet  northeast  with  corner  with 

Union  Church  road;  a  22  inch  wild  cherry  is  9.6  ft.  S.  16°  W.  N. 

E.  corner  iron  bridge  over  Middle  Plum  River  is  S.  38°  30'  E . 

366  ft.;  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  21.  1906." 

Corner  of  Pleasant  Valley,  Stockton,  Ward  Grove  and  Berriman 

Townships,  (Approx.)  3  corners  road  east,  Ts.  26  and  27  N..  Rs. 

4  and  5 E 

T.  27.  N.,  R.  5  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  30,  road  east 

T.  27  N.,   R.  5  E.,    sec.  30.    southwest  corner  of ;  3  corners,  road 

west 


T.  27  N.,  R.  5  E.,  sec.  18,  southwest  corner,  road  east 

T.  27  N.,  R.  5  E.,  southwest  corner  section  7,  crossing  of  Great 
Western  Railway 

T.  27  N.,  R.  5  E.,  southwest  corner  section  6,  Rush  Township,  in 
school  yard  of  school  house  82,  just  south  of  plank  walk  leading 
from  yard  gate  to  school  house,  1  foot  west  of  fence  S.  E.  corner 
school  house  bears  S.  73°  W.,  feet;  flag  pole  is  7  feet  south 

T.  28  N.,  R.  4  E.,  corner  sections  13  and  24,  4  corners  at  Chelsea 
church 

T.  28  N.,  R.  5  E.,  town  of  Nora,  corner  sections  18  and  19,    road 


east. 


T.  28  N.,  R.  4  E.,  town  of  Rush,  corner  sections  12  and  13  road 
west do 

T.  28  N.,  R.  5  E.,  (Nora)  corner  sections  6  and  7,  4  corners  at 
Pucketts  schoolhouse 

T.  28  N.,  R.  4  E.,  (Rush)  corner  sections  1  and  12 

Ts.  28  and  29,  Rs.  4  and  5  E.,  4  corners  road  west 


CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY. 


123 


Primary  Traverse. 

JoDaviess  County — Galena  Quadrangle. 

geographic  positions  along  railroad  and  highways  from  scale 
mounds  via  councilhill  to  millbrig. 


Station. 


Scales  Mound,  0.7  mile  west  of;  center  of  wagon  bridge  over  I.  C. 
Railroad 

T.  29  N.,  R.  2  E.,  approx.  corner  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27,  5  feet 
east  of — 

Center  of  iron  bridge 

Illinois-Wisconsin  state  line  at  elbow  corner  road  west,  Veta 
Grand;  mail  box  of  Wm.  Haskins  is  30  feet  northwest,  corner 
of  state  line  fence  with  east  road  fence  is  20  feet  east 

Stone  at  state  line,  road  north  into  Wisconsin 

T.  29  N.,  R.  2  E.,  approx.  corner  sections  15  and  16,  Illinois- Wis- 
consin state  line,  road  south 

Town  of  Councilhill,  center  of  road  opposite  school  house  No.  92.. 

West  quarter'corner  section  19,  T.  29  N.,  R.  2  E.,  bears  N.  43°  00' 
E.,  5  feet  from  station;  east  quarter  corner  section  24,  T.  29  N., 
R.  1  E.,  bears  S  30  feet  from  station 

Councilhill,  three  corners  at  stone  blacksmith  shop;  road  south, 
east  and  west 

Councilhill,  0.5  mile  southwest  of;  mail  box  of  James  E.  Welch 
on  three  corners 

T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E..  east  ^  section  27,  and  northeast  corner  of  three 
corners  0.5  mile  east  of  Mulbrig 

Just  east  of  ruins  of  old  stone  church;  corner  of  fence  is  S.  50°  W.. 
8  feet;  mail  box  of  T.  Trevarthen  is  S.  45°  00'  W„  75  feet;  dis- 
tance to  fence  line  is  1.5  feet;  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav. 
Sta.  No.  23,  1906" 


Longitude. 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS   ALONG  HIGHWAYS  VIA  TURNPIKE    TO    STATE    LINE. 
THENCE  TO  GALENA,  THENCE  VIA  HORSESHOE  MOUND  TO  BLANDING. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Crossing  of  road  and  C.  &  N.  W.  Railroad 

State  Line,  Wisconsin-Illinois,  T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E.,  on  north  and 
south  wagon  road,  on  west  half  of  north  line  section  15.  (Here 
the  line  turns  west  across  field  to  State  Line  road 

Intersection  of  fourth  prime  meridian  with  Illinois-Wisconsin 
state  line 

South  side  of  State  Line  road  at  corner  Galena-Hazel  Green 
turnpike,  1  foot  north  of  fence  line,  10  feet  east  of  fence  corner, 
a  blazed  maple  on  state  line  bears  N.W..  77.7  feet;  a  Cottonwood 
bears  N.  53  feet;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  24, 
1906" • 

Four  corners,  20  feet  west  of  center  of  turnpike,  in  center  of  road 
west  to  Excelsior  Mill 

T.  29  N.,  R.  1  W.,  center  section  23  (approx.) 

T.  29  N.,  R.  1  W.,  section  28,  east  part  of  southeast  quarter  of; 
on  south  side  of  Bodell  four  corners,  Menominee  township 
(formerly  Excelsior  Mill),  S.  E.  corner  Bodell's  front  yard 
fence  bears  N.  1°  00'  W.  104  feet;  mail  box  of  Gerhard  Bussen 
bears  N.  30°  30'  E.  87  feet;  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 
No.  25,  1906" 

T.  28  N.,  R.1W.,  about  center  of  northeast  quarter  of  section  2; 
corner  of  Galena-Hazel  Green  and  road  to  Excelsior,  northwest 
fence  corner  is  N.  62°  W.,  east  fence  of  turnpike  is  18  feet  east; 
Four  Mile  house  is  on  southwest  corner 

T.  28  N.,  R.  1  W.,  intersection  of  Galena  turnpike  and  section 
line  between  sections  2  and  11,  road  west,  Cottage  Grove  school 
house  on  east  side  of  turnpike 

Corner  sections  11,  12,  13  and  14  bears  north  130  feet 

Galena,  in  most  easterly  corner  of  court  house  yard;  east  corner 
of  court  house  bears  S.  89°  00'  W.,  24.5  feet,  square  stone  on 
northwest  corner  of  Bench  and  Meeker  streets  bears  S.  80°  00' 
E.,  14.7  feet,  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  26" 

Galena,  just  east  of  postoffice  building,  north  end  of  iron  bridge 
over  Galena  river 

The  line  here  forms  a  circuit  run  for  the  purpose  of  connecting 
with  the  Horseshoe  Mound  triangulation  station 

Galena,  center  of  intersection  of  I.  C.  Railroad  and  C,  B.  &  Q. 
Railroad  at  switch  tower 


124 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 
GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS- Concluded. 


I  BULL.   4 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Galena  Junction  depot 

East  and  west  road  crossing  C.,B.  &  Q.  R.R.   culvert  No.  16. 

Railroad  crossing  northwest  and  southeast 

Blanding  station,  1  mile  northwest  of;  railroad  crossing 

Blanding,  on  west  side  of  O,  B.  &  Q.   R.  R.  at    elbow    corner 
front  of  postofflce,  northeast  corner  postofflce  is  74  feet  south- 
west; east  corner  of  Mrs.  Batie's  house  is  west  44  feet,  north- 
west corner  of  Blanding  station  is  44   feet   east;    iron   post 
stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  27,  1906" 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  VIA  HANOVER  TO  PLEASANT  HILL. 


Station. 


T.  26  N.,  R.  1  E.,  road  crossing  north  and  south  on  line  between 
sections  11  and  12 

T.  26  N.,  R.  IE.,  section  12,  southwest  part  of;  crossing  with 
east  and  west  road.  (Here  road  leaves  railroad  and  runs 
easterly  to  Hanover.) 

T.  26  N.,  R.  1  E.,  section  12,  southeast  part  of;  three  corners, 
road  east  to  Hanover;  road  west  and  northwest  to  Blanding 

Road  south,  east  and  west,  three  corners 

Large  oak  tree  at  three  corners  north  side  of  road  bears  50  feet 
N.  62°  30'  W. ;  road  east  to  Hanover,  west  to  Blanding  and 
southwest  to  Hanover  station 

Hanover,  at  southwest  corner  of  hotel  piazza  wall;  northeast 
corner  of  Hanover  Manufacturing  Co.  brick  block  bears  S.  W. 
87.4  feet;  northwest  corner  of  Miller  &  White's  brick  bears  store 
bears  S.  616  feet;  iron  post  stamped  '  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  28, 
1906" 

Corner  Jefferson  street,  Pleasant  Hill  road  and  Savanna  road; 
Holy  Face  Catholic  church  is  in  southwest 

Three  corners,  road  west  to  Hanover,  east  to  Pleasant  Hill,  north 
along  Apple  river  to  Elizabeth 


Longitude. 


Primary  Traverse. 

Franklin,  Jackson,  Perry  and  Williamson   Counties — Herri n 

Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC   POSITIONS    ALONG  ILLINOIS   CENTRAL  RAILWAY,   CARBONDALE 
TO  DUQUOIN,   THENCE  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  TO  BENTON. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Road  crossing  east  and  west 

East  and  west  road  crossing 

Underneath  crossing  of  Illinois  Central  and  St.  L.,  I.  M.  &  S.R.R. 

Ward  station,  road  crossing 

East  and  west  road  crossing 

Hollidaysboro  coal  mine,  road  crossing  just  south  of,  east  and 
west 

East  and  west  road  crossing,  125  feet  east  of  crossing  is  a  T  road 
northeast  and  west 

Elkville  station  platform,  1  foot  north  of;  10  feet  west  of  north- 
east corner,  12  feet  east  of  northwest  corner,  16  feet  east  of 
east  rail  Illinois  Central  R.  R.,  170  feet  north  of  semaphore  post 
at  Elkville  station,  iron  post  stamped,  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No. 
34,  1906" 

East  and  west  road  crossing 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  W.,  half  section  line  section  29.  east  and  west  road 
crossing  85  feet  west  of  half  section  line,  road  south  along  I.  C. 
R.  R 

East  and  west  road  crossing 

Duquoin  station,  37  feet  northwest  of  northwest  post  of  station, 
on  west  rail  of  east  track,  main  line 


WILSON]  CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY.  125 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD—  Concluded. 


Stations. 


Duquoin,  in  east  brick  wall  of  Exchange  bank  of  G.  S.  Smith  & 
Co.,  4  feet  above  level  of  sidewalk,  2  feet  south  of  east  door  of 
bank  opening  into  Division  street,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
'  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  32,  1906" 

Five  corners 

Ebenezer  school  house,  opposite;  T  corner  road  south,  approx. 
center  section  12.  T.  5  S.,  R.  1  W 

North  rail  at  crossing 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  W.,  section  11,  T  corner  road  north 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  11  and  12,  4  cor- 
ners, approx.  quarter  corner 

Three  corners  road  east  to  Benton,  south  to  Mulkeytown,  west 
to  Duquoin 

Little  Muddy  river,  center  of  iron  bridge  over 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  E.,  section  line  sections  4  and  5,  just  south  of  Mr. 
Lindsay's  house  on,  45  feet  west  of  3  corners 

Corner  sections  4,  5,  8  and  9,  22  feet  southeast  of;  on  elbow  cor- 
ner at  Kane  Creek  school  house 

T.  6  S.,  R.1E„  corner  sections  8.  9,  16  and  17,  0.25  mile  north  of; 
4  corners 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  N.,  approx.  corner  sections  16,  17,  20  and  21,  bears  S. 
30°  00'  W.  28  feet;  in  northeast  corner  of  four  corners,  just  east 
of  The  Blue  Grass  school  house,  district  No.  30;  nail  in  blaze 
on  oak  tree  at  southeast  corner  of  road  bears  south  83  feet;  a 
nail  in  blaze  on  oak  tree  at  southwest  corner  of  road  bears 
south  36°  00'  west  83  feet,  iron  post  stamped  '  Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 
No.  33,  1906" 

T.  6S.,  R.  IE.,  corner  sections  15,  16,  21  and  22,  approx.,  T  cor- 
ner road  north 

T.  6  S.,  R,  1  E.,  corner  sections  14,  15,  22  and  23,  road  north 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  14  and  23,  road 
south  

T  corner,  road  south  to  Christopher,  west  to  Duquoin,   north  to 

T.  6S.,  R.  IE.,  section  24,  T.  6  s\,  R^2  E.',' section  19,  in  middie 
of  north  half  of  section  line  between,  on  township  line 

T  road  south,  a  black  locust  tree  bears  southeast  30  feet 

T.  6  S..  R.  2  E.,  3  corners  section  line  between  sections  19  and  20, 
midway  between  north  full  corner  and  quarter  corner 

T.  6  S.,  R.  IE.,  section  line  between  sections  20  and  21,  north 
and  south  road  crossing 

House  of  W.  M.  Wolf,  north  side  of,  about  150  feet  south  of 
I.  C.  R.  R..  east  of  wagon  road,  bears  S.  71°  00'  141  feet;  iron 
post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  34" 


Longitude. 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  SOUTH  BORDER,   CAR  BOND  ALE   TO   B.   M.    10, 
ALONG  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Center  of  small  bridge  over  creek,  north 

Elbow  corner,  road  south  and  west 

Three  corners,  road  south 

T.  9  S.,  R.  1  W.,  approximate  center  of  S.W.  quarter  section  13, 
25  feet  east  of  ;  3  corners,  road  south 

T.  9  S.,  Rs.  1  E.,  andlW.,  sections  18  and  13,  respectively,  at 
middle  south  half  of  section  line  between,  Jackson- Williamson 
county  line.  10  feet  west  of 

T.  9  S.,  R.  1  E.,  comer  sections  7  and  18,  stone  post,  corner  Jack- 
son-Williamson county  line,  bears  N.  50°  W.,  6  feet ;  road  east 
to  Carterville 

T.  9  S.,  R.  IE.,  sections  5  and  8,  quarter  corner  between 

Four  corners 

Carterville  City  School  yard,  southwest  part  of,  1  foot  north  of 
east  and  west  sidewalk,  1.3  feet  west  of  line  of  north  and  south 
crosswalk  across  alley,  west  side  of  cinder  walk  south  from 
schoolhouse  is  30  feet  east ;  southwest  corner  of  brick  school- 
house  bears  N.  57°  00'  E.,  104  feet,  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim. 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  31.  1906  " 


126  YEAE-EOOK    FOR    1906.  Lbui.l.  4 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  SOUTH  BORDER— Concluded. 


Station. 


Ts.  8  and  9  S.,  R.  1  E.,  corner  sections  34  and  35  ;  2x  3  stone 
post  in  center  of  4  corners,  18  feet  southwest  of  blazed  sycamore 
tree  ;  section  corner  bears  S.  87°  00'  W.,  10.5  feet  from  station. . 

Road  north,  quarter  corner  between  sections 

Ts.  8  and  9  S.,  Rs.  1  and  2  E.,  lane  north,  stone  post  at  corner 

B.  M.  No.  10,  1906.  T.8S.,  R.2K,  sections  31  and  32 ;  T.  9  S., 
R.  2  E.,  sections  6  and  5,  near  corner 


Longitude. 


Primary   Traverse. 


Jackron.and  Perry  Counties — Murphysboro  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  FROM  DUQUOIN  TO  DENMARK, 
THENCE  TO  SAND  RIDGE,    THENCE  TO  FOUNTAIN  BLUFF. 


Station. 


T.  6S.,  R.1W.,  section  18,  T.  6  S.,  R.  2  W.,  section  13,  quarter 
corner  between 

T  road  south,  opposite,  stone  in  road 

T.  6  S.,  R.  2  W.,  approximate  quarter  corner  between  sections  14 
and  15 

T.  6  S.,  R.  2  W.,  road  south, private  road  north,  center  section  16. 

T.  6  S.,  R.  2  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  17  and  18,  T  road 

south 

*T.  6  S.,  R.  2  W.,  center  section  18,  southwest  corner  of  4  corners, 
northeast  fence  corner  bears  N.  45°  00'  W.,  6  feet ;  iron  post 
stamped   '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  35,  1906  " 

T.  6  S.,  Rs.  2  and  3  W.,  quarter  corner  on  township  line  between, 
is  30  feet  south  of 

T.  6  S.,  R.1W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  13  and  14,  T  road 
south  

Sections  17  and  18,  quarter  corner  between 

T.  6  S.,  R.  3  W.,  section  17,  center  of  ;  T  road  north 

T.  6  S.,  R.  3  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  17  and  18,  bears 
N.  18  feet ;  station  is  an  elbow  corner  road  south  and  east. 
wood  road  east 

T.  6  S.,  Rs.  3  and  4  W.,  corner  sections  18,  19,  13  and  24 

Road  south  at  Denmark 

Denmark,  1  foot  on  west  side  of  old  brick  church  now  owned  by 
E.  Anderson  and  5  feet  south  of  northwest  corner :  northeast 
of  Free  Baptist  Church  bears  S.W.  90  feet,  iron  post  stamped 
'  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  36,  1906."  (Bench  mark  is  connected  to 
main  line) 

T.  6  S.,  R.  4W.,  sections  23  and  26,  quarter  corner  between,  T 
road  east 

T.  6  S.,  R.  4  W.,  sections  26  and  35,  quarter  corner  between 

T.  6  S.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36 

T.  6S„  R.  4  W.,  section  36,  southeast  corner  L  corner  road  west 
and  south 

Ts.  6  and  7  S.,  Rs.  3  and  4  W.,  intersection  of  township  line  with 
Jackson  and  Perry  county  line,   crossroads 

T.  7  S.,  R.  3  W.,  sections  5  and  6,  quarter  corner  between 

Sugar  Hill  school  house,  northeast  corner,  T.  7  S.,  R.  3  W.,  sec- 
tions 5  and  8,  quarter  corner  between 

T.  7  S.,  R.  3  W.,  center  section  8,  T  road  east 

T.  7  S.,  R.  3  W.,  corner  sections  19,20,29  and  30,  bears  17  feet  S.E. 

L  corner,  turn  west  at  M.  &  L.  R.  R.  crossing 

Ava,  in  southeast  corner  of  M.  &  O.  R.  R.  depot  lot,  1  foot  west 
of  sidewalk,  southeast  corner  of  station  bears  N.  76°  00'  N.  82 
feet;  southeast  corner  of  station  platform  is  3C  feet  northwest, 
northwest  corner  of  cement  sidewalk  on  south  side  of  street  in 
S.  47  feet;   iron  post  stamped   "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  37.  1906"".. 

Ts.  7  and  8  S..  Rs.  3  and  4  W.,  corner  T  road  east 

T.  8  S.,  R.  3  W.,  ie  corner  of  northeast  quarter  section  8, between 
section  8,  T.  8  S.,  R.  3  W.,  and  section  5.  R.  7  S.,  L  corner 

Sodom  school  house,  T  road  east,  northeast  corner  church  on 
southeast  corner 

T.  8  S.,  R.3W,  corner  sections  16,  17.  20  and  21,  bears  S.  4°  30' 
E.,  316  feet  and  east  1364  feet  from  station 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


WILSON] 


CO-OPERATIVE    TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEY. 


127 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  SOUTH  BORDER  OF  QUADRANGLE  PROM  FOUN- 
TAIN BLUFF  TO  CARBONDALE  ALONG  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD. 


Statton. 


Latitude. 


T  road  north,  turn  east 

T  road  southeast  across  Kincaid  creek;  turn  southeast,  ford 
creek 

Three  corners,  turn  southeast 

Waldbeiser  school  house  district  No.  65,  Jackson  county,  T  road 
east 

T.  8  S.,  R.  3  W.,  center  section  32,  bears  S.  2°  00'  E.  60  feet 

Grove  and  Sand  Ridge  branch  of  I.  C.  R.  R;  turn  south  and  follow 
railroad  to  Sand  Ridge  Junction 

East  and  west  road  crossing 

Crossing  of  I.  C.  R.  R .  and  St.  L. ,  I.  M.  &  S.  R.  R 

Station  6  (line  from  Fountain  Bluff  to  B.  M  10) 

Leo  Rock  station,  at  tower  east  of;  crossing  of  I.  C.  R.  R  and 
St.  L..  &  I.  M.  R.  R 

Miss.  River  Com  B.  M.  No.  V 

North  rail  I.  C.  R.  R..  center  of  St.  L.  &  I.  M.  R.  R.  crossing 

Sand  Ridge  Junction,  3  feet  northeast  of  switch  bar,  on  north 
rail  of  I.  C.  R.  R 

Center  pier  I.  C.  R.  R.  bridge  over  Big  Muddy  river 

Private  road  crossing 

House  of  J.  G.  Henson  near  private  road  crossing 

Murphysboro,  1  mile  southeast  of;  0.25  mile  west  of  Mobile  & 
Ohio  R.  R.  crossing;  from  station  45  east,  cattle  guard  is  22 
feet;  west  cattle  guard  34  feet;  on  south  rail  of  I.  C.  R.  R.  at 
road  crossing 

Mobile  &  Ohio  R.  R.  crossing 

Murphysboro,  in  northwest  corner  of  court  house  yard,  1  foot 
south  of  north  iron  fence,  1.5  feet  east  of  west  iron  fence,  iron 
post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Station  No.  29,  1906" 

T.  9  S.,  R.  2  W.,  sections  4  and  9,  quarter  corner  between 

Crossing  Illinois  Central  Railroad 

Corner  Murphysboro- Jonesboro-Carbondale  roads,  T.  9  S.,  R.  2 
W.,  west  side  section  10 

Pleasant  Grove  Church,  in  front  of;  opposite  Pleasant  Grove 
school  house,  north  side  of  road 

T.  9  S.,  R.  2  W.,  sections  13  and  24,  at  middle  of  west  half  section 
line;  35  feet  southeast  from  U.  S.  mail  box  front  of  Mr.  East- 
erly's house,  T  road,  north,  south  and  east 

T.  9  S.,  R.  2  W.,  section  24,  northeast  corner  of;  corner  stone  to, 
bears  N.  58°  15'  E.,  33  feet;  road  north  on  township  line 

T.  9  S.,  R.1W„  sections  17,  18,  19  and  20,  3  corners,  road  north. 

Carbondale,  northwest  corner  of  I.  C.  R.  R.  park,  12  feet  east  of 
iron  water  stand,  2  feet  east  of  iron  fence.  6  feet  south  of  iron 
fence,  iron  post  stamped  '  'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  30.  1906'* 


Longitude. 


128 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    19ltf). 


[bull.  4 


Office  Work,   1905-1906. 

Computations  and  Draughting. 

Mr.  S.  S.  Gannett,  geographer,  of  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey, was  in  charge  of  the  division  of  triangulation  and  computation. 
During  the  year  1905-6  the  following  computations  were  made: 

For  the  Springfield,  Tallula,  Urbana,  Mahomet,  Belleville,  Breese, 
and  Wheaton  quadrangles,  in  Champaign,  Clinton,  DuPage,  Madison, 
Menard,  and  Sangamon  counties,  1,411  latitudes  and  departures  and 
336  geographic  positions  were  computed.  Level  circuits  in  the  Breese, 
Belleville,  Eldorado,  Mahomet,  New  Haven,  Springfield,  and  Urbana 
quadrangles,  in  Champaign,  Clinton,  Gallatin,  Madison,  Menard,  San- 
gamon, Saline,  and  White  counties,  were  adjusted,  and  the  office  com- 
putations of  the  precise  line  from  Pekin  to  Champaign  was  made. 

All  of  the  topographic  surveying  of  the  field  season  of  1905  was 
carefully  drafted  in  ink  during  the  winter  of  1905-6  and  preliminary 
photolithographic  copies  were  made  for  distribution  of  the  completed 
sheets.  The  preliminary  road  traverse  was  adjusted  on  Breese  and 
Wheaton  sheet  prior  to  sketching  topography  in  the  field. 

During  the  present  office  season,  1906-7,  computations  will  be  made 
of  the  results  of  primary  traverse  and  precise  levels  and  drafting  of 
topographic  maps  will  be  done. 

Engraved  Sheets. 

All  the  atlas  sheets  completely  mapped  during  the  field  season  of 
.905  were  turned  over  to  the  engraver  for  publication.  Those  which 
have  been  published  are  the  following,  representing  a  land  area  of  657 
square  miles : 


Sheet  Name. 

Counties. 

Square  Miles. 

Gallatin,  Hamilton,  Saline,  White.. 
Gallatin,  White 

235.66 

New  Haven  (Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucky) . 

192.78 

Champaign 

228.40 

Total 

656.84 

Springfield  will  be  published  by  January  first. 

Photolithographic  Editions. 


In  addition  to  the  sheets  engraved  and  published  in  colors,  as  listed 
above,  all  sheets  completed  during  the  year  1905  were  published  in 
preliminary  photolithographic  form  for  dissemination  in  1906.  All 
these  are  in  the  hands  of  the  engraver  pending  issuance  in  colors. 
They  are  as  follows : 


Sheet  Name. 

Counties. 

Square  Miles. 

Madison,  St.  Clair 

233.28 

Champaign,  Piatt 

228.40 

Logan,  Menard,  Sangamon 

229.22 

Total 

690.90 

PRELIMINARY  INVESTIGATION  OF  ILLINOIS 
FIRE  CLAYS. 

(By  Ross  C.  Purdy  and  Frank  W.  DeWolf.) 


Contents. 

Page 

Introduction 131 

Production 131 

Scope  of  investigation 131 

Tests  undertaken 131 

Chemical  analyses 135 

Determination  of  fusion  point 135 

Range  from  vitrification  to  fusion 136 

Fineness  of  grain 136 

Slacking 136 

Plasticity 137 

Drying  and  burning 137 

Interpretation  of  results 137 

Geological  distribution  of  fire  clays 139 

Fire  clays  of  Cretaceous-Tertiary  age 139 

Geological  relations 140 

Distribution  and  character  of  fire  clays  and  associated  beds 140 

Geology  of  the  region 142 

Paleozoic  formations 143 

Cretaceous  system 143 

Ripley  formation 143 

Tertiary  system 143 

Porter's  Creek  formation 143 

Lagrange  formation 144 

Lafayette  formation 144 

Quaternary  system 145 

Loess  formation 145 

Alluvial  deposits 145 

Structure  of  the  embayment  deposits 146 

Geologic  history  of  the  embayment  area 146 

Extent,  thickness  and  character  of  the  clays 147 

Commercial  development 147 

Field  and  laboratory  notes  on  Cretaceous-Tertiary  clays 148 

Clays  from  Round  Knob,  Massac  county,  samples  D  28, 29, 30, 31 148 

Field  notes 148 

Laboratory  notes 150 

Clay  from  Massac  county,  sample  D  32 151 

Field  notes 151 

Laboratory  notes 152 

Clays  from  Pulaski  county,  samples  D  33  und  D  36 153 

Field  notes 153 

Laboratory  notes 153 

Clays  from  Pope  county,  samples  D  34  and  D  35 154 

Field  notes 154 

Laboratory  notes 155 


-9G 


130  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

Contents — Concluded. 

Page 

Clay  from  Pulaski  county,  sample  D  44 156 

Field  notes 156 

Laboratory  notes 156 

Clays  from  Pulaski  county,  samples  D  45  and  D  46 157 

Field  notes 157 

Laboratory  notes ! 157 

Clay  from  Massac  county,  sample  D  50 158 

Field  notes 158 

Laboratory  notes 158 

Fire  Clays  of  Coal  Measure  age 159 

Geologic  relations 159 

Field  and  laboratory  notes  on  fire  clays  of  the  Coal  Measures 161 

Clays  from  Argillo  Works,  Carbon  Cliff,  Rock  Island  county,  samples  H  8.  9  and  10  161 

Field  notes 161 

Laboratory  notes 161 

Clays  from  Western  Stoneware  Co.,  Monmouth,  111.,  samples  H  41.42  and  43 162 

Field  notes 162 

Laboratory  notes 162 

Clays  from  Macomb,  McDonougb  county,  samples  H  44,  45  and  46 163 

Field  notes 163 

Laboratory  notes 164 

Clay  from  Streator,  La  Salle  county,  sample  G  13 165 

Field  notes 165 

Laboratory  notes 165 

Clay  from  Utica  Fire  Brick  Co.,  Utica,  La  Salle  county,  sample  V  4 ■ 166 

Field  notes 166 

Laboratory  notes 166 

Clay  from  Utica  Fire  Brick  Co.,  Utica,  La  Salle  county,  sample  V  5 166 

Field  notes 166 

Laboratory  notes 166 

Clay  from  Pioneer  Fire  Proofing  Co.,  Ottawa,  La  Salle  county,   sample  V  11 167 

Field  notes 167 

Laboratory  notes 167 

Clays  from  White  Hall  Sewer  Pipe  and  Fire  Clay  Works,    White  Hall,    Greene 

county,  samples  F  16  and  F  22 167 

Field  notes 167 

Laboratory  notes 168 

Clays   from    Western  Stoneware  Co.,  White   Hall,   Greene  county,  samples  F  16 

and  F  17 168 

Field  notes 168 

Laboratory  notes 169 

Clays  from  Drake,  Greene  county,  samples  F  18  and  F  19 169 

Field  notes 169 

Laboratory  notes 169 

Clays  from  Ruckel  and  Son,  White  Hall,  Greene  county,  samples  F  20  and  F  21. . . .  170 

Field  notes 170 

Laboratory  notes 170 

Clays  of  miscellaneous  age  and  origin 170 

Clays  of  Mississippian  age 170 

Clay  from  Massac  county,  sample  D  51 171 

Field  notes 171 

Laboratory  notes 171 

Clay  from  Pope  county,  sample  D  55 171 

Field  notes 171 

Laboratory  notes 172 

Clays  of  doubtful  age 172 

Clay  from  Raum,  Pope  county,  sample  D  56 172 

Field  notes 172 

Laboratory  notes 173 

Clays  from  Kaolin,  Union  county,  samples  D  10, 11, 12. 13  and  14 173 

Field  notes 173 

Laboratory  notes 175 


ILLINOIS   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 


Bull.   No.   4,   PI.   3. 


Symbols  used 
O  Material  tested 

Suggested  possible  uses 
©  Refractory  ware 
^  Less  refractory  ware 
p  Paving  brick 
-£>-Paving  brick  works 


Map  showing  distribution  of  fire  clays  and  shales  tested. 
(Base  map  furnished  by  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.) 


PURJDY  AND  DE  WOO"! 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS. 

Introduction. 


131 


Illinois  has  enjoyed  no  great  reputation  for  the  production  of  fire 
clay  or  refractory  ware,  since  by  far  the  larger  part  of  that  used 
within  the  State  has  been  shipped  in.  There  are,  however,  a  number 
of  localities  at  which  raw  fire  clay  or  its  finished  ware  are  being  pro- 
duced in  increasing  amounts.  The  development  of  the  industry  is  in- 
dicated by  the  following  table,  compiled  from  the  incomplete  data  now 
in  the  survey's  possession.  For  the  most  part  local  clays  are  used  en- 
lirelv  in  these  wares: 


Locality. 

Product. 

Carbon  Cliff 

Tile,  fire  clav  and  fire  brick 

Coal  City '. 

Fire  clay 

Colchester 

Ssoneware  clay 

Deer  Park 

Fire  clay 

Drake 

Fire  clay 

Golden  Eagle 

Fire  brick 

Lowell 

Stoneware 

Clay  and  stoneware 

Metropolis 

Monmouth 

Morton 

Stoneware 

Stoneware 

Stoneware 

Park  Ridge 

Stoneware  clay 

Rock  Island 

Fire  clay 

Round  Knob 

Fire  clav  and  stoneware 

Streator  

Tennessee  

Twin  Bluffs 

Clay 

Utica 

Whitehall  

Winchester 

Stoneware 

Stoneware 

The  annual  output  of  fire  clay  and  fire  clay  products  in  the  State 
has  a  value  probably  in  excess  of  $500,000. 

Scope  of  Investigation. 

In  response  to  the  evident  need  of  the  public  for  knowledge  of  Illi- 
nois clays  which  may  be  of  value  for  refractory  purposes,  an  investiga- 
tion was  undertaken  during  the  past  season  by  members  of  the  survey 
in  cooperation  with  the  Department  of  Ceramics  at  the  State  Univers- 
ity, Prof.  C.  W.  Rolfe  in  charge.  The  collection  of  the  field  material 
and  notes  was  undertaken  by  the  survey,  while  the  laboratory  work 
fell  to  the  University.  It  was  evident  at  the  start  that  more  than  a 
preliminary  examination  was  precluded  by  plans  already  adopted  for 
work  along  other  lines,  and  that  study  could  not  be  made  at  this  time 
of  several  factors  whose  consideration  is  essential  in  a  thorough  ex- 
amination into  the  values  and  possible  uses  of  fire  clays.  It  was 
thought,  however,  that  the  laboratory  study  would  give  a  clue  to  the 
probable  value  of  certain  clays,  and  that  a  field  examination  would 
indicate  the  probable  extent  of  their  occurrence  and  the  course  to  be 
pursued  in  their  development.  Accordingly,  field  and  laboratory  study 
was  made  of  some  eighty-five  clays  found  within  the  State  at  the  lo- 


132  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  I  bull.  4 

calities  indicated  on  the  accompanying  map  (Plate  3).  Doubtless 
these  are  but  a  few  of  the  places  where  clays  of  possible  value  deserve 
attention. 

The  field  examination  was  carried  on  in  connection  with  other  work 
by  several  members  of  the  survey,*  under  varying  conditions  and  with 
scant  time  for  detailed  geologic  work.  Certain  of  the  more  convenient 
localities  of  clay  production  were  visited,  and  brief  examinations  made 
of  locations  and  geologic  occurrences  with  a  view  to  ascertaining  the 
extent  of  development  of  the  deposits.  Samples  were  taken  at  favor- 
able points  to  show  the  character  of  the  beds.  It  was  desired  to  make 
these  representative  of  the  various  clays,  either  of  the  total  thickness 
exposed  or  of  certain  definite  portions  of  probable  value.  In  a  few 
instances  samples  were  not  seen  in  place  by  the  survey's  representatives, 
but  were  collected  second-hand.  Such  special  cases  are  mentioned  in 
the  notes  which  follow.  Brief  examinations  were  made  of  many  of 
the  plants  where  Illinois  clays  are  being  utilized,  in  order  to  learn  the 
general  methods  employed  and  the  variety  of  wares  produced.  In 
the  laboratory,  prelimniary,  chemical  and  physical  tests  were  made  of 
the  more  promising  samples,  but  as  already  stated,  there  are  many 
desirable  lines  of  investigation  which  could  not  be  followed  at  this  time. 

Among  the  further  determinations  which  would  be  of  value  in  this 
connection  may  be  mentioned  the  following: 

Size  of  grain  in  the  portions  of  the  clay  finer  than  200  mesh  grade. 

Chemical  and  mineralogical  constitution  and  pyrometric  properties  of  the 
several  groups  into  which  each  clay  can  be  divided  on  the  basis  of  fineness 
of  grain. 

Rates  of  vitrification  of  heat  range  between  vitrification  and  fusion. 

The  exact  effect  on  the  clay  as  a  whole  of  reducing  and  oxidizing  conditions 
in  the  furnace. 

Tensile  strength  of  unburned  and  burned  brickettes,  with  and  without 
admixture  of  grog. 

The  influence  of  addition  of  sand  on  the  various  properties  of  the  clays. 

Coefficient  of  expansion  and  contraction. 

Ability  to  sustain  a  load  at  high  temperature. 

Tests  Undertaken. 

It  was  impossible  to  undertake  at  this  time  so  complete  an  investi- 
gation.    The  following  determinations  were,  however,  made: 

1.  Chemical  analysis. 

2.  Fusion  point. 

3.  Range  from  vitrification  to  fusion. 

4.  Fineness  of  grain. 

5.  Slacking. 

6.  Plasticity. 

7.  Drying  and  burning. 

The  tests  were  made  under  the  immediate  direction  of  Mr.  Ross 
C.  Purdy  and  his  associate,  Mr.  J.  F.  Krehbiel,  and  the  chemical 
analyses  under  the  direction  of  Professor  S.  W.  Parr. 

*Field  examinations  were  conducted  by  the  assistants  in  the  following  list,  and  field  samples 
bear  initials  indicating  the  name  of  the  collector:  F.  W.  DeWolf,  H.  B.  Fox,  F.  F.  Grout,  E.  T. 
Hancock,  F.  B.  Van  Horn. 

The  localities  visited  in  search  of  fire  clays  included  the  following  counties:  Alexander, 
Calhoun,  Carroll,  Fulton,  Greene,  Grundy,  Hardin,  JoDaviess.  Johnson,  LaSalle,  Marshall, 
Massac,  McLean,  Peoria,  Pope,  Pulaski,  Randolph,  Rock  Island,  Union,  Will,  Woodford. 


PURDY  AND  DE  WOLF  | 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS. 


133 


Chemical  analyses. — The  selection  of  chemical  tests  to  be  made  was 
determined  by  the  following  considerations : 

(i)  Because  of  the  lack  of  time  and  doubtful  importance  of  ascer- 
taining the  exact  character  and  quality  of  the  alkaline  earths,  they 
were  not  determined  except  in  those  clays  in  which  they  exceeded  5 
per  cent  of  the  total  weight.  The  total  amount  of  alkalies  and  alkaline 
earth  fluxes  can  be  approximated  by  taking  the  difference  between 
the  "total"  as  reported,  and  100.  In  all  cases  a  test  was  made  for  lime, 
but  it  was  detected  in  few  of  the  clays,  and  only  as  a  "trace." 

(2)  Since  iron  is  usually  the  predominant  flux  present,  and  since 
at  high  temperature  under  either  oxidizing  or  reducing  conditions  it 
is  considerably  the  most  active  flux,  it  was  essential  that  it  should  be 
determined. 

(3)  Inasmuch  as  titanium  is  now  recognized  as  being  a  flux  of 
considerable  potency,  and  as  it  is  an  ingredient  of  nearly  every  clay,  it 
was  considered  important  that  it  should  be  determined. 

Table  1  shows  the  molecular  formulae  of  the  several  clays,  calculated 
from  the  analyses.  This  table  shows  the  molecular  amount  of  each 
oxide  present  and  permits  of  the  ready  calculation  of  the  acidity  of  the 
clays. 


Table  I — Molecular  Formulae  of  Clays. 


Sample  Number. 

SiO 
2 

Al  0 
2  3 

Fe  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Fusion  Point. 

H    8 

4.34 
25.62 
8.45 
5.26 
5.14 
3.23 
9.55 
16.82 
9.18 
1.83 
2.64 
3.21 
2.15 
2.63 
5.10 
6.65 
4.57 
6.27 
5.12 
5.31 
4.75 

1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 

0.085 
0.058 
0.046 
0.046 
0.047 
0.034 
0.059 
0.061 
0.046 
0.027 
0.021 
0.026 
0.021 
0.018 
0.046 
0.053 
0.109 
0.045 
0.055 
0.050 
0.075 

0.085 

0.17 

0.11 

0.076 

0.095 

0.069 

0.093 

0.012 

0.082 

0.075 

0.131 

0.117 

0.101 

0.109 

0.093 

0.097 

0.079 

0.111 

0.075 

0.046 

0.059 

28 

H    9 

Not  reached 

H10 

30 

H41 

29-30 

H42 

29 

H43 

30 

H44 

31-32 

H45 

28-29 

H46 

28-29 

D  10 

Not  reached 

D  11 

Not  reached 

D  12 

Not  reached 

D  13 

D  14 

Not  reached 

D  28 

32 

D  29 

29 

D30 

28 

D  31 

28-29 

D  32 

28+ 

D  33 

29 

D34 

30 

134     '  YEAE-BOOK    FOR    1906.  I  bull.  4 

Table  I — Molecular  Formulae  of  Clays — Concluded. 


Sample  Number. 

SiO 
2 

Al  0 
2  3 

Fe  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Fusion  Point. 

D  35 

4.32 

5.56 

5.89 

4.77 

3.81 

5.77 

3.72 

3.16 

3.51 

3.59 

5.28 

4.05 

5.19 

5.77 

2.504 

2.645 

5.44 

4.90 

1.99 

5.97 
1.68 

1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 

1.00 

1.00 
1.00 

0.050 
0.062 
0.038 
0.087 
0.070 
0.135 
0.019 
0.037 
0.073 
0.079 
0.047 
0.053 
0.065 
0.056 
0.014 
0.015 
0.023 
0.044 

Trace 

0.019 
0.051 

0.072 

0.070 

0.062 

0.055 

0.054 

0.032 

0.007 

0.036 

0.050 

0.061 

0.078 

0.060 

0.069 

0.074 

0.060 

0.074 

0.079 

With  Al  0 
2  3 

With  Al  0 
2  3 

0.126 

With  A10 
2  3 

28 

D  36 

22 

D  44 

30 

D  45 

22 

D  46 

29 

D  50 

26 

D  56 

Not  reached 

V    4 

Not  reached 

V    5 

Began  to  bend  at  30 

V  11 

Not  reached 

F    6 

30 

F  16 

30 

F  18 

29-30 

F  19 

30+Not  fused  down 

R    1 

R    2 

R    3 

34 + 
34  + 
27 

R    4 

27 

R    5 

34+ 

R    6 

30 

R    7 

29 

FUBDY  AND   DE  \VUI>K| 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS. 


135 


Determination  of  Fusion  Point. — A  preliminary  fusion  test  was  made 
on  all  clays  sent  to  the  laboratory  in  order  to  determine  whether  or  not 
Ihey  had  a  refractory  value  sufficiently  high  to  warrant  a  more  careful 
test  at  a  higher  heat.  By  this  process  of  elimination  a  majority  of  the 
c'ays  tested  were  excluded  from  the  fire  clay  or  refractory  class.  All 
clays  that  withstood  without  deformation  a  heat  treatment  sufficient 
to  melt  down  Seger  cone  22  were  re-tested. 


Fig.  2.    Gas  furnace  used  in  testing  clays. 

An  ordinary  gas  furnace,  as  shown  in  figure  2,  was  used  in  the 
fusion  test,  and  artificial  gas  with  compressed  air  supplied  the  heat. 
With  this  furnace  and  fuel,  cone  32  was  melted  down  in  three  to  fcur 
hours. 

Under  these  conditions  a  reducing,  neutral  or  oxidizing  flame  was 
produced  at  will  by  altering  the  proportions  of  gas  and  air.  This  abil- 
ity to  change  the  character  of  the  flame  was  found  to  be  very  advan- 
tageous in  determining  the  behavior  of  the  clays  under  varying  con- 
ditions. If  the  clays  had  contained  only  a  trace  of  iron  the  character 
of  the  flame  would  probably  not  have  been  a  matter  of  much  conse- 
quence, but  there  was  a  relatively  high  percentage  of  iron,  as  shown  by 
the  analyses,  and  in  several  instances  the  behavior  of  the  clay  differed 
notably  according  to  the  character  of  the  flame. 

In  the  preparation  of  test  pieces  a  portion  of  each  sample  was  first 
crushed  in  a  jar  crusher  and  then  quartered  down  until  there  remained 
about  150-200  grams,  which  amount  was  -  then  ground  in  a  porcelain 
mortar  until  it  would  pass  through  a  40-mesh  sieve. 

From  this  six  cones*  of  the  size  and  shap  of  the  Orton-Seger  cones 
were  prepared  and  stamped  with  the  sample  number  of  the  clay.  When 
these  cones  were  dry  the  base  of  each  cone  was  pinched  off,  leaving 
only  about  two-thirds  of  its  original  height.  The  Orton-Seger  cones 
were  broken  in  a  similar  manner. 


*  The  steel  mold  in  which  the  clay  cones  were  made  was  kindly  furnished  by  Professor 
Edward  Orton,   Jr. 


136 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR   ]906. 


[bull.  4 


In  the  preliminary  test  burn,  one  cone  each  of  three  different  clays, 
and,  in  the  final  burns,  three  cones  of  a  single  clay,  were  placed  in  the 
center  of  a  circular  plaque,  as  shown  in  figure  3. 

Around  the  outer  edge  of  the  plaque  were  two  sets  of  cones  covering 
a  range  of  at  least  eight  cones.  Each  set  of  standard  cones  was 
placed,  as  indicated  in  figure  2,  on  either  half  of  the  plaque,  so  as  to 
make  easy  the  detection  of  inaccurate  results  due  to  irregularity  of  heat 
distribution.  When  the  clay  cone  bent  over  sufficiently  to  touch  the 
plaque,  it  was  said  to  be  fused. 

Range  from  vitrification  to  fusion. — It  was  the  desire  to  obtain 
definite  data  on  the  heat  range  of  each  clay  from  vitrification  to  fusion, 
since  this  property  of  a  clay  is  considered  of  vital  importance  in  a 
great  many  cases;  as,  for  instance,  where  the  fire  clay  is  to  be  sub- 
jected to  the  disintegrating  influence  of  vapors.  In  this  investigation 
there  was  only  partial  success,  as  will  be  noted  later. 


2.Z 


30 


24- 


26 


28 


26 


26 


24 


.50 


22 


Eig.  3.    Arrangement  of  cones  on  plaque. 

The  degree  of  vitrification  obtained  at  several  heats  was  ascertained 
only  by  an  examination  of  the  fracture  of  a  broken  cone  or  by  the 
appearance  of  its  surface. 

Fineness  of  grain. —  Avery  crude  and  unsatisfactory  method  of  de- 
termination of  the  fineness  of  grain  was  adopted,  but  for  lack  of  time 
it  was  the  only  method  that  could  be  employed.  One  hundred  grams 
of  each  clay  were  taken  from  the  jaw  crusher  stock,  air  dried,  placed 
in  a  mason  jar,  covered  with  distilled  water,  and  thoroughly  shaken 
by  hand  until  all  the  material  was  in  suspension.  The  jars  were  then 
set  aside  for  forty-eight  hours,  shaken  thoroughly  again,  and  the  con- 
tents washed  out  into  a  battery  composed  of  sieves  having  20,  60,  100, 
150,  and  200  meshes.  The  residue  on  each  successive  sieve  was  washed 
by  a  water  jet  under  pressure,  until  the  water  passing  through  was 
comparatively  clear.  In  no  instance  was  mechanical  force  used  in  the 
separation.  The  residue  left  on  each  sieve  and  an  aloquot  part  of  the 
slip  that  passed  through  the  200-mesh  sieve  was  evaporated  to  dryness 
a'nd  the  residue  calcined  and  weighed. 

Slacking — Believing  that  it  is  important  to  know  the  comparative 
rate  with  which  the  fire  clays  slack  in  water  and  develop  their  maxi- 
mum fineness  of  texture,  the  material  in  the  mason  jars  was  examined 


PUBDY  ABD  DE  WOLF]  ILLINOIS    FIRE    CLAYS.  137 

by  rubbing  the  paste  between  the  fingers  and  thus  noting  the  degree 
to  which  the  lumps  had  disintegrated.  All  the  clays  thus  examined 
seemed  to  be  completely  slacked  in  forty-eight  hours.  From  this  it  is  to 
be  inferred  that  all  these  clays  slack  readily. 

Plasticity. — A  portion  of  the  forty-mesh  stock  of  each  clay  was 
wedged  on  a  plaster  slab  until  it  developed  its  maximum  plasticity. 
This  portion  was  then  tested  against  the  following  arbitrarily  chosen 
standards  by  noting  the  relative  plasticity,  and  it  was  graded  as 
A,  B,  C  or  D,  according  to  the  standard  most  closely  resembled.* 

A.  Tennessee  bal  lclay  No.  3. 

B.  Four  parts  of  Tennessee  ball  clay  and  one  part  of  flint. 

C.  Two  parts  of  Tennessee  ball  clay  and  three  parts  of  flint. 

D.  One  part  of  Tennessee  ball  clay  and  four  parts  of  flint. 
Drying  and  burning. — A  few  of  the  clays  were  made  into  brickettes 

by  the  stiff  mud  process,  dried  in  the  sun,  and  when  dry  were  burned 
in  a  down  draft  kiln  exposed  to  the  full  play  of  the  flames.  In  the 
burning  test  a  temperature  of  H20°C,  as  measured  by  a  Le  Chetelier 
pyrometer,  was  attained  in  twenty-four  hours  of  continuous  firing 
under  oxidizing  conditions. 

Interpretation  of  Results. 

While  the  degree  of  accuracy  of  the  data  here  presented  is  con- 
sidered by  the  writers  to  be  within  the  limits  of  error  of  the  several 
determinations,  there  is,  owing  to  the  lack  of  analogous  scientific  data, 
hesitancy  in  attempting  an  interpretation  of  their  bearing  on  the 
possible  utility  of  the  clays.  This  will  be  made  plain  when  it  is  con- 
sidered that  the  factors  affecting  the  heat  of  fusion  of  such  complex 
and  unknown  mixtures  of  minerals  and  compounds  as  clays  are  known 
to  be  are  little  understood.  While  there  are  some  accurate  data  avail- 
able on  the  pyro-chemical  behavior  of  a  few  of  the  "simple"  mixtures 
of  minerals  and  oxides  that  are  known  to  be  generally  present  in 
clays,  there  are  no  accurate  data,  emperical  or  scientific,  known  to  the 
writers  on  the  pyro-chemical  behavior  of  a  "complex"  mixture  of  these 
minerals  and  compounds.  The  lack  of  agreement  in  the  fusing  point 
is  strikingly  shown  in  Figure  4,  where  the  Seger  Ai203-Si02  and 
kaolin- Si02  fusibility  curves  are  plotted  together  with  the  relative 
positions  of  the  fire  clays  tested  in  this  investigation.  It  is  believed 
that  this  lack  of  conformity  of  the  fusion  points  of  these  fire  clays  to 
the  laws  governing  the  fusion  of  simple  mixtures,  as  shown  in  the 
figure,  is  not  due  to  inaccuracy  or  error,  but  rather  to  the  physical 
properties  peculiar  to  the  individual  clays.  Similar  results  are  reached 
by  plotting  the  corresponding  fusion  points  of  a  group  of  New  Jersey 
clays,  as  shown  in  the  same  plate. 

It  will  be  noted,  therefore,  that  in  very  few  instances  is  any  state- 
ment made  as  to  the  possible  uses  to  which  the  tested  clays  would  be 
adapted.  This  reluctancy  is  founded  wholly  upon  the  lack  of  suf- 
ficient  evidence   on   the   pyro-chemical   behavior   of   the   clays.     The 


*  This  methodjwas  devised  and  the  test  executed  by  J.  F.  Krehbiel. 


138 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


ultimate  fusion  point,  chemical  composition,  and  fineness  of  grain  all 
have  their  bearing  upon  the  working  properties  of  the  clays,  but  the 
most  vital  property  is  rate  of  vitrification.  It  will  be  noted  that  in 
the  case  of  samples  D  28-31,  inclusive,  and  again  in  the  case  of  F  6, 
F  16,  F  17,  F  18  and  F  19  the  clays  have  relatively  high  refractoriness, 


Fusion  points  of  Illinois  Fire  CJai/s  plotted  on  Seqer's  Si  0-2-AL90^  Curves 


"0     1      2     3      4  "5W6      7     8      9     10    11     12    13    14    15    16    17    18    19    20    21     22    23    24    25 

Ratio  of  AL203  to    Si  0-z,  AL20;i  equal  to  unity. 

Eig.  4.    Fusion  points  of  clays  and  artificial  mixtures. 

and  so  far  as  their  actual  fusion  point  is  concerned  should  be  classed 
as  very  good  refractory  material.  These  clays  are  excellent  stoneware 
clays  because  they  are  plastic,  fine  grained  and  burn  to  a  clean  buff 
color ;  but  the  one  property  that  makes  them  peculiarly  adapted  to 
stoneware  manufacture  is  their  early  vitrification  followed  by  an 
extremely  slow  rate  of  fusion.  At  cone  7  or  8  they  have  acquired  a 
density  of  structure  that  makes  them  so  nearly  impervious  to  oils  and 
liquids  that  they  can  be  practically  considered  as  vitrified  at  this  heat. 
While  this  early  vitrification  is  very  desirable  in  stoneware,  it  is  decid- 
edly disadvantageous,  if  not  detrimental,  to  fire  brick  which  are  sup- 
posed to  withstand  sudden  changes  in  temperature. 

On  the  basis  of  this  early  vitrification  of  some  fire  clays,  clay  work- 
ers are  accustomed  to  classify  the  fire  clays  into  groups  No.  1  and 
No.  2.  The  No.  2  fire  clays  vitrify  at  comparatively  low  heat  treat- 
ment (cones  7  to  10),  but  do  not  necessarily  fuse  at  a  correspondingly 
low  heat.  In  fact,  very  little  has  heretofore  been  known,  or  at  least 
published,  concerning  the  actual  fusion  point  of  the  No.  2  fire  clays. 
The  No.  1  fire  clays  of  the  clay  workers'  classification,  on  the  other 
hand,  are  those  clays  that  do  not  vitrify  at  a  low  heat,  but  remain 
"open  and  porous"  up  to  temperatures  exceeding  the  normal  heats 
(cone  11  or  more)  attained  in  the  clay  worker's  kilns.  Many  data 
are  available  on  the  ultimate  fusion  points  of  the  No.  1  clays,  especially 


PURDY  AND  DE  WOLF] 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS.  13VJ 


those  used  in  the  fire  brick  manufacture,  and  yet  the  fact  that  their 
fusion  point,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  does  not  exceed  that  of  the 
so-called  No.  2  fire  clays  is  not  generally  known.  In  fact,  but  very 
little  note  has  been  taken  by  investigators  and  writers  of  the  possible 
coincidence  of  the  fusion  points  of  these  two  classes  of  fire  clays. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  not  all  the  No.  2  fire  clays  have  a 
refractoriness  equal  to  that  of  the  No.  1  clays.  There  are  a  great 
many  Xo.  2  fire  clays  which  exhibit  a  comparatively  rapid  rate  of 
vitrification  and  fuse  at  heats  ranging  from  cone  16  to  26;  while  No. 
1  fire  clays  do  not  fuse  at  a  heat  treatment  lower  than  cone  26. 

Consciously  or  unconsciously,  experimentors  have  used  this  difference 
in  point  of  fusion  between  No.  I.  and  No.  2  fire  brick  clays  as  a  basis  of 
a  classification  into  "refractroy"  and  "non-refractory"  fire  clays,  the 
refractory  clays  having  a  minimum  fusion  point  of  cone  26  or  above. 
A  fusion  point  of  cone  26,  in  other  words,  is  the  point  of  distinction 
between  the  non-refractory  and  refractory  fire  clays. 

Based  upon  the  tests  made  by  the  survey  this  classification  is  the 
only  one  that  can  be  adopted,  although  it  is  realized  that  for  properly 
judging  of  the  commercial  uses  of  the  fire  clays  the  clay  worker 
classification  into  groups  No.  1  and  No.  2  would  be  far  more  expres- 
sive. But  as  this  would  necessitate  a  careful  study  of  the  rate  of  vitri- 
fication of  the  clays,  and  the  time  available  did  not  make  such  a  study 
possible,  definite  statements  as  to  the  commercial  use  of  the  fire  clays 
cannot  be  made  at  this  time.  Such  suggestions  of  "possible"  uses  as 
seem  warranted  by  the  evidence  are  included  with  the  notes  on  the 
individual  clays. 

Geological  Distribution  of  Fire  Clays. 

The  proximate  distribution  through  the  State  of  the  clays  examined 
up  to  this  time  for  refractory  and  also  for  paving  purposes  is  shown 
on  Plate  3,  together  with  the  distribution  of  the  geologic  series.  It 
will  be  noticed  that  the  clays  of  "refractory"  and  "less  refractory" 
quality  occur  in  three  different  geologic  series,  which,  in  order  of  for- 
mation, are  the  Mississippian,  Coal  Measures  and  Tertiary.  The 
clays  of  the  first  group,  however,  in  two  cases  at  least  are  of  doubt- 
ful origin  and  probably  were  formed  by  processes  operating  since 
Mississippian  time,  as  will  be  explained  later.  The  Tertiary  region 
of  the  map,  moreover,  includes  also  probably  Cretaceous  strata.  The 
discussion  of  the  clays  investigated,  however,  may  well  follow  an  out- 
line based  on  geologic  origin.  These  will  be  discussed  in  the  follow- 
ing order:  (1)  Clays  of  Cretaceous-Tertiary  age;  (2)  Clays  of  Coal 
Measures  age;   (3)   Clays  of  Miscellaneous  origin  and  age. 

Fire  Clays  of  Cretaceous-Tertiary  Age. 

Though  the  value  of  these  clays  for  pottery  was  early  recognized 
and  small  plants  were  established  at  Pulaski  and  Grand  Chain  landing, 
in  Pulaski  county,  the  only  clays  at  present  utilized  occur  in  Massac 
county,  near  Round  Knob.     Clay  is  shipped  from  this  point  by  rail  to 


140  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  I  bull.  4 

Paducah,  Kentucky,  and  by  wagon  for  use  at  the  two  potteries  located 
at  Metropolis.  The  accompanying  map  (Plate  3)  representes  the  gen- 
eral localities  where  samples  were  collected  and  where  clays  of  highest 
value  were  found. 


GEOLOGICAL  RELATIONS. 
Distribution  and  Character. 

The  Tertiary-Cretaceous  area  presents  a  mild  topography  which 
contrasts  strongly  with  that  of  the  deeply  eroded  district  closely  adjoin- 
ing. There  are  two  main  types  of  surface  features,  alluvial  flood  plain 
and  gently  rolling  upland.  The  former  type  is  prominently  devel- 
oped in  all  of  these  counties,  especially  in  Alexander,  where  from 
Cairo  it  extends  north  nine  miles  and  northwest  about  fifteen  miles  to 
Santa  Fe  and  Olive  Branch.  Its  surface  is  essentially  flat  and  regu- 
lar, though  locally  broken  by  lines  of  recent  erosion  or  irregular 
swampy  areas.  There  is  a  marked  northward  extension  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi-Ohio bottoms  along  Cache  creek  to  the  swamps  in  northern 
Pulaski  and  Massac  counties,  and  from  there  along  Big  Bay  creek 
through  Pope  county  to  the  Ohio  river.  This  line  of  lowland  probably 
marks  the  path  of  the  Ohio  river  at  an  earlier  stage  of  development. 
The  flood  plain  is  also  well  developed  between  Metropolis  and  Brook- 
lyn, and  again  between  the  latter  place  and  New  Liberty,  occupying 
the  bend  of  the  river. 

The  elevation*  of  the  flood  plain  varies  from  about  320  to  350  feet 
above  sea  level,  while  low  water  of  the  Ohio  river  is  268  at  Cairo,  280 
at  Yates  Landing  and  285  at  Metropolis. 

The  upland  of  this  district  lies  mostly  east  of  the  Cache  river  and 
south  of  the  swamps  already  mentioned.  There  is  some  evidence  that 
it  was  formerly  developed  to  the  north  a  few  miles  beyond  Vienna,  in 
Johnson  county,  and  also  beyond  the  Bay  bottoms  near  Tansill,  in 
Pope  county.  Where  extensive  this  upland  area  is  characterized  by 
gently  sloping  or  even  nearly  flat  surfaces.  It  is,  however,  in  process 
of  erosion  by  surface  agencies  and  is  locally  rather  deeply  channeled 
and  gullied.  While  most  of  the  upland  lies  below  an  altitude  of  500 
feet,  many  of  the  hills  reach  just  about  to  this  level,  suggesting  a 
former  wide  extent  at  this  elevation.  Along  the  Pope-Massac  county 
line  a  few  wooded  hills  attain  a  height  of  575  feet  or  more. 

The  clay  of  this  region  is  notably  light  in  color,  usually  white  or 
cream,  but  varies  to  buff,  brown,  chocolate  and  slate  color.  In  rare 
instances  it  assumes  a  pink  or  vermillion  hue  of  striking  appearance. 
It  is  usually  a  "fat"  compact  earth  of  fine  grain  and  smooth  texture, 
which  on  addition  of  water  becomes  exceedingly  plastic.  It  is  bedded, 
however,  and  varies  irregularly  or  by  beds  and  being  in  places  more 
open  and  "lean"  where  a  very  fine  micaceous  sand  of  light  gray  color 
is  present.  The  interbedded  layers  of  clay  and  sand  vary  in  thickness 
from  small  fractions  of  an  inch  to  several  feet,  as  will  be  shown  later 


*  Elevations  in  this  work  were  based  on  the  topographic  map  of  Illinois,  prepared  in  1893  by 
Professor  C.  W.  Rolfe. 


purdt  and  de  wolf]  ILLINOIS   FIKE   CLAYS.  141 

in  the  field  descriptions  of  clays  sampled.  Immediately  above  the  fire 
clay  there  is  usually  a  conspicuous  band  of  brick-red  clay  and  sand, 
measuring  as  a  rule  from  one  to  three  feet  in  thickness,  and  itself 
overlain  by  a  thin  bed  of  chert  gravel.  The  pebbles  in  this  gravel  are 
an  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  smoothly  rounded  and  coated  with  a  thin 
film  of  iron  oxide,  which  imparts  a  brown  or  bronze  color.  Occa- 
sionally the  pebbles  are  locally  cemented  by  iron  into  a  firm  conglom- 
erate, half  a  foot  or  more  in  thickness. 

The  outcrop  of  the  gray  fire  clay  or  its  ascociated  red  clay  and 
gravel  is  found  in  all  the  counties  shown  in  Plate  3  as  covered  by 
Tertiary  deposits,  and  also  in  Johnson  county.  While  it  is  rarely  seen 
in  the  flood  plain  district,  except  where  deep  ditching  or  stream  cutting 
has  removed  the  alluvial  deposit,  it  is  a  conspicuous  feature  of  the 
uplands.  Here  white  or  red  clays  are  seen  in  ditches  along  the  high- 
ways or  lanes  or  on  the  hillside  fields  are  revealed  by  local  gullies. 
Indeed,  the  presence  of  the  clays  is  often  indicated  by  extreme  "wash" 
or  gullying  of  hillside  slopes,  though  careful  search  may  be  necessary 
before  the  outcrop  is  found.  This  associated  topography  is  doubtless 
due  to  the  fact  that  rain  sinks  down  into  the  surface  "loess"  or  loam 
of  the  hills  until  the  impervious  fire  clay  checks  the  descent  and 
causes  the  water  to  ooze  from  the  hillside  in  a  line  of  springs  at  the 
clay  horizon.  This  concentration  of  erosion  at  the  base  of  the  uncon- 
solidated surface  covering  causes  rapid  and  conspicuous  gullying. 

In  Alexander  county  the  best  exposure  of  fire  clay  occurs  at  Santa 
Fe,  in  the  ravine  occupied  by  the  Miami  Powder  Company. 

In  Pulaski  county  it  is  seen  at  many  places,  and  the  best  localities 
are:  (1)  Along  Cache  river  and  one  mile  east  of  Unity;  (2)  at 
Pulaski,  in  the  hill  east  of  town;  (3)  north  of  Grand  Chain,  in  sec- 
tions 20  and  21,  town  14  south,  range  2  east;  (4)  in  the  bluffs  of  the 
Ohio  river,  between  Olmstead  and  Yates  Landing. 

Massac  county  offers  perhaps  the  most  numerous  outcrops  of  the 
fire  clay  or  the  red  clay  and  gravel  which  seem  to  accompany  it.  The 
most  conspicuous  occurrences  noted,  passing  from  west  to  east,  are 
the  following: 

T.  15  S.,  R.  3  E.,  Sec.  5.   (Middle.) 

T.  15  S.,  R.  3  E.,  Sec.  13.     (S.  E.  %.) 

T.  14  S.,  R.  3  E.,  Sec.  27.     (N.  E.  %.) 

T.  14  S.,  R.  4  E.,  Sec.  9.     (*4  mile  east  of  Columbia.) 

T.  15  S.,  R.  4  E.,  Sec.  17.     (V8  mile  west  of  Porktown.) 

T.  15  S.,  R.  4  E.,  Sec.  21.     (N.  E.  %.) 

T.  15  S.,  R.  4  E.,  Sec.  10.  (Govert  farm.) 

T.  15  S.,  R.  4  E.,  Sees.  1  and  2.     (South  of  Round  Knob.) 

T.  14  S.,  R.  5  E.,  Sec.  19.     (S.  W.  %.) 

T.  14  S.,  R.  5  E.,  Sec.  31.     (S.  W.  %.) 

T.  14  S.,  R.  5  E.,  Sec.  33.     (E.  %.) 

T.  15  S.,  R.  5  E.,  Sec.  4.     (S.  E.  %.) 

T.  15  S.,  R.  5  E.,  Sec.  21.     (E.  %.) 

T.  15  S.,  R.  5  E.,  Sec.  22.     (W.  %.) 

T.  15  S.,  R.  5  E.,  Sec.  25.     (E.  %.) 

T.  15  S.,  R.  6  E.,  Sec.  5.     (N.  E.  %.) 

T.  15  S.,  R.  6  E.,  Sec.  3.     (N.  %.) 

T.  15  S.,  R.  6  E.,  Sec.  34.     (N.  E.  %.) 

T.  16  S.,  R.  6  E.,  Sec.  12.      (E.  %.) 


142  YEAR-BOOK    FOE    1906.  [bull.  4 

Near  Round  Knob  at  the  above  location  there  are  two  clay  beds 
forty-five  feet  apart.  In  Pope  county  only  four  observed  occurrences 
of  the  Tertiary-Cretaceous  fire  clay  are  worth  note.     These  follow: 

T.  14  S.,  R.  5'E.,  Sec.  24.     (On  Robinett  Creek.) 

T.  14  S.,  R.  6  B.,  Sec.  11.     (N.  W.  %.) 

T.  15  S.,  R.  6  E.,  Sec.  25.     (N.  W.  %.) 
T.  16  S.,  R.  7  E.,  Sec.  9.     (%  mile  west  of  Hamletsburg. ) 

In  Johnson  county  clays  were  observed  near  New  Burnside  in 
T.  ii  S.,  R.  4  E.,  section  4;  and  near  Vienna  in  T.  13  S.,  R.  3  E.,  sec- 
tion 4.  These  are  assigned  with  some  hesitancy  to  the  same  class  as 
the  clays  already  described.  In  the  absence  of  detailed  topographic 
maps  it  was  impossible  in  this  work  to  ascertain  the  exact  elevations 
of  the  various  clay  outcrops.  On  the  basis  of  barometric  determina- 
tions, however,  it  appears  that  the  beds  observed  in  the  vicinity  of 
Round.  Knob,  Massac  county,  rise  towards  the  north  about  twenty 
feet  per  mile. 

Geology  of  the  Region. 

A  discussion  of  the  probable  extent,  thickness  and  character  of  the 
clays  found  in  the  Tertiary-Cretaceous  area  should  depend  on  a  knowl- 
edge of  their  origin  and  so  of  the  regional  geology.  This  investigation, 
however,  was  limited  to  a  hasty  examination  of  local  phenomena  and 
served  to  show  that  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  geology  can  be 
obtained  only  by  extending  the  field  study  to  the  area  adjoining  on 
the  south.  This  is  true  because  in  much  of  the  Illinois  area  the 
critical  strata  are  thoroughly  concealed  by  a  thick  deposit  of  alluvium 
and  upland  loess ;  exposures  of  more  than  a  dozen  feet  or  strata  are 
rare  and  well  records  of  value  are  obtainable  only  at  widely  scattered 
localities.  Those  interested  in  the  geology  of  the  region  should  avail 
themselves  of  the  recent  publication  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,* 
which  discusses  the  matter  and  also  gives  a  bibliography  covering  the 
most  important  papers  heretofore  published  in  this  region.  On  ac- 
count of  its  limited  scope  the  present  paper  can  only  summarize  the 
knowledge  gained  by  other  observers,  working  over  a  wider  territory 
and  supplement  it  with  the  additional  notes  of  this  investigation. 

In  respect  to  topography  and  geology  this  area  is  a  part  of  the  so- 
called  "Gulf  Embayment,"  which  extends  with  varying  width  along 
the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  from  its  mouth  to  southern  Illinois.  Lying 
on  a  floor  of  older  Paleozoic  rocks,  the  embayment  deposits  of  Cre- 
taceous and  Tertiary  age  attain  in  the  deep  portion  of  the  basin  a 
thickness  probably  exceeding  2,000  feet,  which  diminishes  towards 
the  borders  of  the  area  to  a  feather's  edge.  The  extent  of  the  upper 
beds  exceeds  that  of  the  lower,  suggesting  the  maximum  submergence 
of  the  valley  towards  the  close  of  the  era.  The  great  accumulation 
of  more  or  less  unconsolidated  beds  has  in  the  course  of  study  been 
divided  into  several  formations.  Those  occurring  in  southern  Illinois 
are  included  in  die  following  table : 


*Water  Supply  and  Irrigation  Paper  No.  164. 


PURDY  AND  DE  WOLF] 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS. 


143 


System. 

Series. 

Formations. 

Pleistocene  and  recent -j 

Pliocene j 

Eocene j 

Alluvium 

Loess 

Tertiary > 

Porters  Creek 

Ripley  

Paleozoic 

PALEOZOIC    FORMATIONS. 

Paleozpic  rocks  form  the  floor  upon  which  the  embay ment  deposits 
were  laid  down  and  border  the  area  approximately  as  shown  in  Plate 
3.  Along  most  of  the  contact  these  older  rocks  are  of  Mississippian 
age,  but  in  Alexander  county,  Devonian,  Silurian  and  Ordovician  for- 
mations are  exposed.  They  are  predominently  of  sandstone  and  lime- 
stone, with  lesser  amounts  of  shale,  and  presumably  furnished  by 
decay  considerable  of  the  material  which  finally  came  to  rest  beneath 
the  waters  of  the  embayment. 

CRETACEOUS    SYSTEM. 

Ripley  formation. — In  the  most  recent  publication  on  this  area*  the 
Ripley  formation  of  Cretaceous  age  is  said  to  cover  the  embayment 
area  of  Pope  and  Massac  counties,  probably  the  north  half  of  Pulaski 
county,  and  to  extend  as  a  thin  belt  along  the  north  border  of  the 
embayments  in  Alexander  county  to  Santa  Fe.  Much  of  this  region 
has  been  regarded  heretofore  as  covered  by  the  Tertiary  deposits  of 
Eocene  age,  and  the  evidence  for  correlation  with  the  Ripley  does  not 
seem  conclusive  as  yet,  though  the  field  observations  favor  this  view. 
The  question  can  presumably  be  settled  by  a  study  of  the  fossil  leaves 
which  frequently  occur  bedded  in  the  clays  of  the  formation.  The  Rip- 
ley is  composed  of  a  succession  of  fine  clays  and  sands,  with  occasional 
layers  of  gravel.  Outcrops  do  not  reveal  the  full  thickness  of  the 
formation  in  this  region,  though  its  present  thickness,  as  interpreted 
from  well  borings,  is  said  to  be  200  feet  at  Paducah  and  only  twenty- 
five  feet  at  Mound  City  and  Cairo,  f 

As  most  of  the  clays  sampled  in  this  area  belong  presumably  to 
the  Ripley  formation,  some  notion  of  the  detailed  stratigraphy  may 
be  gained  from  the  notes  which  follow  at  a  latter  place  in  this  report. 

TERTIARY  SYSTEM. 

Porters  Creek  formation. — A  single  outcrop  here  is  correlated  with 
the  Porters  creek  of  the  Eocene,  on  the  basis  of  similarity  and  probable 
continuity  with  beds  exposed  further  south.  At  Caledonia  Landing, 
east  of  Olmstead,  it  rises  fifty  feet  or  more  from  low  water  level  and  is 
composed  of  shale,  as  indicated  by  the  following  measured  section.  On 
the  evidence  of  the  greenish  sand  present,  these  strata  are  presumed 
to  be  near  the  base  of  the  formation. 


*L.  C.  Glenn,  Underground  Waters  of  Tenn.  and  Ky.,  etc.,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,    Water  Supply 

Irr.  Pap.  164,  p.  27. 
tOp.  cit.,  p.  148. 


144  YEAK-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

Sections  at  Caledonia  Landing. — 

Feet. 

Gravel,  sand  and  shale  fragments 5 

Shale  fragments;   light  gray;   probably  "in  place" 25 

Shale ;  light  gray,  lumpy  11 

Sandy  clay;  greenish  gray  and  seamed  by  ferruginous  clay  "dike" 1 

Clay  shale;  dark  gray  or  drab;  seamed  by  ferruginous  clay  "dike" 6 

Shale  fragments ;    light  gray   3 

Clay  shale;   brown  to  black;   "fat,"  lumpy   3 

Shale  debris ;   dark  and  light  gray   2 

Water  level  275  A.  T.     (Barometer.) 

In  the  wells  above  referred  to  at  Cairo  and  Mound  City  the  eroded 
beds  classified  as  Porter's  Creek  are  ioo  feet  thick.  Where  complete 
the  formation  is  175  feet  thick. 

LaGrange  formation. — The  later  formations  conceal  the  LaGrange 
in  the  southern  portions  of  Alexander  and  Pulaski  counties,  where  its 
presence  is  rendered  probable  by  the  outcrops  a  short  distance  south 
in  Kentucky.  Over  the  most  of  the  Illinois  area  it  is  lacking;  unless, 
indeed,  it  has  been  included  by  mistake  with  the  Ripley  foramtion.  At 
Santa  Fe,  however,  there  is  an  outcrop  of  clays  and  sands  which  may 
tentatively  be  regarded  as  LaGrange.  This  locality  offers  partial  ex- 
posures of  gray  and  white  clay  shale  interbedded  with  fine  white 
micaceous  sand.  The  top  lies  at  about  500  feet  A.  T.  and  the  base  at 
385  feet,  in  the  ravine  now  occupied  by  the  Miami  Powder  Company. 
There  is  a  strong  southward  dip  here  which  may  well  reduce  fehe  actual 
thickness  of  the  exposed  strata  to  about  100  feet.  This  outcrop,  as 
judged  by  the  lithology,  represents  either  LaGrange  or  Ripley,  and  it 
is  presumed  to  be  the  former  on  account  of  its  much  greater  altitude 
than  the  Porter's  Creek  outcrop  which  lies  east,  and  a  few  miles  north. 

A  further  indication  of  the  age  of  the  Santa  Fe  beds  is  derived  from 
the  presence  of  a  3-foot  bed  of  hard  sandstone  interbedded  with  the 
clays  about  35  feet  above  the  base  of  the  exposure.  A  similar  bed  of 
quartzite  is  reported*  to  occur  just  across  the  Mississippi  at  Commerce, 
Mo.,  where  it  is  both  over  and  under  a  clay  and  rises  rapidly  to  the 
north.  This  latter  bed  is  said  to  be  traceable  to  the  south  over  a  wide 
area  and  to  occur  in  close  association  with  the  Porter's  Creek,  since 
bowlders  of  the  quartzite  frequently  lie  upon  beds  of  the  latter  age 

La  Fayette  formation. — The  sands  and  gravels  of  the  La  Fayette 
formation  of  the  Pliocene  occur  conspicuously  over  all  of  the  areas 
except  where  it  has  been  removed  from  the  dissected  uplands  and  the 
alluvial  flats  by  erosion.  Over  the  upland  hills  it  extends  as  a  thin 
cap,  itself  overlaid  by  the  loess.  The  highest  outcrop  observed  was  at 
about  600  A.  T.  in  Sec.  31,  T.  14  S.,  R.  5  K,  east  of  Round  Knob  about 
two  miles.  The  formation  is  composed  of  sand  both  fine  and  coarse, 
and  beds  of  gravel  which  locally  are  upwards  of  15  feet  thick.  The 
pebbles  are  of  well  rounded  chert  and  measure  mostly  less  than  an 
inch  in  diameter  and  rarely  more  than  two  inches.  They  are  coated 
by  a  film  of  iron  oxide  which  imparts  a  red  or  brown  color.  The 
formation  occasionally  contains  beds  which  are  indurated;  thus  the 
gravels  may  be  cemented  into  a  solid  conglomerate  bed  and  the  sands 


^Personal  letter  of  A.  F.  Crider,  Director  of  Miss.  Geol.  Surv.,  1906. 


PURDY   AND  DE  WOLF  ILLINOIS    FIRE    CLAYS.  145 

may  be  "case  hardened"  to  a  high  degree.  The  base  of  the  La  Fayette 
is  usually  marked  by  a  zone  of  red,  plastic,  sandy  clay  and  pebbles, 
contrasting  strongly  with  the  gray  or  white  beds  of  the  older  deposits. 
Doubtless  the  red  zone  is  caused  by  the  concentration  of  iron  charged 
water  above  the  beds  of  impervious  clay.  At  other  places  the  sands 
grade  imperceptibly  into  those  underlying  the  formation.  In  a  few 
cases  the  sands  are  faintly  bedded  or  cross  bedded,  though  more  often 
structureless. 

An  unusual  thickness  of  the  La  Fayette  is  observed  above  the  de- 
scribed section  at  Santa  Fe,  where  it  is  composed  of  65  feet  of  stratified 
gravel  and  sand  of  deep  red  and  taffy  yellow  shades.  The  dip  of  the 
bedding  planes  is  gently  to  the  southeast.  As  otherwise  observed  the 
clearly  defined  La  Fayette  seldom  exceeds  thirty  feet  in  thickness  and 
is  more  commonly  about  twenty  feet. 

QUATERNARY  SYSTEM. 

Loess  formation. — The  loess  lies  as  a  mantle  of  fine  clay  or  silt  over 
the  embayment  deposits  and  laps  beyond  its  borders  over  the  Paleor 
zoic  formations. .  It  is  everywhere  present  except  where  femoved  by 
erosion.  In  composition  it  is  a  fine  sandy  clay  rarely  containing  scat- 
tered or  banded  quartz  pebbles  the  size  of  a  pea.  The  prevailing  color 
is  yellow-brown,  but  tints  of  red  or  pink  are  not  uncommon.  Detailed 
measurements  of  thickness  were  rarely  made  in  the  course  of  this  in- 
vestigation ,  but  the  loess  seems  to  average  about  twenty-five  feet  in 
thickness  over  much  of  this  region,  and  perhaps  to  reach  forty-five 
feet  in  extreme  cases,  along  the  river  bluffs.  These  figures  may  repre- 
sent accidental  conditions  only,  since  the  loess  of  the  embayment  area 
is  known  to  vary  elsewhere  from  zero  to  over  100  feet. 

Alluvial  deposits. — The  latest  deposits  of  this  region  are  the  river 
flood-plains,  whose  great  extent  has  already  been  described.  There 
are  two  distinct  flood-plains  though  not  always  present  at  one  locality. 
The  upper  or  "second  bottoms"  lies  45  feet  or  more  above  low  water, 
and  has  a  much  greater  extent  than  the  lower  plain,  more  recently  de- 
veloped at  a  level  about  twenty  feet  above  low  water.  The  lower  flat 
is  subject  to  partial  or  complete  overflow  at  the  present  time,  while 
the  upper  is  for  the  most  part,  at  least,  above  high  water. 

The  composition  of  these  alluvial  deposits  is  commonly  revealed 
along  river  bluffs  and  in  water  wells.  Sandy  clay  predominates,  but 
this  gives  way,  on  the  one  hand,  to  fine  gray  or  blue  clay  or  nearly 
normal  loess,  while  on  the  other  to  beds  of  gravel  one  foot  or  more 
thick  and  composed  of  flint  and  sandstone  pebbles  commonly  as  much 
as  two  inches  in  diameter.  Vegetal  remains,  leaves,  and  wood  are 
often  interbedded  with  the  silts  while  other  clays  are  darkly  colored 
with  organic  matter. 

The  thickness  of  the  alluvium  can  be  obtained  only  from  well  bor- 
ings, and  as  these  rarely  descend  more  than  a  few  feet  to  water,  it  is 


to  G 


146  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    190f).  [bull.  4 

not  possible  to  learn  the  thickness  at  many  places  in  this  area.  At 
lower  places  along  the  Mississippi  it  is  thought  to  be  between  100  and 
200  feet  thick.* 

Structure  of  the  Embayment  Deposits. 

As  revealed  by  the  occasional  exposure  the  beds  of  this  region  are 
nearly  horizontal  but  dip  to  the  south  about  20  feet  per  mile.  Rarely, 
however,  do  the  outcrops  offer  data  of  value  for  a  determination  of 
dip.  At  Santa  Fe  the  dip  is  southeast,  near  Round  Knob  it  is  south- 
west. The  broader  study  of  the  embayment  area  as  a  whole,  however, 
has  seemed  to  show  dips  toward  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  region, 
and  the  condition  has  been  illustrated  by  showing  the  resemblance  to 
a  great  spoon,  open  side  up,  and  with  the  tip  end  in  southern  Illinois. 
This  attitude  of  the  beds  is  thought  to  reflect  the  general  position  of 
the  Paleozoic  flow  upon  which  the  later  sediments  were  deposited. 

Geological  History  of  the  Embayment  Area. 

From  the  foregoing  descriptions  of  the  stratigraphy  and  structure 
of  the  Illinois  embayment  area  it  is  possible  to  deduce  the  principal 
events  in  its  history.  During  the  early  part  of  the  Cretaceous  period 
the  gulf  waters  extended  northward  an  unknown  distance,  probably 
reaching  nearly  to  Kentucky.  At  the  close  of  the  period  they  ex- 
tended over  all  of  the  Illinois  embayment,  to  the  Paleozoic  rim  as  we 
know  it  now,  and  perhaps  sent  arms  into  the  deep  valley  further  north 
in  Johnson  and  Pope  counties.  This  distribution  is  indicated  by  the 
extent  of  the  various  Cretaceous  sediments,  which  were  brought  to  the 
embayment  and  there  deposited  in  various  relations,  dependent  on  the 
balance  between  load  and  transportation  power  of  the  water.  The 
rapid  change  in  lithologic  character  of  the  beds  both  horizontally  and 
vertically  indicate  the  prevalence  of  local  variations  in  strength  of  cur- 
rent or  character  and  amount  of  detritus.  The  sediments  were,  how- 
ever, notable  fine  and  free  from  gravel  as  though  erosion  in  the  ad- 
joining Paleozoic  area  was  proceeding  slowly  and  the  transporting 
power  of  the  streams  and  embayment  currents,  on  the  whole,  was 
slight.  In  the  Illinois  portion  of  the  embayment  the  waters  of  this 
period  were  presumably  fresh  or  brackish,  although  marine  conditions 
prevailed  in  Tennessee  and  further  south. 

Some  time  after  the  deposition  of  the  Ripley  formation  the  embay- 
ment waters  receded  from  Illinois  and  the  newly  deposited 
beds  became  subject  to  the  erosion.  This  is  indicated  by  the  ir- 
regular thickness  of  the  Ripley  formation  in  well  borings  and  in  part 
by  the  visible  unconformity  in  'some  portions  of  the  embayment  area. 
Thus  while  at  Paducah,  Ky.,  the  Ripley  is  thought  to  be  204  feet  thick, 
it  appears  to  be  only  25  feet  thick  at  Cairo  and  Mound  City. 

With  the  deposition  of  the  Porter's  Creek  beds  began  a  new  period 
of  embayment  conditions.  Certain  green  sands  and  marine  fossils 
i«ear  the  base  of  the  formation  indicate  the  presence  of  the  sea,  prob- 

*U.  S.  Surv.  Water  Sup.  Irr.  Pap.  164,  p.  49. 


PUBDY  AND  DE  WOLF 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS.  147 


ably  as  far  north  as  Caledonia  Landing.  Since  the  remainder  of  the 
formation,  however,  is  free  from  such  beds  it  is  presumed  that  the 
clays  and  fine  sands  composing  it  were  deposited  under  fresh  or 
brackish  water  conditions  by  currents  of  varying  strength  but  in  the 
main  relatively  weak. 

The  LaGrange  deposition  probably  extended  over  all  of  the  Illinois 
embayment  area,  though  this  is  a  matter  of  doubt.  It  seems  at  least 
to  have  reached  Santa  Fe,  and  may  possibly  have  reached  north  into 
Jackson  and  Pope  counties.  The  conditions  of  deposition  appear  to 
have  been  much  as  during  the  previous  epoch,  but  as  sand  predomi- 
nates over  clay  and  as  cross  bedding  is  conspicuously  present  in  ex- 
posed strata,  it  is  presumed  that  currents  were  stronger  and  perhaps 
more  variable. 

After  the  LaGrange  epoch  and  before  the  deposition  of  the  La 
Fayette  formation  an  extensive  erosion  interval  occurred.  This  re- 
moved much  of  the  Ripley  formation  from  the  Illinois  embayment, 
and  also  of  the  LaGrange,  if  indeed  it  previously  had  an  extensive 
presence.  The  La  Fayette  Hes  everywhere  unconformably  over  the 
older  formations. 

Extent,  Thickness  and  Character  of  the  Clays. 

The  probable  extent,  thickness  and  quality  of  the  clays  is  seen  to 
depend  on  the  conditions  under  which  they  originated.  It  is  believed 
that  they  are  of  secondary  nature  as  contrasted  with  others  sometimes 
formed  from  decomposition  of  older  rocks  "in  situ."  The  source  of 
the  clay  material  was  doubtless  the  older  Paleozoic  area  which  sur- 
rounds the  embayment.  The  rocks  of  that  area  are  highly  argilaceous 
and  siliceous,  and  a  large  quantity  of  clay  making  material  is  con- 
tined  in  the  exposed  limestone  of  the  area.  The  resultant  products  of 
sub-aerial  weathering,  including  solution,  were  carried  by  the  Creta- 
ceous and  Tertiary  streams  to  the  embayment  waters  which  were  at 
various  times  saline,  brackish  and  fresh.  There,  as  today,  under 
similar  conditions,  the  coarser  and  heavier  detritus  was  the  first 
to  sink  to  the  bottom  of  the  bay,  while  the  finer  portion  was  carried 
on  by  the  currents  and  allowed  to  settle  in  those  places  where  the 
waters  are  for  various  reasons  quiet.  As  the  strength  of  the  cur- 
rents doubtless  varied  from  time  to  time  as  did  also  the  character 
of  the  sediment  contributed  by  the  streams,  certain  areas  of  the  em- 
bayment bottom  received  alternating  deposits  of  the  agilaceous  clay 
and  coarser  sand  in  proportions  everywhere  different. 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  the  clays  investigated  represent  a  develop- 
ment which  is  highly  characteristic  of  the  whole  gulf  embayment 
area;  the  formations  containing  the  clays  are  extensive.  Particular 
clays,  however,  occur  in  more  or  less  local  development,  carying  in 
horizontal  and  vertical  extent  and  "fingering"  irregularly  into  the 
neighboring  sediments.  In  general  it  may  be  considered  probable  that 
the  thicker  clay  "lenses"  are  also  often  greater  areal  extent. 

Commercial  Development. 
The  further  development  of  these  clays  seems  to  depend  on  two 
generally  recognized  factors ;  viz. :  The  quantity  available  for  transpor- 
tation and  the  uses  for  which  they  are  suited. 


148  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1906.  Ibull.  4 

The  present  hasty  field  examination  has  shown  that  there  is  prob- 
ably a  great  quantity  of  these  clays  within  easy  reach,  and  that  in  this 
respect  the  chief  problem  is  to  select  locations  offering  if  possible  both 
easy  stripping  and  ready  transportation  facilities.  Prospecting  any 
particular  area  should  be  easily  accomplished.  The  clay  can  fre- 
quently be  found  cropping  out  along  river  bluffs,  roadway  gutters,  or 
in  creeks  or  surface  gullies  immediately  underlying  the  basal  red 
clay  and  gravels  of  the  LaFayette  formation.  This  association  is  of  great 
value  in  search  for  outcrops.  Since  the  clays  are,  within  short  dis- 
tances, essentially  horizontal,  the  probable  level  of  an  occurrence 
can  be  roughly  determined  instrumentally  from  known  outcrops  near 
at  hand.  The  character  and  thickness  of  a  clay  is  best  determined 
by  making  a  ''facing"  with  pick  and  shovel.  Auxilliary  tests  are  easily 
made  with  a  post  hole  auger,  or  a  common  wood  auger,  to  which  is 
attached  an  iron  rod  or  gas  pipe  shafting  in  detachable  sections.  This 
method  has  already  been  used  near  Round  Knob,  where  it  gave  sat- 
isfactory samples  for  preliminary  laboratory  tests.  It  is  hardly  nec- 
essary to  state  that  any  movement  to  open  up  the  clays  of  this  district 
should  be  based  on  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  deposits  acquired  by 
thorough  and  systematic  prospecting  and  testing.  A  method  some- 
times used  in  such  areas  as  this  is  to  sink  shafts  with  windlass  and 
shovel.  Such  a  hole  should  be  as  small  as  posible  so  as  to  reduce  the 
chances  of  caving.  Three  feet  in  diameter  is  a  common  size  used. 
With  a  sharp  spade  a  man  can  thus  sink  a  hole  rapidly  and  obtain  ex- 
cellent samples  for  examination.  Danger  is  best  avoided  by  work- 
ing in  dry  weather  at  the  highest  possible  speed  but  curbing  is  some- 
times necessary.  In  case  of  deep  shafts  air  should  be  pumped  to 
the  bottom  by  means  of  a  small  fan  such  as  is  commonly  attached  to 
a  hand  forge. 

The  localities  which  at  this  time  seem  most  promising  are  those 
offering  most  ready  transportation,  or  stripping  advantages.  It  would 
be  especially  desirable  to  locate  near  the  rivers,  if  possible,  so  as  to 
take  advantage  of  cheap  hydraulic  methods  of  stripping.  The  exact 
locations  from  which  samples  were  collected  in  this  examination  are 
recorded  in  the  following  field  notes. 

Field  and  Laboratory  Notes  on  Cretaceous-Tertiary  Clays. 

Clays  from  near  Round  Knob,  Massac  County. 
(Samples  D  28,  29,  30,  31.) 

field  notes. 

These  samples  represent  different  portions  of  the  clay  now  being 
mined  for  pottery  near  Round  Knob,  Massac  county.  It  appears  to  be 
a  horizontal  bed  of  Ripley,  or  possible  Lagrange,  age,  which  occurs  in 
much  of  the  upland  area  here  wherever  the  hills  rise  above  its  horizon. 
The  clay  is  light  gray  and  is  overlain  by  reddish  clay  and  gravel  of  the 
La  Fayette  formation  which  serves  to  mark  the  place  of  the  under- 


TUBDY  AND  DE  WOLF  ] 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CKAYS.  149 


lying  clay  throughout  this  immediate  district  as  elsewhere.  Great 
quantities  of  the  clay  are  available  here  for  development  and  shipment 
on  a  large  scale.  It  varies  from  a  very  fat  variety  to  one  in  which  fine 
white  sand  predominates.  Doubtless  the  various  grades  here  available 
can  be  mixed  to  bring  out  many  different  desirable  qualities. 

D28.  Potter's  clay  from  S.W.  %  Sec.  1  ;T.  15  S.,R.  4  E.  A  small 
pit  on  the  farm  of  George  Grothman,  a  few  rods  east  of  the  111.  Cent. 
R.  R.,  shows  six  feet  of  light  gray  clay  overlain  by  about  the  same 
thickness  of  soil  and  clay  stained  with  iron.  The  clay  "lies  about  60 
feet  above  the  railroad  in  a  small  oval  hill.  The  output  of  this  pit  is 
now  hauled  six  miles  to  Metropolis,  where  it  sells  to  the  potters  for 
about  $1.50  per  ton  delivered.  It  makes  a  superior  clay  for  molding 
and  turning  into  stoneware,  possessing  qualities  causing  it  to  shrink 
evenly  without  cracking,  to  take  a  good  glaze  and  to  hold  oils  and 
liquids  without  seepage. 

D  29.  Potter's  clay  from  N.  y2  of  S.  W.  ^Sec.  8  T.  15  S.,  R.  4  E., 
from  pit  of  Ohio  Pottery  Company.  This  pit  is  located  about  one-half 
mile  west  of  the  Grothman  farm  and  on  the  slope  of  a  gentle  hill.  In 
general  the  working  face  shows  14  feet  of  loess,  sandy  clay  and  ferru- 
ginous material  overlying  about  io^4  feet  of  interbedded  plastic  clay 
and  .gray  or  yellow  sand.  A  detailed  section  at  the  highest  part  of  the 
outcrop  is  as  follows : 

Section  near  Round  Knob. 

Stripping —  Feet.  Inches 

Loess » 6 

Clay  and  ferruginous  sandstone,  all  stained  deep  red 1 

Sandy  clay  with  few  standstone  concretions 7 

Commercial  portion — 

Sandy  clay;  thinly  laminated;  drab 1         11 

Fine  sand;  thinly  laminated  in  brown,  yellow  and  white  streaks. .  1  4 

Clay,  brown  to  gray;  stopped  and  banded  with  gray  sand  %  inch 

thick 1        10 

Sand  white  and  yellow  streaks  becoming  red  at  bottom 1  2 

Clay  and  sand  interbedded,  gray  and  drab iy2 

Sand ;  thinly  laminated ;   gray  1  2 

Clay;   gray  to  brown;   fat 1 

Sand ;  fine,  fluffy,  gray 7 

Clay;  dark  gray  and  with  few  sand  streaks 4 

Sand ;  very  ferruginous  14 

Clay;   sandy,  gray   11 

10  7% 

Of  the  commercial  portion  the  colored  layers  found  in  the  second  and 
fourth  strata  are  excluded  from  shipment.  The  same  part  was  also 
excluded  from  sample.  The  planes  in  this  pit  are  horizontal,  but  there 
is  evidence  of  recent  disturbance.  The  south  wall  shows  a  small  tfrust 
fault  with  a  throw  of  12  inches,  and  associated  with  it  a  vertical  zone, 
8  feet  wide,  from  which  the  clay  has  been  removed,  and  in  which  is 
deposited  some  of  the  reddish  sandy  clay  which  normally  overlies  the 
gray  clay. 

The  output  of  this  pit,  reported  to  be  about  five  cars  weekly,  is 
shipped  by  rail  to  Paducah,  Ky.,  where  it  is  made  into  stoneware.' 


150 


YEAR-BOOK  FOR    1906. 


[BULL  4 


D  30.  Potter's  clay  from  the  same  property  and  bed  as  D  29,  but 
located  a  couple  of  hundred  yards  to  the  southwest.  The  abandoned 
pit  shows  an  outcrop  of  6  feet  of  clean,  fat  clay  of  light  brownish  gray 
color.  The  former  working  face  presented  27  feet  of  this  quality,  ac- 
cording to  the  statement  of  the  superintendent.  It  was  shipped  to 
Paducah  for  stoneware,  but  required  the  addition  of  other  clays  to  make 
it  usable.  It  would  seem  that  other  fine  sandy  clays  from  this  same 
neighborhood*  could  be  added  to  gain  the  proper  constituency. 

D  31.  Sandy  clay  from  an  abandoned  pit  located  a  few  rods  north- 
west of  that  from  which  sample  D  29  was  taken.  This  clay  occupies 
a  stratigraphic  position  just  above  the  proceeding  section. 

Upper  Section  near  Round  Knob. 

Feet.  Inches. 

Sandy   clay    2 

Ferruginous  plates 2 

Clay;  gray,  but  stained  yellow  and  brown 1  9 

Clay;   gray  and  sandy  1 

Sandy  clay;  white  6  6 

11  5 

The  two  lower  strata  were  sampled  for  this  test.  The  clay  looks 
first  class,  but  is  reported  by  the  manager  to  burn  unsatisfactorily. 


LABORATORY  NOTES. 


Mechanical  Analyses. 


Moisture. 

Volatile. 

Residue  Left  on  Screens. 

Finer 

than 

200 

Mesh. 

Total 

per 

cent. 

Sample. 

20 
Mesh 

60 
Mesh 

100 

Mesh 

150 

Mesh 

200 
Mesh 

Plasticity. 

D   28 

2.46 
1.88 
4.02 
1.42 

4.78 
4.96 
7.20 
4.90 

0.260 
0.163 
0.445 
0.053 

0.217 
0.306 
0.346 
0.158 

0.324 
0.818 
0.666 
0.804 

0.664 
1.754 
0.956 
1.238 

0.426 
1.294 
0.643 
0.949 

89.270 
82.977 
72.947 
88.321 

98.40 
94.152 
97.223 
97.843 

c 

D  29 

B 

D   30 

A 

D   31 

A 

Chemical  Analyses. 


Sample. 

Moisture. 

Volatile. 

SiO 
2 

Fe  0 
2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

D   28 

1.64 
1.41 
3.44 
1.13 

6.81 
5.27 
7.52 
5.31 

66.04 
71.58 
60.50 
69.46 

1.60 
1.51 
3.84 
1.32 

22.00 
18.31 
22.52 
18.82 

1.60 
1.40 
1.40 
1.64 

99  69 

D   29 

99  48 

D   30 

99  32 

D  31 

97.68 

purjdy  anddewolfI  ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS.  151 

"    Pyrometric  Tests. 

D  28.  This  clay  began  to  bend  over  at  cone  26,  but  did  not  touch 
the  plaque  until  after  cone  32  was  down.  In  preliminary  test  a  sample 
gave  evidence  of  incipient  fusion  at  cone  20. 

D  29.  This  sample  began  to  fuse  at  cone  28.  In  preliminary  test 
it  was  vitrified  at  cone  20. 

D  30.  The  test  piece  started  to  bend  at  cone  23,  and  was  touching 
the  plaque  at  cone  28.    In  the  preliminary  test  it  was  vitrified  at  cone  18. 

D  31.  At  cone  28  this  clay  was  almost  touching  the  plaque.  In  pre- 
liminary test  it  was  vitrified  at  cone  20. 

Burning  Tests. 

The  clays  were  molded  into  brickettes  by  the  plastic  or  "stiff  mud" 
process  and  burned  in  an  open  kiln  at  H20°C,  with  the  following  re- 
sults : 

D  28.     Porous  buff  brick. 

D  29.     Porous  buff  brick. 

D  30.     Vitrified  nicely  to  a  buff  brittle  brick. 

D  31.     Porous  buff  brick. 

Summary, 

These  clays  are  high  in  silica  but  it  is  relatively  fine,  as  shown  by  the 
large  percentage  of  material  that  passed  the  200-mesh  sieve.  The 
plasticity  varies  consideraly.  On  account  of  the  high  content  of  sil- 
ica and  the  presence  of  a  small  per  cent  of  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths 
they  doubtless  lose  some  of  their  refractory  qualities.  Nevertheless 
on  the  basis  of  the  pyrometric  tests  they  all  fall  into  the  class  of  refrac- 
tory clays.  The  low  point  and  slow  rate  of  vitrification  is  a  leading 
characteristic. 

The  results  of  mixing  these  several  clays  cannot  be  predicted  closely ; 
but  it  would  seem  as  though  experiments  along  this  line  might  be  of 
value. 

The  preliminary  experiments  here  recorded  would  seem  to  indicate 
the  following  possible  uses  for  these  clays: 

D  28,  29,  30,  31.  Stoneware,  terra  cotta,  No.  2  fire  brick  and  build- 
ing brick. 

D  28,  29.  Refractory  ware  in  which  the  low  vitrification  is  not 
injurious. 

(D)  30.  Paving  brick  possibly,  though  perhaps  too  brittle  at  11200 
C. 

(D)  28,  29,  31.  Paving  brick  possibly,  at  a  higher  temperature  than 
11200  C. 

Clays  from  Massac  County. 
(Sample  D  32.) 

FIELD   NOTES. 

,    Clay  from  Massac  county,  S.  E.  %,  Sec.  33,  T.  14  S.,  R.  5  E.,  along 
Massac  creek  on  the  farm  of  William  Kortie.    They  clay  sample  repre- 


152 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


[bull.  4 


sents  four  feet  lying  just  above  water  level.  It  is  overlain  by  5  feet  of 
clay,  gravel  and  loess.  A  test  hole  sunk  3  feet  below  water  level  is 
reported  to  have  found  clay  of  the  same  quality  as  that  exposed  and 
sampled.  This  clay  probably  occurs  in  the  Ripley  formation  at  about 
the  same  horizon  as  the  samples  from  Round  Knob.  It  has  an  ex- 
tensive development  probably  underlying  the  bottom  lands  along  the 
creek  in  this  vicinity  and  extending  under  the  hills.  Its  location  is 
unfavorable  with  reference  to  the  present  transportation  facilities  and 
possibly  prohibits  development. 

LABORATORY  NOTES. 

Mechanical  Analyses. 


Volatile. 

Residue  Left  on  Screens. 

Finer  than 

200 

Mesh. 

Total 
per. 
cent. 

Moisture. 

20 
Mesh 

60 

Mesh 

100 

'Mesh 

150 

Mesh 

200 

Mesh 

Plasticity. 

2.94 

6.32 

0.021 

0.723 

5.598 

5.762 

1.806 

74.568 

95.738 

D 

- 

Chemical  Analyses. 

Moisture. 

Volatile. 

SiO 

2 

Fe  0 
2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

Ti  0 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

2.58 

6.83 

64.88 

1.86 

21.54 

1.26 

98.95 

Pyrometric  Test. 

This  clay  started  to  bend  at  cone  26  and  at  28  it  was  touching  the 
plaque.     In  preliminary  test  it  was  vitrified  at  cone  20. 

Burning  Test. 

When  molded  into  a  brickette  by  the  plastic  or  stiff  process  and 
burned  in  an  open  kiln  at  11200  C  it  gave  the  following  results: 
Hard  buff  brick  not  far  from  vitrification. 


Summary. 

This  clay  on  the  basis  of  its  pyrometric  behavior  lies  close  to  the 
lower  limit  allowed  for  fire  clays  of  the  refractory  grade.  It  would 
seem  to  be  adapted,  so  far  as  these  tests  go,  to  the  manufacture  of  a 
stoneware,  terra  cotta  and  No.  2  fire  brick,  and  to  have  a  possible  use 
in  making  building  and  paving  brick. 


PURDY  AND  DE  WOLF] 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS. 


153 


Clays  from  Pulaski  County. 
(Samples  D  33  and  D  36.) 

FIELD  NOTES. 

D  33.  Clay  from  Yates  Landing,  Pulaski  county,  Sec.  1,  T.  15  S., 
K.  2  E.  A  cliff  rising  from  the  beach  reveals  at  the  base  eight  feet  of 
gray  micaceous  clay.  The  bottom  of  the  exposed  bed  lies  35  feet 
above  low  water.  Below  it  the  bank  is  strewn  with  masses  of  con- 
glomerate. The  clay  is  overlain  with  17  feet  of  sandy  clay,  pebbles, 
and  loess.  The  clay  is  probably  of  Ripley  age,  while  the  bowlders  con- 
glomerate may  be  La  Fayette,  but  is  probably  of  recent  age. 

This  locality  formerly  furnished  potter's  clay  which  supplied  a  local 
plant.  Raw  clay  was  also  shipped  on  the  river.  The  possibilities  of 
hydraulic  stripping  and  easy  transportation  are  exceptionally  favorable. 

D  36.  Clay  from  Pulaski  county,  near  Lockhart's  Landing,  Sec.  18, 
T.  15  S.,  R.  2  E.  This  occurs  as  an  outcrop  on  the  sloping  beach,  ex- 
tending from  near  water  up  about  25  feet  to  the  base  of  a  30-foot  cliff 
of  sand  and  gravel.  The  clay  is  mostly  micaceous  and  sandy,  varying 
in  color  from  dark  blue-gray  or  brown  at  the  base  to  light  gray  or 
white  at  the  top.  It  probably  occurs  in  the  Ripley  formation  near  its 
upper  limit. 

A  portion,  and  perhaps  all  of  this  horizon,  is  below  the  line  of  high 
water.  It  would,  therefore,  on  this  account  be  difficult  to  work  the 
clay  continuously.  The  high  stripping  is  perhaps  prohibitive  to  de- 
velopment at  this  locality  unless  hydraulic  methods  should  be  em- 
ployed. 

LABORATORY   NOTES. 

Mechanical  Analyses. 


Moisture. 

Volatile. 

Residue  Left  on  Screens. 

Finer 

than 

200 

Mesh. 

Total 
per  cent. 

Sample. 

20 
Mesh 

60 

Mesh 

100 

Mesh 

150 

Mesh 

200 

Mesh 

Plasticity, 

D  33 

D  36 

2.90               4.58 
2.46                4.78 

0.069 
0.260 

0.183 
0.217 

0.896 
0.324 

3.094 
0.664 

2.088 
0.426 

81.53 
89.27 

95.34 
98.401 

A 
C 

Chemical  Analyses. 


Samples. 

.  Moisture. 

Volatile. 

SiO 
2 

Fe  0 
2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

D  33. 

2.48 
1.90 

6.29 
5.56 

67.54 
68.26 

1.70 
2.03 

21.54 

20.87 

0.78 
1.14 

100  33 

D  36 

99  76 

154  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  Lbull.  4 

Pyrometric  Tests. 

D  33.  This  clay  started  to  bend  at  cone  24,  but  was  not  quite  touch- 
ing the  plaque  at  cone  28.  In  preliminary  test  it  was  vitrified  at  cone 
20. 

D  36.  Both  in  preliminary  and  final  test  this  clay  was  touching  the 
plaque  and  badly  blistered  at  cone  21. 

Burning  Tests. 

When  molded  into  brickettes  by  the  plastic  "stiff  mud"  process  and 
burned  at  11200  C  in  an  open  kiln  these  clays  were  hard,  nearly  vitri- 
fied and  had  a  good  buff  color. 

Summary. 

These  clays  are  high  in  silica  and  yet  fine  grained.  They  vary  con- 
siderably in  plasticity.  The  refractory  value  is  low  but  the  chemical 
analysis  does  not  reveal  the  reason.  In  fusibility  D  33  lies  near  the 
lower  limit  of  refractory  fire  clays,  while  D  36  is  well  within  the  non- 
refractory  class.  They  are  possibly  of  value  for  the  manufacture  of 
stoneware,  terra  cotta  and  No.  2  fire  brick  and  also  for  building  and 
paving  brick.  It  is  reported  in  the  field,  however,  that  clay  from  D  33 
while  making  excellent  stoneware  by  turning  is  not  suited  for  jigger- 
ing,  because  it  sticks  to  the  molds. 

Clays  from  Pope  County. 
(Samples  D  34,  D  35.) 

FIELD   NOTES. 

Clay  from  Pope  county,  Sec.  2j,  T.  14  S.,  R.  5  E.,  on  the  farm  of 
C.  Wolff  along  a  branch  of  Robinett  creek.  It  occurs  in  the  slope  of 
the  hill  above  the  creek  with  a  covering  of  seven  feet  of  loess  and 
gravel.  Five  feet  of  clay  is  exposed  and  two  feet  more  is  reported  to 
lie  below  it.  As  the  creek  is  very  small  here,  seven  feet  or  more  of 
clay  is  probably  available  for  excavation  if  warranted.  The  bed  is 
presumably  of  Ripley  age,  approximately  the  same  as  the  Round  Knob 
bed.  Doubtless  the  hillside  contains  a  great  quantity,  which  can  be  ob- 
tained for  very  low  expense  for  stripping ;  but  as  this  place  is  fully  five 
miles  from  the  railroad  and  even  further  from  the  river  only  a  clay  of 
high  grade  can  be  profitably  handled. 

Samples  were  obtained  by  means  of  a  post  hole  auger.  D  34  repre- 
sents the  top  three  feet  of  the  bed  and  D  35  the  next  two  feet.  Better 
knowledge  of  the  working  quality  of  the  entire  bed  would  have  been 
obtained  by  combining  the.  samples  before  testing. 


PURDY  AND  DB  WOLF] 


ILLINOIS   FIRE   CLAYS. 


155 


LABORATORY   NOTES. 

Mechanical  Analyses. 


Moisture. 

Volatile. 

Residue  Left  on  Screens. 

Finer 

than 

200 

Mesh 

Total 

per 

cent. 

Sample. 

20 

Mesh 

60 
Mesh 

100 

Mesh 

150 

Mesh 

200 

Mesh 

Plasticity. 

D34 

D  35 

4.54 

4.78 

6.16 
6.66 

0.086 
0.142 

0.118 
0.161 

0.502 
0.753 

2.042 
1.765 

1.210 
1.176 

81.147 

95.80 
15.437 

B 
A 

Chemical  Analyses. 


Sample. 

Moisture. 

Volatile. 

SiO 
2 

Fe  0 
2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

D  34 

3.36 

3.88 

7.04 
7.20 

63.20 
61.20 

2.50 
1.89 

22.60 
24.11 

1.04 
1.36 

99.74 

D  35 

99.64 

Pyrometric  Test. 

D  34.  This  clay  started  to  bend  at  cone  24,  but  did  not  touch  the 
plaque  until  cone  30  was  reached.  In  preliminary  test  it  was  vitrified 
at  cone  20,  but  not  melted  to  a  globule. 

Burning  Tests. 

These  clays  were  molded  into  brickettes  by  the  plastic  "stiff  mud" 
process  and  burned  in  an  open  kiln  at  11200  C.  Under  this  treatment 
they  became  hard,  nearly  vitrified,  and  exhibited  a  good  clean  buff 
color. 

Summary. 

These  clays  are  comparatively  fine  grained,  relatively  high  in  fine 
silica  and  fairly  plastic,  i.  e.,  plastic  enough  for  fire  brick  purposes  but 
perhaps  not  plastic  enough  for  retort  manufacture. 

They  contain  but  little  flux  other  than  iron  and  titanium.  Their 
iron  content  is  undoubtedly  in  a  free  or  uncombined  condition,  which 
makes  the  clays  of  low  refractory  value  in  "reducing"  fires.  If  they 
had  been  tested  in  a  Deville  furnace  where  excessive  reducing  con- 
ditions prevail,  they  would  not  have  been  reported  as  having  as  high 
a  refractory  value  as  here  given.  The  discrepancy  between  the  results 
of  preliminary  and  final  pyrometric  tests  gives  evidence  of  the  influ- 
ence of  the  character  of  the  fire  gases.  The  plaque  in  the  preliminary 
test  was  heavily  reduced,  and  in  a  final  test  it  was  in  an  oxidized  con- 
dition. 

On  the  basis  of  pyrometric  behavior  under  favorable  conditions  D 
34  falls  in  the  refractory  fire  clay  class,  while  D  35  belongs  more 
closely  with  those  of  non-refractory  value.  It  seems  possible  that  the 
clay  of  the  combined  samples  may  well  be  of  value  for  fire  brick  or 


156 


YEAE-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


[bull.  4 


for  stoneware  and  terra  cotta  and  building  brick,  though  distance  from 
transportation  facilities  would  seem  to  prohibit  its  development  at 
present. 

Clays  from  Pulaski  County. 
(Sample  D  44.) 

FIELD  NOTES. 

Clay  from  Pulaski  county,  Sec.  31,  T.  15  S.,  R.  1  W.,  on  the  farm 
of  John  Mansperger.  The  sample  was  taken  from  the  material  re- 
ported to  have  come  from  a  bore  hole  on  the  floor  plain  of  Cache  river. 
The  clay  is  reported  to  be  ten  feet  thick  and  to  extend  from  eight  reet 
below  the  top  of  the  broad  flood  plain  down  nearly  to  water  level.  The 
river  bank  shows  just  above  low  water,  six  feet  of  white  silica,  which 
is  reported  to  underlie  the  clay.  The  clay  is  probably  of  Ripley  age. 
On  account  of  the  location  of  this  bed  near  the  level  of  high  water  the 
conditions  for  continuous  working  are  rather  unfavorable.  The  creek 
however,  furnishes  sufficient  water  for  use  in  hydraulic  stripping,  and 
the  location  is  fairly  convenient  for  shipment  of  clay  by  rail. 


LABORATORY   NOTES. 

Mechanical  Analyses. 


Moisture. 

Volatile. 

Residues  Left  on  Screens. 

Finer 

than 

200 

Mesh. 

Total 
per 
cent. 

Sample. 

20 
Mesh 

50 
Mesh 

100 
Mesh 

150 

Mesh 

200 

Mesh 

Plasticity. 

D  44 

1.56 

5.82 

0.813 

0.216 

0.385 

1.644 

1.045 

87.247 

98.73 

B 

Chemical  An 

alyses. 

t 

Sample. 

Moisture. 

Volatile. 

SiO 
2 

Fe  0 
2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total. 

D  44 

1.11 

6.35 

69.92 

1.21 

20.19 

0.98 

99.76 

Pyro  metric  Test. 

D  44.  This  clay  did  not  begin  to  bend  over  until  cone  27  was 
reached,  but  was  fused  down  at  cone  30.  In  the  preliminary  test  it  was 
vitrified  at  cone  20. 

Summary. 

This  is  a  comparatively  fine  grained  clay,  relatively  high  in  silica, 
and  with  a  fair  amount  of  plasticity. 

Its  pyrometric  value  is  equal  to  or  better  than  that  of  many  clays 
now  used  for  fire  brick  purposes. 


PUHDY  AND  DE  WOLFI 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS. 


157 


Clays  from  Pulaski,  Pulaski  County. 
(Samples  D  45  and  D  46.) 

FIELD  NOTES. 

Clay  from  Pulaski,  Pulaski  county,  Sec.  15,  T.  15  S.,  R.  1  W.,  on  the 
land  of  J.  L.  Aldred.  The  occurrence  is  in  the  basal  portion  of  a  hill 
lising  east  of  the  town.  The  clay  is  interbedded  with  white  sand,  es- 
pecially toward  the  bottom  and  is  overlaid  by  a  bed  of  gravel  about  ten 
feet  thick,  followed  by  loess.  The  clay  probably  belongs  to  the  Ripley 
formation,  and  the  elevation  indicates  that  it  is  probably  near  the 
horizon  of  the  clay  last  described.  The  samples  represent  fifteen  feet 
of  tolerably  pure,  fat  clay,  made  easily  available  by  the  gentle  slope  of 
the  hill,  and  situated  within  a  short  distance  of  the  railroad.  Samples 
of  the  clay  are  reported  to  have  made  good  sizing  of  weighting  for 
brown  paper.  It  is  reported  also  to  be  a  good  clay  for  stoneware.  The 
following  measured  section  indicates  the  nature  of  the  deposit: 

Section  at  Pulaski. 

Feet.  Inches. 

Loess   15 

Clayey  sand  of  red-brown  color  and  containing  gravels 9 

Clay;  drab,  gray  and  brown  with  some  ferruginous  streaks 10 

Sand ;  fine  and  white  1 

Bituminous    clay    1 

Clay;  drab;  micaceous;  interbedded  with  little  white  sand 5 

Sand  and  clay,  predominately  sand  6 

Clay;  drab;  fat 6  6 

Sand,  fine,  white,  micaceous   1  6 

D  46  is  composed  of  clay  from  the  top  half  of  the  third  stratum. 

D  45  represents  the  lower  half  of  the  third  and  all  of  the  sixth 
strata. 

The  outcrop  offers  possibilities  of  many  mixtures,  some  of  which 
might  well  give  better  results  than  the  samples  taken. 

LABORATORY   NOTES. 

Mechanical  Analyses. 


Moisure. 

Volatile. 

Residue  Left  on  Screens. 

Finer 

than 

200 

Mesh. 

Total 
per 
cent. 

Sample. 

20 

Mesh 

60 

Mesh 

100 

Mesh 

150 

Mesh 

200 

Mesh 

Plasticity. 

D  45 

4.58 
4.34 

6.16 
11.18 

1.268 
0.591 

0.827 
0.470 

0.411 
0.295 

1.744 
0.654 

1.294 

0.885 

83.28 
83.852 

99  57 
102.26 

A 

D  46 

A 

1 

Chemical 

Analyses. 

Sample.               j  Moisture. 

Volatile. 

SiO 

2 

Fe  0 
2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

D  45 2.99 

6.12 
8.12 

62.76 

57.14 

3.07 
2.82 

22.36 
25.52 

0.97 
1.08 

98  27 

D  46.                                                3.48 

98  16 

158 


YEAK-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


Lbui.l.  4 


Pyrometric  Tests. 

D  45.  The  final  test  on  this  clay  was  very  unsatisfactory ;  reducing 
conditions  prevailed  and  the  cfistribution  of  heat  was  unequal.  Under 
these  conditions  cone  22  was  fused  no  more  than  cone  25.  The  clay 
was  bending  and  badly  bloated.  In  the  preliminary  burn  it  was 
thoroughly  vitrified  at  cone  18,  and  would  have  gone  down  at  cone  20. 

D  46.  This  clay  started  to  bend  at  cone  24.  At  cone  29  it  was  not 
down  but  thoroughly  fused  and  blistered.  In  the  preliminary  burn  it 
gave  evidence  of  incipient  fusion  at  cone  18. 

Burning  Test. 

Brickettes  made  from  D  45  were  so  fine  grained  and  plastic  that 
they  were  dried  with  difficulty.  Burning  in  the  kiln  produced  incipient 
vitrification. 

Summary. 

These  samples  are  high  in  free  iron  but  contain  only  a  little  over  one 
and  a  half  per  cent  of  other  fluxes.  They  are  as  plastic  as  the  Ball 
clay  used  as  a  standard  in  these  tests.  While  a  good  test  was  not 
obtained  on  D  45,  it  may  be  safely  assumed  that  it  has  not  a  refractory 
value  sufficient  to  recommend  it  for  a  first  class  fire  clay.  It  would 
seem,  however,  to  be  a  paving  brick  possibility.  D  46  falls  below 
the  refractoriness  of  the  better  fire  bricks  but  may  be  of  value  for 
stoneware,  terra  cotta  and  No.  2  fire  brick.  It  will  be  seen  from  the 
section  given  that  these  samples  do  not  represent  all  the  possibilities 
of  these  clays. 

Clays  from  Massac  County. 
(Sample  D  50.) 

FIELD  NOTES. 

Clay  from  Massac  county,  Sec.  12,  T.  16  S.,  R.  6  S.,  on  the  farm  of 
John  Ridenour.  A  bed  two  feet  thick  is  exposed  in  the  bottom  of  a 
small  creek  and  two  feet  additional  are  shown  below  this  by  an  augur 
hole.  It  is  reported  that  the  deposit  exceeds  eight  feet  in  thickness  and 
is  fat  and  plastic  and  free  from  coarse  sand.  The  sample  represents 
the  exposed  clay. 

The  topography  suggests  that  a  considerable  body  of  this  clay  is 
obtainable  with  small  expense.     The  Ohio  river  is  three  miles  distant. 

LABORATORY  NOTES. 

Mechanical  Analysis. 


Moisture. 

Volatile. 

Residue  Left  on  Screens. 

Finer 
than 
200 

Mesh. 

Total 
per 
cent. 

Sample. 

20 

iMesh 

60 
Mesh 

100 

Mesh 

150 

Mesh 

200 

Mesh 

Plasticity. 

D  50. 

4.90 

4.96 

0.864 

4.800 

3.807 

2.502 

0.702 

75.454 

98.99 

B 

PURDY  AND  DE  WOLF] 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS. 

Chemical  Analysis. 


159 


Sample. 

Moisture. 

Volatile. 

SiO 
2 

FeO 
2  3 

Al  0             TiO 

2  3                  2 

Total 
per  cent. 

D  50 

3.55 

6.02 

63.32 

4.09 

19.25 

0.48 

98.71 

Pyrometric  Tests. 

D  50.  In  the  preliminary  test  this  clay  had  fused  to  a  globule  at 
cone  16.  From  its  appearance  it  was  conjectured  that  the  influence  of 
the  reducing  fire  had  very  materially  lowered  its  fusion  point,  and  it 
was  suspected  that  in  an  oxidizing  fire  its  fusion  point  would  be  very 
much  higher.  This  conjecture  was  based  on  the  fact  that  the  way 
the  cone  bent  over  gave  evidence  of  the  presence  of  but  very  little 
active  flux  other  than  ferrous  iron. 

The  correctness  of  this  theory  was  proven  by  the  second  test  in  an 
oxidizing  fire.  It  did  not  begin  to  bend  until  cone  22-24  was  reached, 
and  was  not  fused  to  a  bead  until  cone  26  was  reached.  The  character 
of  the  fire  gases  made  a  difference  of  10  cones,  or  approximately  200 
degrees  centigrade  in  the  pyrometric  value  of  this  clay. 

Burning  Test. 

This  clay  burned  into  a  hard  tough  brick,  though  far  from  vitrifica- 
tion at  the  kiln  temperature. 

Summary. 

The  relative  fluxing  effect  of  iron  under  reducing  and  oxidizing  con- 
ditions is  illustrated  better  with  this  sample  than  with  any  other  tested 
in  this  work.  The  clay  contains  only  one  per  cent  of  fluxes  aside  from 
iron;  but  since  it  is  low  in  alumina  and  high  in  silica  it  may  be  said 
that  the  iron  and  silica  act  jointly  in  producing  the  flux. 

Although  of  fair  refractoriness  under  oxidizing  conditions  this 
clay  would  be  very  treacherous  in  places  where  reducing  conditions 
might  occur.  Burning  tests,  however,  warrant  the  assumption  that 
the  clay  might  be  suitable  for  stoneware  or  paving  brick. 

Fire  Clays  of  Coal  Measures  Age- 
Plate  3  shows  at  a  glance  the  approximate  locations  from  which 
Coal  Measures  samples  were  collected,  and  also  the  distribution  of  such 
as  proved  to  be  "refractory"  and  "less  refractory"  grades.  The  great- 
est development  of  Illinois  fire  clays  has  taken  place  in  this  area. 
Of  the  establishments  listed  on  a  previous  page  all  handle  Coal  Meas- 
ures clays  except  that  at  Metropolis  and,  possibly,  that  at  Drake. 

GEOLOGIC  RELATIONS. 
Since  the  Coal  Measures  cover  the  greater  part  of  Illinois,  offering 
great  variety  in  geology  and  topography  the  field  relations  of  the  fire 
clays  are  too  diversified  to  permit  of  comprehensive  examination  and 
description  in  a  preliminary  investigation  of  this  scope. 


160  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906.  [bull.  4 

The  presence  of  so-called  fire  clays  is  common  throughout  the  Coal 
Measures  area.  They  are  shown  in  natural  outcrops  along  river 
banks  and  ravines  and  in  artificial  exposures  in  mine  shafts,  water 
wells,  highway  or  railroad  cuts  and  other  excavations.  The  clay  pre- 
sents a  variety  of  colors  and  textures ;  it  may  be  a  homogeneous  struc- 
tureless mass  or  it  may  have  the  laminations  of,  and  grade  into,  com- 
mon shale.  It  may  be  fine,  soft  and  plastic  or  relatively  coarse,  very 
hard  and  almost  entirely  non-plastic,  approaching  fine  sandstone  in  ap- 
pearance. Colors  of  fire  clays  are  most  frequently  light  gray,  drab  or 
burl,  but  browns  and  chocolate  shades  are  not  unknown.  Weathered 
exposures  rarely  show  the  same  shades  as  those  which  have  not  been 
exposed  to  the  air. 

The  fire  clay  most  frequently  occurs  beneath  a  coal  bed  although  it 
may  be  associated  with  limestone,  shale  or  standstone.  In  the  absence 
of  a  coal  the  clay  may  not  lie  at  a  horizon  which  in  adjoining  areas  is 
productive  of  coal.  For  these  reasons  the  unwarranted  assumption  is 
commonly  made  that  any  clay  lying  immediately  below  a  coal  seam  is 
refractory.  Nevertheless,  the  most  likely  place  to  find  a  refractory 
clay  in  this  region  is  beneath  a  coal  and  all  of  those  sampled  in  this 
work  occupy  such  a  position.  A  knowledge  of  the  geological  and  areal 
distribution  of  the  various  Illinois  coals  is  therefore,  of  great  value  in  a 
study  of  the  fire  clays. 

The  former  Geological  Survey  divided  the  Coal  Measures  into  two 
divisions  the  Lower  or  productive  series  and  the  Upper  or  non-pro- 
ductive series.  Altogether  the  strata  were  estimated  to  be  as  much 
as  1200  feet  thick  and  to  contain  at  least  sixteen  distinct  coal  beds.  Of 
this  number  nine  were  classified  with  the  Lower  Coal  Measures.  These 
include  the  coals  now  so  largely  mined  in  the  State,  and  all  of  the 
Coal  Measures  fire  clays  tested  by  the  survey.  The  areal  extent  of  the 
Upper  and  Lower  coal  Measures  in  the  State  is  approximately  indi- 
cated on  the  large  geological  map  recently  published  by  the  survey, 
and  also  on  that  accompanying  the  reports  of  the  older  survey.  The 
former  county  reports  contain  notes  on  local  geology  which  often 
include  descriptions  of  the  clays.  Aside  from  these  the  only  data  avail- 
able are  the  brief  notes  of  the  following  pages. 

The  further  commercial  development  of  the  Coal  Measures  fire  clays 
is  confidently  expected.  Further  geological  work  should  stimulate  the 
production  by  tracing  beds  of  known  value  into  regions  as  yet  unde- 
veloped, and  by  demonstrating  the  presence  of  other  good  clays  at 
present  unrecognized.  There  is  no  reason  for  supposing  refractory 
clays  may  not  be  discovered  in  the  strata  of  the  Upper  Coal  Measures. 
It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  the  extent,  thickness  and  quality  of 
a  clay  at  an  given  locality  can  only  be  determined  by  detailed  prospect- 
ing and  testing. 


PURDY  AND  DB  WOLF] 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS. 


161 


FIELD  AND  LABORATORY  NOTES  ON   FIRE  CLAYS   OF 
THE  COAL  MEASURES. 

Clays  From  Argillo  Works,  Carbon  Cliff,  Rock  Island  County. 

(Samples  H  8,  9,  10.) 

FIELD   NOTES. 

These  samples  were  collected  from  an  outcrop  owned  by  the  Argillo 
Works  at  Carbon  Cliff,  and  located  in  detail  as  follows:  NE}4  of 
SE%,  Sec.  5,  T.  18  N.,  R.  1  E. 

The  exposed  section  of  rocks  is  indicated  by  the  following  measure- 
ments. 

Section  at  Argillo  Works. 

Feet. 

Shale;  light  colored  and  containing  hard  limestone  fragments 12 

1 


Coal    

Fire  clay 

Shale;  black  carbonaceous 

Shale, H.  8  

Fire  clay, H.  9 


Fire  clay, 


3 

1 

1 

12 

H.  10 -f 


Samples  8,  9  and  10  represent  the  three  lowest  strata. 

LABORATORY    NOTES. 

Mechanical  Analyses. 


Moisture. 

Volatile. 

Residue  left  on  screens. 

Passed 

200 
mesh. 

Total 

per 

cent. 

Sample. 

20 

Mesh 

60 
Mesh 

100 

Mesh 

150 

Mesh 

200 

Mesh 

Plasticity. 

H  8 

2.26 

-       0.22 

0.76 

6.62 
1.62 
4.56 

0.171 

47.161 

1.466 

0.682 
1.819 
1.343 

0.177 
0.640 

0.885 

0.748 
0.646 
3.028 

0.425 
0.366 
1.134 

103.149 
44.373 
86.533 

113.62 
96.845 
99.704 

D 

H  9.. 

D 

H  10 

D 

Chemical  Analyses. 


Sample. 

Moisture. 

Volatile. 

SiO 

2 

Fe  0 
2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

H  8 

1.81 
0.16 
0.60 

6.66 

1.68 
4.63 

61.46 
91.18 
76.10 

2.19 
0.55 
1.10 

24.05 
6.05 
15.31 

1.60 
0.80 
1.31 

97.77 

H  9 

100.42 

H  10 

99.05 

Pyrometric  Tests. 

H  8.  This  clay  began  to  bend  at  cone  24,  and  was  touching  the 
plaque  at  cone  28.  In  the  preliminary  burn  it  gave  evidence  of  in- 
cipient fusion  at  cone  20  and  was  still  standing  erect. 

— n  G  v 


162 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1906. 


[BULL.   4 


H  9.  This  sample  began  to  bend  at  cone  27,  and  was  touching  the 
plaque  at  cone  30.    In  preliminary  burn  it  did  not  vitrify  at  cone  20. 

H  10.  Two  of  the  cones  made  from  this  clay  began  to  bend  at  cone 
2.J  and  were  flat  at  cone  30,  while  the  third  one  remained  standing  at 
30,  but  was  partly  fused. 

In  the  preliminary  burn  this  clay  was  thoroughly  vitrified  at  cone 
20.  In  fact,  it  gave  evidence  of  incipient  fusion.  In  comparing  the 
two  tests,  it  would  be  inferred  that  the  two  cones  which  were  down  at 
cone  30  gave  more  nearly  the  pyrometric  value  of  this  clay. 


Burning  Tests. 

Burning  these  clays  in  the  form  of  brickettes  at  H20( 
following  results: 
H  8.    Bluestone  buff. 
H  9.    A  very  coarse  brittle  mass. 
H  10.     Fine  light  buff ;  quite  porous  at  this  heat. 


C  gave  the 


Summary. 

H  8.  This  clay  is  very  fine  grained  with  low  degree  of  plasticity. 
It  contains  2.25%  of  fluxes  other  than  iron  and  in  fusion  point  lies  near 
the  lower  limit  for  refractory  clays.  It  might  possibly  be  of  use  alone 
or  in  mixture  for  stoneware,  terra  cotta,  No.  2  fire  brick  or  paving 
brick. 

H  9  and  H  10.  H.  9  and  H  10  are  relatively  coarse  grained  and 
non-plastic.  They  contain  but  little  flux  other  than  iron  and  rank  with 
the  refractory  clays.  H  9  seems  more  favorable  for  fire  brick  manu- 
facture and  H  10  for  stoneware  or  No.  2  fire  brick. 

Clays    from    Western    Stoneware    Co.,    Monmouth,    Warren 

County. 
(Samples  H  41,  42  and  43.) 

FIELD  NOTES. 

These  clays  are  obtained  at  the  works  of  the  Western  Stoneware 
Company  at  Monmouth.  The  first  and  third  are  reported  to  come 
from  Colchester,  and  the  second  from  Tennessee,  both  nearby  towns. 
The  clays  are  mixed  for  the  production  of  stoneware. 

LABORATORY   NOTES. 

Mechanical  Analyses. 


Moisture. 

Volatile. 

Residue  left  on  screens. 

Finer 

than  200 

mesh. 

Total 

per 

cent. 

Sample. 

20 
Mesh 

60 

Mesh 

100 

Mesh 

150 

Mesh 

200 
Mesh 

Plasticity. 

H  41 

1.82 
1:94 
2.16 

6.60 
6.74 
7.94 

0.24 
6.67 
14.25 

0.38 
0.76 
16.86 

2.03 
0.70 
5.06 

6.99 
3.12 
4.50 

2.36 
2.32 

1.48 

77.88 
75.94 
43.93 

98.30 
98.18 
96.18 

C 

H42 

H43... 

D 
D 

PDRDY  AND  DE  WOLF] 


ILLINOIS   FIRE   CLAYS. 

Chemical  Analyses. 


163 


Sample. 

Moisture. 

Volatile. 

SiO 
2 

Fe  0 
2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

H41 

1.25 
1.62 
1.41 

7.05 

7.37 
8.25 

66.50 
65.14 
55.96 

1.56 
1.59 
1.57 

21.50 
21.53 
29.47 

1.28 
1.60 
1.60 

99.14 

H  42 

98.85 

H  43. 

98.26 

Pyrometric  Tests. 

H  41.  This  clay  started  to  bend  at  cone  28  and  was  fused  flat  at 
cone  30.     In  the  preliminary  burn  this  clay  was  vitrified  at  cone  20. 

H  42.  This  sample  was  bending  and  bloating  at  cone  29.  In  pre- 
liminary burn  it  was  vitrified  at  cone  20. 

H  43.  The  final  test  on  this  clay  was  very  unsatisfactory.  When 
cone  29  was  down,  two  of  the  cones  made  from  this  clay  were  begin- 
ning to  bend,  while  the  third  one  was  erect.  When  cone  31  was  touch- 
ing the  plaque,  one  of  the  clay  cones  that  was  started  at  cone  29  was 
flat  and  fused,  while  the  other  one,  like  the  third  clay  cone,  was  vitri- 
fied and  blistered,  but  not  down.  In  the  preliminary  burn  this  clay 
was  vitrified  at  cone  20. 

Burning  Tests. 

These  clays  were  made  up  into  brickettes  by  the  "stiff  mud"  process 
and  burned  at  11200  C.  Each  burned  fine  light  buff  and  was  quite 
porous. 

Summary. 

H  41  has  a  fair  texture  of  fineness  of  grain,  but  the  other  members 
of  this  group  are  quite  coarse.  None  of  them  show  much  plasticity. 
They  are  all  comparatively  low  in  iron  content,  and  their  relative  fusi- 
bility corresponds  or  is  roughly  proportioned  to  their  content  of  flux- 
ing ingredients  other  than  iron.  Such  factors  as  content  of  Si02  and 
and  fineness  of  grain  affect  also  to  a  considerable  extent,  their  relative 
fusibility. 

These  clays  belong  to  the  refractory  group,  and  offer  possibilities 
of  being  satisfactory  unless  the  low  point  of  vitrification  is  objection- 
able. They  seem  also  to  be  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  stoneware, 
terra  cotta  and  No.  2  fire  brick. 


Clays  from  Macomb,  McDonough  County. 
(Samples  H  44,  45,  46) 

FIELD  NOTES. 

These  samples  are  reported  to  represent  clays  outcropping  on  the 
land  of  Dr.  Russell,  located  one  mile  north  of  Macomb.  The  follow- 
ing sections  were  measured  by  the  survey's  representatives,  while  the 
samples  were  sent  in  later  by  Dr.  Russell,  and  their  exact  source  indi- 
cated by  him. 


164 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 

Section  No.  i  near  Macomb. 


Surface  drift  

Sandy  rock 

Fire  clays  (H.  44  from  upper  part) 


[bull.  4 


Feet. 
.   3 
.   4 
.   3+ 


Section  No.  2  near  Macomb. 


Surface   drift    

Shale,   light  colored    

Shale,  black  and  bituminous   

Fire  clay  (H  45  from  upper  part;  H  46  from  lower  part) 


4 
14 

2  + 
10 


LABORATORY    NOTES. 

Mechanical  Analyses. 


Moisture. 

Volatile. 

Residue  left  on  screens. 

Finer 

than  200 

mesh. 

Total 
per 
cent. 

Sample. 

20 
Mesh 

60 
Mesh 

100 
Mesh 

150 

Mesh 

200 

Mesh 

Plasticity. 

H  44. 

0.82 
0.66 
1.24 

4.00 
2.96 
3.94 

0.161 
6.265 
0.101 

3.04 
4.24 
0.56 

16.56 
2.60 
3.41 

28.84 

6.11 

21  02 

6.14 
7.26 
3.64 

24.88 
37.65 

65.82 

82.64 
67.75 
99.73 

D 

H  45 

D 

H  46 

C 

Chemical  Analyses. 


Sample. 

Moisture. 

Volatile, 

SiO 
2 

FeO 
3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

H  44 

0.33 
0.49 
0.81 

4.31 
3.03 
4.32 

78.46 
83.34 

77.88 

1.29 
0.80 
1.05 

13.97 
8.42 
14.42 

1.02 
0.80 
0.93 

99.38 

H  45 

96.88 

H  46 

99.41 

Pyrometric  Tests. 

H  44.  This  clay  started  to  bend  at  2J  and  was  just  touching  the 
plaque  at  cone  31.  In  the  preliminary  burn  it  was  standing  at 
ccne  20. 

H  45.  The  cones  made  from  the  clay  began  to  bend  at  cone  2J 
and  were  flat  at  cone  29.  In  the  preliminary  burn  this  clay  was  vitri- 
fied at  cone  20. 

H  46.  All  cones  were  flat  and  fused  at  cone  29.  No  record  was 
obtained  as  to  when  they  began  to  fuse.  In  the  preliminary  burn  this 
clay  resembled  H  45  in  every  respect. 

Burning  Tests. 

H  44.    Resulted  in  a  coarse  grained  brick. 

H  45.  and  H  46.  s:ave  sandy,  porous  bricks  of  buff  color. 


PURDY  AND  DE  wolf]  ILLINOIS    FIRE    CLAYS.  165 

Summary. 

The  fusibility  periods  of  these  clays  places  them  in  the  refractory 
class.  All  seem  to  be  of  possible  use  for  fire  brick.  H  44  burns  too 
coarse  for  use  in  pottery,  but  H  45  and  H  46  seem  of  possible  value 
for  stoneware,  terra  cotta  and  No.  2  fire  brick. 

Clay  from  Streator,  LaSalle  County. 
(Sample  G  13) 

FIELD  NOTES. 

Fire  clay  from  mine  No.  2  of  the  Chicago,  Wilmington  and  Ver- 
milion Coal  Company,  near  Streator.  The  sample  was  obtained  in 
the  north  entry,  about  600  feet  from  the  shaft,  where  it  represents  the 
top  two  feet  of  fire  clay  shown  in  the  following  section. 

Section  near  Streator. 

Feet  Inch. 

Hard   shale    20+ 

Bone  coal   1 

Coal  (known  as  "No.  2  Coal") 2         6 

Fire   clay    11 

Black   slate    1 


LABORATORY    NOTES. 

Mechanical  and  Chemical  Analysis. 

On  account  of  the  small  size  of  the  sample  it  was  impossible  to  make 
satisfactory  analyses. 

Pyrometric  Test. 

In  preliminary  test  this  clay  was  vitrified  at  cone  20,  and  while 
thoroughly  blue-toned,  it  was  suspected  that  a  further  test  might  prove 
it  to  be  a  clay  of  higher  refractoriness.  In  the  final  test  which  bears 
out  this  suspicion  very  nicely,  the  sample  started  to  bend  at  cone  29  and 
did  not  go  down  much  further  at  cone  30. 

Burning  Test. 

At  11200  this  clay  burned  to  a  nicely  vitrified  brick  of  buff  color  and 
coarse  structure. 

Summary. 

As  above  indicated  the  pyrometric  tests  of  this  clay  were  somewhat 
contradictory.  It  hardly  seems  possible  that  the  range  from  vitrification 
to  fusion  can  cover  6000  C,  yet  it  can  not  be  stated  that  such  a  case  is 
an  impossibility  until  more  is  known  about  the  pyro-chemical  behavior 
of  clays  belonging  to  this  class.  The  final  test  seems  to  place  this  clay 
in  the  refractory  group.  The  coarse  structure  of  the  burned  brick 
furthermore  suggests  that  it  will  make  excellent  paving  brick. 


166 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1906. 


[bull.  4 


Clay  from  Utica  Fire  Brick  Co.,  Utica,  LaSalle  County. 

(Sample  V  4.) 


FIELD  notes. 


This  is  a  blue  clay  taken  from  the  pit  of  the  Utica  Fire  Brick  Com- 
pany, two  miles  south  of  Utica.  It  immediately  underlies  an  18-inch 
bed  of  coal  and  averages  about  12  feet  in  thickness. 


LABORATORY  NOTES. 

Chemical  Analysis. 

Sample. 

Moisture. 

Volatile. 

SiO 
2 

Fe  0 
2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

V4 

2.37 

8.84 

54.80 

1.70 

29.44 

0.82 

97.97 

Pryometric  Test. 

The  sample  was  slightly  bent  and  showed  a  glassy  fracture  at  cone 
22  under  reducing  conditions.  Under  oxidizing  conditions  it  was  still 
straight  though  not  carried  beyond  the  vitrification  point  at  cone  30. 

Summary. 

This  clay  contains  2  per  cent  of  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths.  Judg- 
ing from  its  behavior  in  the  reducing  fire,  it  may  be  inferred  that  the 
alkaline  earths  comprise  the  larger  part  of  this  2  per  cent  of  flux.  The 
very  high  period  of  fusion  indicates  that  this  class  of  clay  may  be  first 
class  for  fire  brick. 

Clay  from  Utica  Fire  Brick  Co.,  Utica,  LaSalle  County. 

(Sample  V  5.) 

field  notes. 

This  is  a  yellow,  blue-streaked  clay  that  displaces  the  coal  that  would 
normally  lie  above  V  4.  The  place  where  this  strata  is  now  being  de- 
veloped lies  about  onerfourth  of  a  mile  northwest  of  the  pit  where  V  4 
is  being  worked.  At  this  place  it  is  about  five  feet  thick,  overlaid  by 
three  feet  of  stripping.  The  Utica  Fire  Brick  Company  does  not  use 
this  clay  in  the  manufacture  of  their  own  ware  but  ship  quantities  of  it 
tc  the  Illinois  Steel  Company,  Deering  Harvester  Company,  Illinois 
Zinc  Company  and  others. 

LABORATORY  NOTES. 

Chemical  Analysis. 


Sample. 

Moisture.         Volatile.                 Sl°2 

Fe  0 
,       2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

V5 

1.76 

9.18 

55.86 

3.09 

27.09     1            1.06 

98.04 

PURDY  AND  DB  WOLF] 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS. 


167 


Pyrometric  Test. 
This  clay  was  not  vitrified  at  cone  21,  but  began  to  bend  at  cone  30. 

Summary. 

The  influence  of  the  larger  content  of  iron  at  the  expence  of  alumina 
is  responsible  for  the  fact  that  this  clay  is  more  fusible  than  V  4.  This 
clay  has  been  used  by  the  survey  in  making  saggers  and  fritt  crucibles 
for  our  own  use,  and  found  to  be  equal  in  every  respect  to  the  Christy 
fire  clay  of  St.  Louis. 

Clay  from  Pioneer  Fire  Proofing  Co.,  Ottawa,  LaSalle  County. 

(Sample  V  II.) 

FIELD  NOTES. 

This  clay  is  found  east  of  Ottawa  in  a  pit  owned  by  the  Pioneer  Fire 
Proofing  Company,  of  Ottawa,  Illinois.  Here  there  are  from  five  to 
eleven  feet  of  this  blue  clay  immediately  underlying  an  18-inch  bed  of 
coal. 

LABORATORY  NOTES. 


Chemical  Analysis. 

Sample. 

Moisture. 

Volatile. 

SiO 
2 

FeO 
2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

Vll 

1.74 

10.28 

56.28 

3.24 

26.68 

1.28 

99.50 

Pyrometric  Test. 
A  sample  of  this  clay  was  standing  at  cone  22. 

Summary. 
Judging  from  tests,  this  clay  is  probably  from  the  same  stratum  as 

At  the  time  the  pyrometric  test  on  this  clay  was  made,  the  laboratory 
stock  of  the  higher  cones  was  exhausted,  so  it  was  impossible  to  test 
this  clay  to  the  limit.  Judging  from  its  chemical  analysis,  however,  it 
would  pass  for  a  first  class  fire  clay. 

Clays  from   White  Hall  Sewer  Pipe  and  Fire  Clay  Works, 

Whitehall,  Greene  County. 

(Samples  F  6  and  22.) 

FIELD  NOTES. 

These  clays  are  from  the  property  of  the  White  Hall  Sewer  Pipe  and 
Fire  Clay  Works,  2%  miles  northeast  of  Whitehall.  Their  relations 
to  the  adjoining  strata  is  shown  by  the  following  geologic  section: 


168 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


[bull.  4 


Section  Near  Whitehall. 

Feet. 

Boulder  clay;  yellow;  contains  flint  and  crystalline  pebbles 5  to  12 

Loose  sandstone,  light  yellow;  unevenly  stratified 6  to  10 


Blue  and  yellowish  shale.    (F  22 — yellowish) 

Black,  slaty  shale   

Coal.     (Reported  to  be  Coal  No.  1) 

Sandy  shale;   bluish   

Fire  clay;  shale  light  gray,  (F  6) 

Green   colored   fire   clay;    shale 


25 
1 
3 


LABORATORY   NOTES. 

Chemical  Analysis. 


Sample . 

Moisture. 

Volatile.             Sl°2 

Fe  0 
2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

F  6 

1.38 

6.17 

67.37 

1.59 

21.69 

1.32 

99.52 

F  22  was  not  analyzed. 

Pyrometric  Tests. 

F  6.  This  sample  was  straight  and  dry  at  cone  22  and  went  down 
with  cone  30. 

F  22.  This  clay  was  straight,  but  vitrified  at  cone  22.  It  started  to 
bend  at  cone  27  and  was  well  fused  at  cone  30. 

Summary. 

The  pyrometric  test  places  these  clays  in  the  refractory  class.  F  6 
is  reported  to  be  already  in  use  for  fire  brick  and  for  stoneware. 

Clays    from     Western     Stoneware    Co.,    Whitehall,     Greene 

County. 
(  Samples  F  16  and  17.) 


FIELD  NOTES. 

These  coal  measure  clays  were  obtained  from  the  Western  Stoneware 
Company  at  Whitehall  and  are  said  to  be  representative  of  the  material 
mined  at  the  two  pits  located  about  2l/2  miles  northeast  of  town.  At 
the  south  bank  where  F  16  occurs  the  section  is  reported  as  follows : 

Section  Near  Whitehall. 

Feet. 

Yellow  clay  15  to.  30 

Fire  clay,  (F  16)  becoming  sandy  at  base 15  to  20 

Limestone  

At  the  north  bank  where  F  17  is  reported  to  occur  the  covering  is, 
the  same,  but  the  fire  clay  is  only  5  to  7  feet  thick  and  is  uniform  from 
top  to  bottom. 


PDRDY  AND  DB  WOLF] 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS. 


169 


LABORATORY  NOTES. 

Chemical  Analysis. 


Sample. 

Moisture. 

Volatile. 

SiO 
2 

Fe   0 
2    3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

F  16. 

1.46 

6.88 

61.34 

2.14 

25.76 

1.22 

98.80 

F  ly  was  not  analyzed. 


Pyrometric  Tests. 


F  1 6  was  vitrified  at  cone  22  and  went  down  with  cone  30. 

F  17.  The  cone  made  from  this  clay  was  straight,  but  vitrified  at 
cone  20. 

It  began  to  bend  over  at  cone  30 ;  no  record  being  taken  beyond 
cone  30. 

Summary. 

These  clays,  while  not  fully  tested,  are  placed  by  the  fusion  tests 
with  the  refractory  class.  It  is  possible  that  they  may  be  suited  to  the 
manufacture  of  fire  brick.  They  possess  a  long  range  of  vitrification 
and  seem  adapted  to  use  for  stoneware,  terra  cotta  and  No.  2  fire 
brick. 

Clays  from  Drake,  Greene  County. 
(Samples  F  18  and  19.) 

field  notes. 

These  clays  are  said  to  be  from  the  clay  pits  at  Drake,  F  18  repre- 
senting the  upper  portion  of  the  strata  and  F  19  the  lower  portion. 
The  conditions  here  are  said  to  resemble  those  at  Whitehall,  ten  feet 
of  good  potter's  clay  passing  into  sandy  shale  below  and  covered  by 
yellow  drift  clay. 

LABORATORY    NOTES. 

Chemical  Analyses. 


Sample.      j  Moisture. 

TT  .  ...             SiO              Fe  0       1      Al  0 
Volatile.   1              2                  2  3                 2  3 

TiO               Total 
2          per  cent. 

F  18. 

0.84 
1.19 

6.66              66.88                2  23     |          21.87 
6.31     j          68.12                1.76              20.08 

1.18              99  66 

F  19 

1.16              98  62 

Pyrometric   Tests. 

F  1 8.  This  was  slightly  blistered  at  cone  22  and  went  down  a  little 
ahead  of  cone  30. 

F  19.  This  clay  was  standing  at  cone  22,  and  was  but  slightly  fused 
at  the  top  at  cone  30. 


170  YEAR-BOOK   FOE   1906.  [bull.  4 

Summary. 

F  1 8  is  reported  to  be  very  popular  as  a  stoneware  and  terra  cotta 
clay,  rinding  a  market  in  a  considerable  number  of  states. 

F  19  would  be  excellent  material  for  many  refractory  purposes. 

Clays  from  Ruckel  &  Son,  Whitehall,  Greene  County. 
(Samples  F  20  and  21.) 

FIELD  NOTES. 

Clays  were  furnished  by  Ruckel  &  Son  of  Whitehall  and  are  said 
to  represent  beds  outcropping  about  one  mile  east  of  town.  They  are 
known  respectively  as  the  Ross  and  Purdy  clays.  The  pit  where  the 
former  occurs  is  reported  to  show  the  following  strata: 

Section  at  Ross  Pit. 

Feet. 

Yellow  clay 4  to  30 

Clay  (F  20) ;  upper  layers  nearly  white;  lower  layers  dark  gray  and 
sandy   12  to  15 

LABORATORY    NOTES. 

Pyrometric  Tests. 

F  20.  This  clay  was  straight  but  vitrified  at  cone  22 ;  at  cone  27  it 
began  to  bend  and  at  cone  30  it  was  well  fused. 

F  21.  The  test  piece  of  this  clay  was  straight  but  vitrified  at  cone 
22 ;  it  started  to  bend  at  cone  24  and  was  down  at  cone  30. 

Summary. 

These  samples  evidently  belong  to  the  less  refractory  clays  and  seem 
to  be  best  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  stoneware,  terra  cotta  and 
No.  2  fire  brick. 

Clays  of  Miscellaneous  Age  and  Origin. 

In  this  group,  as  already  explained,  are  included  certain  clays  which 
on  the  map  occur  in  areas  where  the  Mississippian  rocks  occur,  but 
which  in  part  are  of  doubtful  origin  and  age. 

CLAYS  OF  MISSISSIPPIAN  AGE. 

In  Pope  and  Massac  counties  two  of  the  localities  examined  revealed 
clays  presumably  of  Mississippian  age.  The  general  geology  of  this 
region  has  already  been  described*  and  the  stratigraphic  succession 
of  limestones,  sandstones  and  shales  indicated.  Though  the  rocks  are 
displaced  by  numerous  faults,  it  is  quite  likely  that  detailed  work  will 
reveal  and  trace  one  or  more  horizons  at  which  occur  siliceous  shales 
or  other  refractory  beds.  Such  occurrences  are  known  in  the  adjoin- 
ing area  of  Kentucky,  f 


*See  Bui.  225  U.  S.  G.  S.  for  descriptions  and  bibliography. 
tSee  Prof.  Pap.  36  U.  S.  G.  S.  for  descriptions  and  bibliography. 


purdy  and  de  wolf]  illinois  fire  claxs.  171 

Massac  County  Clay. 
(Sample  D  51.) 

FIELD    NOTES. 

D  51.  Sandstone  or  siliceous  non-plastic  fire  clay  from  the  farm 
of  John  Ridenour,  Massac  county,  section  12,  T.  16  S.,  R.  6  E.  It 
crops  out  in  a  bed  two  feet  or  more  in  thickness  in  the  bottom  of  a 
small  side  stream,  just  below  and  to  the  north  of  the  farm  house,  and 
perhaps  underlies  a  considerable  area.  It  is  probably  of  Mississippian 
age,  since  a  well  about  one-eighth  mile  south  and  fifteen  feet  below 
this  clay  strikes  Mississippian  limestone  at  the  mine  of  the  Western 
Tube  Company.  The  bed  is  slightly  suggestive  of  the  siliceous  fire 
clay  near  Smithland,  Kentucky,  and  is  reported  by  Mr.  Ridenour  to 
have  been  tested  and  pronounced  No.  1  grade  by  the  Kewanee  Fire 
Clay  Company.  While  the  bed  does  not  appear  to  be  of  workable 
thickness,  the  fact  can  be  easily  determined  and  the  bed  exposed  for 
shipment  if  warranted.     The  Ohio  river  is  about  three  miles  distant. 

LABORATORY    TESTS. 

It  is  impossible  at  this  time  to  report  on  the  chemical  and  mechanical 
analyses  of  this  clay. 

Pyrometric  Test. 

While  this  material  is  very  short  and  sandy,  it  is  sufficiently  plastic 
to  mold  into  cones  without  the  use  of  dextrine.  In  the  preliminary 
test  it  burned  white  and  at  cone  20  stood  without  sign  of  vitrification/ 
In  the  final  test  it  was  dry  and  infusible  at  cone  29. 

Summary. 

This  would  be  a  most  excellent  refractory  material  for  places  where 
acid  operations  are  conducted.  Its  slight  plasticity  would  permit  of  its 
being  molded  into  bricks  without  much  trouble.  It  might  be  used 
to  advantage  in  the  silica  brick  industry,  and  would  seem  to  have  an 
advantage  over  other  material  which  usually  requires  hydrated  lime 
or  a  similar  bond  to  render  the  mass  plastic. 

Pope  County  Clay. 
(Sample  D  55.) 

FIELD    NOTES. 

Clay  from  Pope  county,  section  35,  T.  12  S.,  R.  6  E.,  on  the  south- 
east slope  of  "Flick  Hill."  This  partial  exposure  shows  four  feet  or 
more  beneath  a  thin  horizontally  bedded  sandstone  ledge.  Fifteen  feet 
lower  on  the  same  hill  occurs  a  second  bed  of  gray  clay  shale,  which 
possiblv  has  slipped  down  from  above. 

The  clay  sampled  is  reasonably  free  from  iron  stain,  is  siliceous  and 
homogeneous  in  character.  It  strongly  resembles  the  fire  clay  near 
Smithland,  Kentucky.    It  is  probably  of  "Birdsville"  age.    On  account 


172  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

of  topographic  situation  it  is  doubtful  whether  stripping  is  possible. 
The  clay  would  probably  have  to  be  worked  by  means  of  drifts  into 
the  hill.  Transportation  facilities  are  very  poor,  the  railroad  being 
about  five  miles  distant. 

LABORATORY   TESTS. 

Incomplete  tests  were  made  on  this  clay,  but  the  results  may  be  of 
some  value  to  those  interested  in  the  possibilities  of  the  Mississippian 
clays. 

Fusion  and  Burning  Tests. 

The  sample  fused  down  flat  on  the  plaque  at  cone  18,  but  retained 
sharp  edges.    In  the  kiln  it  burned  at  H20°C  to  a  fine  buff  color. 

Summary. 

This  clay  is  evidently  low  in  iron  except  that  in  lump  form.  An 
eye  examination  does  not  reveal  the  conditions  of  the  iron.  So  far 
as  the  evidence  here  obtained  goes,  the  clay  would  be  regarded  by 
potters  as  a  No.  2  fire  clay,  possibly  of  value  for  stoneware  and  build- 
ing brick. 

Clays  of  Doubtful  Age. 

In  this  group  are  included  samples  from  two  localities  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  State  but  widely  separated.  They  have  in  common 
certain  features,  however,  which  suggest  the  bare  possibility  of  like 
origin. 

Clays  from  Raum,  Pope  County. 
(Sample  D  56.) 

FIELD    NOTES. 

This  material  represents  the  "Kaolin"  now  exposed  near  Raum,  in 
Pope  county,  at  the  old  "clay  diggings."  The  pit  has  been  abandoned 
for  many  years,  but  apparently  once  contained  a  deposit  of  considerable 
commercial  value.  The  clay  is  gray,  waxy  or  greasy,  and  grades 
abruptly  from  its  purer  form  into  the  associated  red  sandy  clay.  No 
considerable  quantity  of  the  better  material  now  remains  exposed.  The 
local  geology  has  been  briefly  described*  and  the  present  examination 
added  little  or  further  value  towards  determining  the  origin  of  the 
clay.  There  is  apparently  a  fault  here  which  brings  St.  Louis  lime- 
stone into  contact  with  Mansfield  sandstone.  While  relations  are 
obscure,  the  kaolin  appears  to  occur  along  the  fault  zone,  as  though  a 
decomposition  product  of  older  rocks  or  a  secondary  deposit  intimately 
related  to  the  faulting.  No  igneous  rocks  are  known  to  outcrop  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  old  pit. 

Somewhat  similar  relations  are  revealed  near  Salem,  Kentucky,  at 
the   Stevens   clay   mine.f     Here  a  northeast  southwest   fault  brings 

*Bull.  255,  U.  S.  G.  S.  p.  59. 

+Mr.  F.  Julius  Fohs  of  the  Kentucky  Geol.  Surv.,  kindly  visited  this  locality  with  Mr.  De  Wolf 
and  interpreted  the  local  geology. 


PURDY  AND  DE  WOLF] 


ILLINOIS    FIRE    CLAYS" 


173 


St.  Louis  beds  on  the  north  side  into  contact  with  Cypress  sandstone 
on  the  south,  a  vertical  displacement  presumably  of  more  than  300 
feet.  The  clay  fills  the  fault  zone,  maintaining  a  width  of  twenty  feet 
to  a  depth  of  eighty  feet  without  sign  of  termination.  The  fault  mate- 
rial is  highly  siliceous,  with  local  greenish  bodies  of  kaolin.  It  is 
perhaps  a  residual  deposit  derived  from  decomposition  of  quartzite 
and  limestone.  The  kaolin,  however,  gives  some  evidence  of  having 
been  "dragged"  by  the  fault  movement. 

LABORATORY  NOTES. 

Partial  tests  were  made  of  the  sample  from  Raum,  D  56,  and  also 
of  material  from  the  Stevens  mine,  D  49. 

Chemical  Analysis. 


Sample.      i  Moisture,  j    Volatile,  i              2 

Fe  0 
23 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

D  56 

4.62     !            9.84              58.06 

1.23 

26.57 

0.14 

100.46 

D  49  was  not  analyzed. 


Pyrometric  Tests. 


D  56.  Infusible  and  dry  at  cone  29.  In  the  preliminary  test  it 
exhibited  a  glassy  sheen  at  cone  20,  showing  that  vitrification  had 
taken  place  to  a  considerable  extent.  There  is  no  evidence  at  hand 
from  which  to  judge  the  character  of  the  fire  gases  in  the  preliminary 
test,  but  from  the  two  tests  studied  together  it  is  readily  seen  that 
the  conditions  of  the  fire  gases,  i.  e.,  whether  they  are  reducing  or 
oxidizing,  will  make  some  difference  in  the  pyrometric  value  of  this 
clay. 

D  49.  Began  to  bend  after  cone  20  was  flat  on  plaque.  Pure  white 
in  color.  Blistered.  It  was  beyond  the  vitrification  period  at  cone  16; 
in  fact,  it  was  at  the  incipient  fusion  state  at  cone  16,  but  sligtly 
bent  at  cone  20,  showing  that  it  contains  but  very  little  flux  other 
than  the  alkalies.     Final  test  was  not  made. 

Summary. 

The  plasticity  of  D  56  was  graded  as  B.  Judging  from  the  chemical 
analysis  and  pyrometric  test  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  clay  is 
of  high  refractory  value. 

The  Kentucky  clay,  D  49,  although  but  partialy  tested,  gives  evi- 
dence of  being  a  fine  white  ware  clay. 


Clays  from  Kaolin,  Union  County,  Illinois. 
(Samples  D  10,  11,  12,  13  and  14.) 


FIELD  notes. 


This  kaolin  is   from  the  pit  of  Goodman  &  Karraker,  at  Kaolin 
station,  Union  county,  section  35,  T.  11  S.,  R.  2  W.     The  works  are 


174  YEAR-BOOK    FOE    1906.  [bull.  4 

located  about  200  yards  west  of  the  M.  &  O.  R.  R.  arid  about  twenty- 
five  feet  above  it,  in  the  lower  portion  of  gentle  hill.  The  clay  has 
been  exposed  by  stripping  over  an  area  about  sixty  feet  in  diameter, 
and  it  is  reported  to  have  been  found  for  several  rods  under  the  hill 
to  the  west  and  north. 

The  exposed  section  shows  loess,  10  feet;  flint  gravels,  2  feet;  gray 
kaolin,  20  feet.  Old  pits  are  said  to  have  been  sunk  eighty-four  feet 
without  reaching  the  bottom  of  the  material  and  without  deterioration 
in  quality. 

The  geologic  relations  of  this  deposit  are  not  clear  on  account  of 
scarcity  of  rock  outcrops.  Certain  properties,  notably  color,  seem 
in  the  various  pits  to  be  vary  regularly  with  depth,  according  to 
samples  D  10,  D  12  and  reported  observations.  The  gravel  overlying 
the  kaolin  is  a  water  laid  bed,  dipping  slightly  to  the  southeast  and 
identical  in  appearance  with  beds  of  chert  occurring  in  the  same 
southern  counties  and  thought  to  be  of  Tertiary  age.  It  is  possible, 
therefore,  that  the  kaolin  may  prove  to  be  a  sedimentary  bed  of  the 
same  or  earlier  age  and  of  considerable  horizontal  extent.  Deposits 
of  somewhat  similar  material,  however,  which  exist  in  Pope  county 
and  in  Kentucky  seem  to  occur  as  alteration  products  along  certain 
zones  of  faulting  and  suggest  the  possibility  of  the  same  relation  in 
the  present  instane.  Though  no  igneous  rocks  have  been  reported  from 
Union  county,  they  may  well  exist,  and  may  bear  a  genetic  relation  to 
the  kaloin.  It  is  entirely  possible,  therefore,  that  further  prospecting 
will  show  a  considerable  distribution  of  kaolin  along  a  fault  zone  or 
as  a  mass  of  irregular  shape  and  size. 

The  present  annual  output  of  this  material  is  estimated  by  Dr. 
Goodman  at  2,500  tons,  valued  at  $2.00  to  $2.25  per  ton. 

Summary. 

These  clays  resemble  kaolin  in  chemical  composition,  are  quite  fine 
grained,  very  refractory  and  exhibit  a  surprisingly  high  degree  of 
plasticity.  When  burned  they  are  not  white,  but  have  a  deep  buff 
color,  due,  of  course,  to  the  influence  of  the  iron  they  contain.  From 
the  fact  that  they  show  practically  the  same  behavior  under  reducing 
and  oxidizing  conditions,  it  can  be  inferred  that  iron  is  present  in  a 
combined  form,  as  a  silicate  or  titinate  or  some  other  stable  compound. 
Under  both  oxidizing  and  reducing  conditions  they  vitrify  very  slowly, 
due,  no  doubt,  to  the  fact  that  they  contain  but  a  trace  of  such  fluxing 
ingredients  as  lime,  magnesia  and  alkalies.  The  clay  is  said  to  be  used 
as  a  lining  for  copper  retorts  in  the  Lake  Superior  region.  A  much 
larger  production  could  probably  be  obtained  if  the  market  warrants. 
It  is  suggested  that  the  area  should  be  prospected  with  the  auger  or 
drill ;  after  which,  if  warranted,  steam  shovels  or  bucket  elevators 
might  be  installed  to  advantage. 

The  first  three  samples,  D  10  to  D  12,  inclusive,  were  not  seen  "in 
place,"  but  were  reported  by  Dr.  Goodman  to  be  representative  of  the 
deposit  at  its  various  depths. 

D  12  is  from  a  zone  35  to  40  feet  below  the  surface. 


PDRDY  AND  DD  WOLF] 


ILLINOIS    FIRE   CLAYS. 


175 


D  ii  represents  a  portion  occurring  from  40  to  44  feet  down. 

D  10  is  said  to  be  typical  of  that  part  lying  50  feet  below  the  surface 
and  extending  to  84  feet. 

The  other  two  samples,  D  13  and  D  14,  were  collected  from  the  stock 
cribs  and  represent  the  beds  now  worked  from  the  top  of  the  deposit 
to  a  depth  of  20  feet.  D  13  is  slightly  yellowish  and  is  classed  as 
No.  2.    D  14  is  white  and  is  classed  as  No.  1. 

LABORATORY  NOTES. 

Mechanical  Analyses. 


Moisture. 

Volatile. 

Residue  Left  on  Screens. 

Finer 
than 
200 

Mesh. 

Total 
per 

cent. 

Sample. 

20 

Mesh 

60 

Mesh 

100 

Mesh 

150 

Mesh 

200 

Mesh 

Plasticity. 

D  10 

1.8 

1.26 

1.54 

1.40 

0.98 

11.84 
15.70 
9.78 
12.48 
11.38 

0.012 
0.035 

0.652 
0.014 

0.042 
0.240 
0.205 
0.579 
0.590 

0.256 
1.641 
0.267 
1.004 
0.611 

3.273 
4.100 
1.518 
1.049 
2.273 

0.972 
1.061 
1.734 
0.784 
2.229 

77.222 
67.442 
79.761 

78.781 

95.39 

92.479 

94.80 

96.73 

18.077 

A 

D  11 

A 

D  12. 

A 

D  13. 

A  — 

D  14 

A  — 

Chemical  Analyses. 


Sample. 

Moisture. 

Volatile. 

SiO 
2 

Fe  0 
2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

TiO 
2 

Total 
per  cent. 

D  10 

D  11 

1.25 
0.97 
0.86 
0.90 
0.87 

9.90 
15.37 
8.64 
9.05 
10.61 

43.90 
48.30 
56.55 
47.95 
52.65 

1.76 
1.02 
1.23 
1.23 

0.97 

40.79 
31.14 
29.97 
37.86 
33.98 

2.40 
3.20 
2.75 
3.01 
2.92 

100.000 
100.00 

D  12 

D  13 

100.00 
100.00 

D  14 

100.00 

Pyrometric  Tests. 

D  10.  In  preliminary  test  this  clay  was  not  fused  at  cone  19.  In 
final  test  cone  28  was  flat,  while  D  10  was  still  standing  erect  and 
gave  no  evidence  of  vitrification.  The  stock  of  cones  above  cone  28 
was  exhausted,  so  clay  was  not  tested  against  higher  cones. 

D  11.  This  clay  gave  some  evidence  of  incipient  vitrification,  when 
cone  28  was  melted  to  a  glass. 

D  12.  The  cone  was  vitrified  and  its  tip  fused  when  cone  28  was 
melted  to  a  glass. 

D  13.     Stood  at  cone  30  without  fusion. 

D  14.  When  cone  28  was  flat  this  clay  was  erect,  but  gave  evidence 
of  incipient  vitrification. 


Illinois  Geological  Survey. 


Bull.  No.  4.,  PI.  4. 


Map  of  Illinois,  showing  area  of  prevailingly  acid  soils  and  localities 
from  which  samples  were  taken  for  analysis. 


LIMESTONES  AVAILABLE  FOR  FERTILIZERS. 

(  By  F.  B.  Van  Horn.) 


Contents. 

Page. 

Introduction 177 

Field  and  Laboratory  Notes 179 

Union  County 179 

Johnson  County 179 

Alexander  County 180 

Pulaski  County 180 

Hardin  County 181 

Randolph  County 181 

Coles  County 182 

Summary 183 


Introduction. 


In  southern  Illinois  there  is  a  considerable  area  lying  south  of  the 
Shelbyville  moraine  and  mainly  east  of  the  Kaskaskia  river  within 
vvhich  the  soils  are  acid  (see  plate  4).  This  lies  within  the  area  of 
the  Illinois  drift,  as  discriminated  by  Leverett,*  and  includes  the  region 
mapped  by  the  State  Soil  Survey  as  covered  by  the  Lower  Illinoian 
glaciation.  The  soils  of  this  area  have  been  the  subject  of  study  by 
the  Illinois  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  some  time  past,  and 
plots  have  been  laid  out  which  have  been  treated  with  lime,  phosphorus 
and  legume  to  increase  the  production.  Those  treated  with  lime  have 
shown  a  marked  increase  in  productivity.  The  benefit  from  the  lime 
does  not  lie  in  its  direct  action  on  the  plant  itself,  but  rather  in  that  it 
makes  acid  soils  neutral,  contributing  to  the  life  of  nitrifying  bacteria. 
These  liberate  nitrogen,  which  becomes  available  to  the  plant,  either 
as  ammonia  or  as  nitrates,  and  also  liberate  potash.  According  to 
Dr.  C.  G.  Hopkinsf  of  the  Illinois  Experiment  Station,  the  annual  cost 
of  treatment  for  soils  in  this  part  of  the  State  would  be  about  $3.00 
per  acre.  This  cost  includes  ground  limestone,  phosphorus  (applied  in 
the  form  of  steamed  bone  meal)  and  leguminose  catch  crops.  By  the 
use  of  these  the  output  of  the  ground  has  been  increased  enormously. 
The  station  has  experimental  fields  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State, 


♦Frank  Leverett,  Mon.  TT.   S.  Geol.   Survey,  N.   38,  p.   26. 
tPersonal  correspondence. 

—12  G  177 


178  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1906.  I  bull.  4 

and  it  is  reported  that  their  results  have  been  very  satisfactory,  but 
at  present  final  results  are  not  available  for  use.  Preliminary  tests  in- 
dicate that  in  this  part  of  the  State  the  soils  should  be  treated  with 
from  one  and  one-half  to  two  tons  of  ground  limestone  per  acre  in 
order  to  obtain  the  best  results.  This  will  correct  the  acidity  of  the 
soil  to  a  depth  of  about  fifteen  inches,  the  depth  to  which  it  may  be 
incorporated  with  the  soil  by  means  of  subsoil  plows.  According  to 
Dr.  Hopkins,  "the  use  of  lime  or  ground  limestone  in  connection  with 
the  growing  of  clover,  cow  peas  and  other  legume  crops,  especially 
when  such  crops  have  been  turned  under  for  green  manures,  as  com- 
pared with  using  the  same  green  manure  crops  without  lime,  has  pro- 
duced marked  benefits.  The  results  obtained  on  the  University  of 
Illinois  soil  experiment  field  near  Odin,  in  Marion  county,  serve  fairly 
to  illustrate  this.  As  an  average  of  two  plots  each  year  during  the 
past  four  years,  the  yield  of  corn  has  been  increased  5.4  bushels  per 
acre,  and  the  yield  of  wheat  four  bushels  per  acre  where  lime  has  been 
used  in  connection  with  green  manure,  by  cow  peas,  in  addition  to  the 
yield  produced  where  the  same  kind  of  green  manuring  was  practiced 
without  lime."*  He  says  further:  "Probably  the  most  extended  in- 
vestigation ever  conducted  relating  to  the  use  of  burnt  lime  and  ground 
limestone  in  comparative  tests  is  that  reported  by  the  Pennsylvania 
Experiment  Station.  After  the  experiments  have  been  carried  on  for 
twenty  years  the  results  agree  in  indicating  that  ground  limestone  is  a 
better  form  of  lime  to  use  for  soil  improvement  than  equivalent  quan- 
tities of  burnt  lime.  The  experiments  in  Illinois  have  not  been  carried 
on  far  enough  to  justify  conclusions  which  would  compare  in  value 
with  those  obtained  by  the  Pennsylvania  station,  but  they  have  been 
sufficient  to  prove  that  in  ground  limestone,  with  other  proper  fertiliz- 
ers, lies  the  secret  of  perpetuating  southern  Illinois  soils. "f 

At  the  present  time  practically  all  the  limestone  used  on  the  soils  of 
Illinois  is  imported.  This  is  unnecessary,  since  there  are  large  areas 
of  limestone  within  the  borders  of  the  State  which  may  be  used. 
Knowing  the  need  of  limestone  suitable  for  agricultural  purposes,  sam- 
ples have  been  collected  from  different  parts  of  the  State  for  the 
purpose  of  investigating  their  availability  for  use  on  acid  soils.  In 
the  course  of  the  past  field  season  Messrs.  DeWolf,  Savage  and  Bain 
collected  a  number  of  samples  from  outcrops  in  this  area  which  seemed 
suitably  situated  for  development.  These  samples  have  been  analyzed 
by  F.  W.  Pate  and  A.  W.  Gregory  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  and  the  thanks  of  the  Survey  are  due  to  Professor  Hopkins 
and  his  associates  for  their  cooperation.  The  results  of  the  analyses, 
together  with  notes  as  to  accessibility,  etc.,  of  the  rock  are  given  be- 
low. While  the  present  investigation  has  been  by  no  means  exhaust- 
ive, sufficient  data  have  developed  to  warrant  the  following  biief 
notes.  The  possibility  of  finding  phosphates  has  also  been  kept  in 
mind,  and  all  members  of  the  survey  have  taken  samples  of  every  stone 
which  it  seemed  might  carry  sufficient  quantities  of  phosphorus  for 
commercial  use.  In  all,  nine  such  samples  were  tested.  The  analyses 
of  these,  however,  do  not  justify  any  further  exploitation. 

♦Personal   correspondence. 
fPersonal   correspondence. 


VAN  HORN] 


LIMESTONES    FOR    FERTILIZER. 


179 


Field  and  Laboratory  Notes. 

Union  county. — At  Anna,  Union  county,  on  the  property  of  the  Swan 
Creek  Phosphate  Company,  S.  E.  ]/^  of  Sec.  17,  T.  12  S.,  R.  1  W.,  is 
a  limestone  (D  2)  which  is  now  being v  developed  for  agricultural 
purposes.  This  stone  is  in  the  St.  Louis  formation,  which  underlies 
the  country  for  several  miles  in  this  vicinity.  It  is  exposed  in  a  ledge 
twenty  feet  thick,  but  drilling  has  proven  it  to  have  a  thickness  of 
forty-five  feet.  The  company  plans  to  strip  by  hydraulic  methods  and 
convey  the  stone  on  moving  belts  to  the  crusher,  which  will  reduce  it 
to  pass  a  two-inch  mesh.  Later  it  will  be  ground  in  Sturdevant  mills 
to  eighty  mesh,  when  it  will  be  ready  for  use.  The  analysis  of  this 
limestone  shows  it  to  be  a  very  good  one,  containing  91.40  per  cent 
calcium  carbonate.    The  complete  anlysis  is  given  below. 

Analysis,  D  -■* 

Insoluble  matter   1.993 

Calcium    36.616 

Magnesium 2.259 

Carbon    11.726 

Phosphorus .017 

Fe203-Al203    361 

Oxygen     47.389 

Total 100.361 

CaC03    (Estimated)     91.405 

MgC03    (Estimated)     4.402 

Total   96.807 


The  railroad  facilities  for  hauling  this  limestone,  together  with  the 
ease  of  quarrying,  make  this  locality  a  favorable  one  for  obtaining 
limestone  for  agricultural  purposes. 

Johnson  county. — Two  beds  of  limestone  (D  16  and  iy)  occur 
along  the  tracks  of  the  Big  Four  railroad  near  Belknap,  Johnson 
county.  Samples  taken  by  Mr.  DeWolf  from  there  showed  the  follow- 
ing analyses : 

Analyses,  D  16  and  17.* 


D    16. 

Insoluble  matter    

Calcium    

5.996 

36.067 

D    17. 

Insoluble  matter 

Calcium   

Magnesium    

Carbon   

Phosphorus    

Feo03Al203     

5.328 

37  253 

Magnesium    

Carbon     

1.246 

.    10.992 

686 

11  072 

Phosphorus    

Fe203-Al203    

038 

1.315 

023 

.829 

Oxygen    

44.569 

Oxygen    

Total 

CaC03   (Est.)    . 

.  .1 44.871 

Total    

100  223 

100  062 

CaC03   (Est.)    

90.310 

Q9  Sfirt 

MgC03  (Est.)    

1.398 

MgC03  (Est.)    . 

Total   

91.708 

•Collected  by  Mr.   DeWolf,   analysis  by   Mr.   Pate. 


180  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906.  Ibull.  4 

Mr.  De  Wolf  gives  the  following  section,  showing  the  occurrence 
of  the  rock.    Sections  should  be  read  from  top  down : 

Feet. 

8.  Sandstone    25 

7.  Unexposed    5 

6.  Coarse  limestone  18   ( D  L6 ) 

5.  Unexposed;  showing  both  limestone  and  sandstone  debris 20 

4.  Limestone;   coarse,  compact  and  oolite  varieties;   old  quarry..  15   (D17) 

3.  Limy  sandstone   18 

2.  Limestone 15 

1.  Concealed  to  railroad  25 

Mr.  De  Wolf  says:  "It  is  doubtful  whether  the  stone  at  this  par- 
ticular site  can  be  utilized.  It  may  be  advisable  to  examine  the  place 
again  in  an  effort  to  find  a  better  outcrop  of  these  beds.  According  to 
reports  it  ought  to  be  possible  to  find  a  site  for  a  limestone  crusher 
without  much  difficulty." 

From  the  analyses  it  is  clear  that  the  quality  of  this  limestone  is 
sufficiently  good  for  agricultural  use,  and  probably  a  suitable  locality 
may  be  found  for  establishing  a  plant. 

Alexander  county. — Along  the  river  bluff,  one-half  mile  south  of 
Thebes,  Alexander  county,  Sec.  17,  T.  15  S.,  R.  3  W.,  is  an  outcrop 
of  Trenton  limestone  (D  42)  which  rises  35  feet  from  low  water  level 
and  probably  extends  15  feet  above  that,  though  it  does  not  outcrop. 
It  was  sampled  by  Mr.  De  Wolf.  The  outcrop  is  perhaps  300  yards 
long,  and  could  probably  be  worked  from  the  west  end  of  the  bluff  to 
the  north  and  northwest  with  moderate  stripping,  but  detailed  survey- 
ing would  be  necessary  to  demonstrate  the  available  quantity  of  work- 
able stone.     The  analysis  of  this  stone  shows: 

Analyses,  D  42.* 

Insoluble   matter    268 

Calcium 39.907 

Magnesium   341 

Carbon   11.658 

Phosphorus    036 

Fe203-Al203    318 

Oxygen 47.259 

Total    99.787 

Calcium  carbonate    (Est.)    97.248 

Magnesium   (Est.)    


This  certainly  is  a  good  limestone,  and  conditions  here  should  be 
thoroughly  investigated. 

Pulaski  county. — A  sample  was  taken  by  Mr.  De  Wolf  from  an  old 
quarry  near  Ullin,  Pulaski  county,  Sec.  14,  T.  14  S.,  R.  1  W.  The 
section  shows  60  feet  of  limestone  overlaid  by  thin  layers  of  clay  and 
gravel.  The  sample  analyzed  (D  47)  comes  from  the  lower  40  feet, 
and  gives  the  following  analysis: 


♦Collected  by  Mr.  DeWolf.     Analysis  by  Mr.  Pate. 


van  horn]  LIMESTONES    FOR    FERTILIZER  181 

Analysis,  D  47.* 

Insoluble   matter    6.385 

Calcium 37.159 

Magnesium    655 

Carbon    10.915 

Phosphorus    0.026 

Fe303-Al203    494 

Oxygen , .    44.400 

Total    100.034 

CaC03  (Estimated)    91.050 

The  old  quarry  extends  about  400  yards  in  length,  and  has  a  face 
varying  from  25  to  60  feet  in  height.  Formerly  a  railroad  spur  con- 
nected it  with  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  and  the  rock  was  used  for 
railroad  ballast  and  concrete.  It  would  seem  that  conditions  are  favor- 
able for  the  quarrying  of  this  rock. 

Hardin  county. — Limestone  is  abundant  in  this  county  and  consid- 
erable quantities  of  calcite  (D  52)  must  be  handled  at  the  Rosiclare 
mine  in  Hardin  county,  where  it  occurs  as  a  gangue  mineral.  This  cal- 
cite has  ben  used  for  soil  treatment  by  farmers  locally  with  excellent 
results,  and  it  is  possible  that  this  material  might  be  worked  with  a  fair 
degree  of  profit.  A  good  deal  of  it  must  be  handled  in  separating  the 
flourspar  and  ores  from  the  gangue  minerals,  and  it  may  be  that  the  ad- 
ditional expense  involved  in  preparing  it  for  agricultural  use  would  be 
warranted.  The  analysis  by  Mr.  Gregory  shows  about  96  per  cent 
calcium  carbonate  in  this  calcite. 

Randolph  county. — At  the  Southern  Illinois  Penitentiary  at  Menard, 
Director  Bain  sampled  the  limestone  of  the  Chester  formation  now 
being  worked  in  the  crusher,  and  gives  the  following  section: 

Feet. 

7.    Loess  and  old  weathered  drift  2 

6.     Limestone;   coarse,  conglomeritic   (B  2) 6 

5.     Limestone;   fine  grained,  earthy  with  shaly  partings,  exposed  north  of 
the  prison  and  heing  opened  in  new  quarry.     Sampled  10  feet  thick, 

but  thought  to  be  20-25  feet  thick  (B  4) 10 

4.    Talus   showing  limestone  blocks    10 

3.     Sandstone,   not  constant    3 

2.     Shale  with  thin  limestone  bands    10 

1.     Limestone  worked  in  prison  yard  (B  8) 42 

The  42-foot  bed  of  limestone  (No.  1)  is  represented  by  sample  B  8 
composed  of  chips  taken  from  top  to  bottom.  The  analysis  of  this  in- 
dicates that  it  might  well  be  used  for  soils,  as  it  contains  95.573  per 
cent  calcium  carbonate. 

Analysis,   B   8.f 

Insoluble   matter    1.806 

Calcium     38.286 

Magnesium    931 

Carbon 11.580 

Phosphorus    033 

Fe203-Al203     671 

Oxygen 46.811 

»  

Total    106\210 

CaCO^   (Estimated)    95.573 

MgC03   (Estimated)    892 

Total    96.465 


♦Collected  by  Mr.   DeWolf.     Analysis  by  Mr.  Pate. 
■{•Collected  by  Mr.  Bain.     Analysis  by  Mr.  Pate. 


182  YEAR-BOOK    FOR   1906.  [bull.  4 

Sample  B  9  represents  the  accumulated  dust  around  the  crusher 
which  is  working  on  the  same  layer  of  rock.  The  content  of  calcium 
carbonate  is  89.403  per  cent. 

Analysis,  B  9.* 

Insoluble  matter    4.917 

Calcium 35.812 

Magnesium     1.750 

Carbon 11.154 

Phosphorus     052 

Fe203-Al203    1.403 

Oxygen     45.254 


Total   100.342 


CaC03   (Estimated) 89.403 

MgC03   (Estimated)    3.070 

Total   92.473 


North  of  the  prison  grounds  is  an  exposure  of  what  is  believed  to  be 
the  same  beds  as  occur  in  the  grounds.  A  sample  of  this  (B6)  shows 
93.813  per  cent  calcium  carbonate,  and  this  could  be  used  for  agricul- 
tural purposes. 

Analysis,  B  6.* 

Insoluble   matter    2.475 

Calcium 37.581 

Magnesium    1.115 

Carbon   11.410 

Phosphorus 041 

Fe203-Al203    1.106 

Oxygen    46.209 

Total 99.937 

CaC03   (Estimated)    93.813 

MgC03   (Estimated)    1.152 

Total    «. 94.965 


Coles  county. — Near  Charleston,  111.,  T.  E.  Savage  collected  a 
sample  of  Coal  Measure  limestone  (S3)  which  represents  a  thickness 
of  approximately  18  feet.  There  are  large  quantities  of  this  rock 
favorably  situated  for  quarrying,  and  the  analysis  shows  that  it  could 
be  used  for  agricultural  purposes.  Crushed  rock  for  road  making 
could  be  obtained  at  this  place,  and  the  fine  material  could  be  used  for 
liming  soils.    The  analysis  of  this  limestone  is  as  follows : 

Analysis,   S   3.f 

Insoluble   matter    3.907 

Calcium    37.467 

Magnesium 711 

Carbon   11.288 

Phosphorus 032 

Fe203-Al203    1559 

Oxygen    4o.559 

Total   100-523 

CaC03   (Estimated)    93.531 

MgC03   (Estimated) 534 

Total    94.065 


♦Collected  by  Mr.  Bain.     Analysis  by  Mr  Pate. 
tCollected  by  Mr.   Savage.     Analysis  by  Mr.  Pate. 


VAN  HORN  J 


LIMESTONES    FOR    FERTILIZER. 


183 


Limestones  were  sampled  at  various  other  localities  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  State,  but  the  analyses  do  not  indicate  that  the  stone  would 
be  particularly  suitable  for  use  on  soils,  so  that  these  have  not  been 
included  in  this  report. 

Summary. 

The  following  summary  table  shows  the  sample  numbers,  locations, 
and  analyses  of  all  the  limestones  covered  in  this  paper : 


Specimen 
No. 

Location. 

Insol. 

Ca. 

Mg. 

C. 

P. 

Fe  0 
2  3 

Al  0 
2  3 

o. 

Total. 

CaCO 
3 
esti- 
mated. 

MgCO 
3 
esti- 
mated. 

D  2 

Anna 

Belknap  

Belknap  .... 

Thebes 

Ullin 

Rosiclare.... 

Chester 

Chester 

Chester 

Charleston . . 

1.993 
5.996 
5.328 

.268 
6.385 

.229 
1.896 
4.917 
2.475 
3.907 

36.616 
36.067 
37.253 
39.907 
37.159 
40.676 
38.2S6 
35.812 
37.581 
37.467 

2.259 

1.246 

.686 

.341 

.655 

.238 

.931 

1.750 

1.115 

.711 

11.726 
10.992 
11.072 
11.658 
10.915 
11.532 
11.580 
11.154 
11.410 
11.288 

.017 
.038 
.023 
.036 
.026 
.026 
.035 
.052 
.041 
.032 

.361 

1.315 

.829 

.318 

.494 

.914 

.671 

1.403 

1.106 

1.559 

47.389 
44.569 
44.871 
47.259 
44.400 
47.171 
46.811 
45.254 
46.209 
45.559 

100.361 
100.223 
100.062 

99.787 
100.034 
100.786 
100.210 
100.342 

99.937 
100.523 

91.405 
90.310 
92.360 
97.248 
91.050 
96.196 
95.573 
89.403 
93.813 
93.531 

4.402 

D  16 

D  17 

1.398 

D  42 

D  47 

D  52 

B  8 

.892 

B  9 

3.070 

B  6... 

1  152 

S  3 

.534 

From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  there  are  at  least  seven  localities  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  State  where  limestone  occurs  of  sufficient 
purity  as  to  probably  warrant  the  erection  of  plants  for  preparing  it  for 
use  on  the  acid  soils.  It  is  not  certain,  however,  that  all  these  places 
would  be  favorable.  Further  investigation  would  be  necessary  with 
regard  to  accessibility,  railroad  facilities,  etc.,  before  locating  a  plant, 
but  it  is  certain  that  there  are  good  openings  in  our  own  State  for  the 
exploiting  of  ground  limestone  for  agricultural  purposes,  which  would 
mean  a  considerable  saving  for  the  farmer.  Since  limestone  is  known 
fo  occur  at  other  points  in  the  area,  sampling  will  probably  result  in 
the  discovery  of  still  greater  resources  of  this  material. 


ANALYSIS  OF  CERTAIN  SILICA  DEPOSITS. 

(By  H.F.  Bain.) 


In  southern  Illinois  in  Union  and  Alexander  counties,  there  are 
beds  of  fine-grained  silica  which  is  in  demand  in  the  wood  polishing 
and  numerous  other  trades.  Three  mills  are  now  engaged  in  prepar- 
ing the  silica  for  market,  and  others  are  projected.  The  process  of 
preparation  consists  essentially  of  fine  crushing  and  careful  sizing,  since 
the  value  of  any  single  grade  is  determined  mainly  by  the  fineness  and 
uniformity  of  grain.  These  deposits  were  visited  in  1906  by  Mr.  F. 
W.  DeWolf,  who  took  samples  and  made  preliminary  observations 
upon  the  mode  of  occurrence  of  the  material.  The  origin  and  extent 
of  the  deposits  is  very  imperfectly  known  and  demands  a  thorough  in- 
vestigation, which  it  is  planned  to  give.  In  the  meantime  partial 
analyses  of  certain  representative  samples  have  been  made  by  Mr. 
L.  C.  Turnock  under  the  direction  of  Professor  S.  W.  Parr,  and  are 
given  here  as  indicating  something  of  the  nature  of  the  material.  It 
is  hoped  that  this  will  call  the  attention  of  manufacturers  to  the  de- 
posits and  stimulate  their  further  development. 

Samples  211  and  212  were  collected  by  Mr.  T.  B.  Tuthill,  of  Anna, 
Illinois,  and  represent  respectively  the  clear  white  and  the  cream- 
colored  natural  material.  The  other  samples  were  collected  by  Mr. 
DeWolf.  Nos.  205  to  209,  inclusive,  are  from  the  works  of  the  Illi- 
nois Silica  Company  at  Reynoldsville,  Union  county.  They  represent 
the  areated,  velvetine,  general,  superfine,  and  cream  grades  respective- 
ly. No.  210  is  from  the  McCotridge  prospect  in  Alexander  county,  and 
represents  a  bed  40  inches  thick. 

Nos.  203  and  204  are  from  the  William  Simpkins  farm  near  Thebes 
in  Alexander  county.  They  represent  respectively  beds  23  and  17 
inches  thick,  these  being  separated  by  a  bed  36  inches  thick  of  red  and 
blue  flint  and  rusty  silica.  At  all  these  places  the  material  comes 
from  surface  pits. 

The  determinations  made  cover  only  such  constituents  as  indicate 
definitely  the  character  of  the  material.  These  have  included  through- 
out silica,  iron  and  alumina.  In  a  few  cases  ignition  was  also  de- 
termined, but  Professor  Parr  states  that  there  is  nothing  more  than  hy- 
groscopic moisture  except  probably  in  Nos.  209  and  212,  where  some 
water  of  hydration  is  undoubtedly  present. 

185 


186 


YEAK-BOOK    FOR    1906. 

Analyses  of  Silica. 


[bull.  4 


No. 

SiO 
2 

FeO  — A10 
2  3       2  3 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

203 

87.90 
88.26 
95.14 
90.24 
95.18 
90.04 

73.78 

97.20 
95.78 

77.82 

3.72 
6.04 
2.38 
5.88 
1.04 
2.36 

14.56 1 

1.28 
1.80 

f 

10.26  1 

2 .  84  io  loss  on  ignition 

204                 

1.76$  loss  on  ignition 

205.               

206                

207 

208 

209                    

4.62  Fe  0     T 
2  S 

n  m    ai  a       5.43$  loss  on  ignition 

210 

2  3  J 

211 

212 

7.915  Fe  0 
2  3 

2.345  Al  0 
2  3 

CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  STUDY  OF  COAL. 


Contents. 

Page. 

Introduction;  by  H.  F.  Bain 187 

Chemical  analyses  of  certain  coals;  by  S.  W.  Parr 188 

Determination  of  moisture  lost  on  air  drying;  by  F.  F.  Grout 192 

Moisture  in  air-dried  samples;  by  W.  F.  Wheeler , 195 

Anthracizing  bituminous  coals;  by  S.  W.  Parr 196 

Cannel  coal  in  northern  Illinois;  by  F.  F.  Grout 197 

Compression  tests  of  Illinois  coal;  by  A.  N.  Talbot 198 

Report  on  field  work  in  the  coal  districts  of  the  state;  by  David  White 201 

The  Delafield  drill  core;  by  Jon  A.  Udden 203 


Introduction. 

[By  H.  F.  BAIN.] 

Coal  is  the  most  important  of  the  mineral  resources  of  Illinois.  A 
large  share  of  the  attention  of  the  members  of  the  survey  has  there- 
fore been  devoted  to  the  study  of  coal  and  the  coal  fields  of  the  State. 
In  the  Administrative  Report  the  general  nature  of  the  studies  under- 
taken has  been' indicated.  In  the  following  pages  a  few  of  the  results 
now  available  are  published.  For  a  somewhat  general  statement  re- 
garding the  coal  fields  of  the  State  and  the  problems  to  be  studied,  the 
reader  is  referred  to  Bulletin  No.  3  of  the  present  survey,  issued  within 
the  year. 

The  results  here  published  are  confessedly  scattered  and  fragment- 
ary. It  is  none  the  less  thought  worth  while  to  print  them,  not  only 
for  the  sake  of  making  the  matter  available  to  the  public,  but  also  to 
submit  our  methods  and  plans  to  criticism  while  the  work  is  still  in 
progress.  Our  bulletins  are  essentially  preliminary  in  form  and  pur- 
pose. In  them  the  results  of  the  work  are  brought  up  to  date  and  given 
promptly  to  the  public.  Fuller  and  more  complete  discussion  of  the 
various  topics  is  purposely  deferred. 

The  following  brief  notes  include  certain  discussions  of  the  methods 
used  in  making  our  coal  analyses,  the  results  of  our  first  set  of  analyses 
made  on  our  own  samples,  certain  preliminary  results  of  tests  directed 
toward  the  discovery  of  improved  methods  of  using  our  coal,  new  de- 
terminations of  the  crushing  strength  of  Illinois  coal,  and  brief  reports 

187 


188  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906.  [bull.  4 

on  certain  stratigraphic  studies  of  particular  interest  to  the  coal  in- 
dustry. Professor  Parr's  studies  of  the  possibility  of  anthracizing 
bituminous  coal  are  sufficiently  startling  without  additional  comment. 
These  studies  are  as  yet  entirely  in  the  experimental  stage.  Through 
the  cooperation  of  the  University  of  Illinois  the  preliminary  results 
here  published  have  already  been  confirmed  by  a  number  of  additional 
tests  made  on  various  different  coals.  A  careful  and  elaborate  investi- 
gation of  the  whole  subject  is  now  under  way.  After  the  experimental 
work  is  completed  will  be  time  enough  to  attempt  to  commercialize  the 
process. 

Professor  Talbot's  tests  of  the  crushing  of  coal  were  made  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  State  Mine  Inspectors,  who  furnished  the  material  used 
in  making  the  tests.  So  far  as  is  known  these  are  the  first  tests  made 
upon  Illinois  coals,  and,  indicating  as  they  do,  a  much  higher  strength 
than  it  has  been  customary  to  assume,  the  need  of  further  investigation 
is  apparent.  It  is  hoped  that  more  work  along  this  line  may  be  taken 
up. 

Mr.  David  White's  studies  of  the  stratigraphy  of  our  beds  were 
made  at  the  expense  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  though  in  cooper- 
ation with  our  own  corps.  They  have  proven  so  fruithful  that  arrange- 
ments will  be  made,  if  possible,  for  their  continuation,  at  least  through- 
out another  year. 

Chemical  Analyses  of  Certain  Coals. 

(ByS.  W.  Parr.) 

[Assisted  by  F.  F.  Grout,  W.  F.  Wheeler,  F.  K.  Ovitz  and 
W.  Brinsmaid.] 

4 

The  methods  employed  in  making  the  analyses  given  below  may  be 
briefly  reviewed  as  follows :  For  obtaining  the  loss  on  air-drying  the 
entire  sample  as  received  in  sealed  tins,  was  emptied  into  shallow  pans 
and  allowed  to  remain  open  at  the  temperature  of  the  room  until  the 
weight  became  fairly  constant.  Ordinarily  it  was  necessary  to  weigh 
the  cans  also,  especially  if  water  had  condensed  on  the  inside,  and  in- 
clude this  water  in  the  loss  on  air-drying.  The  sample  was  next 
put  through  a  small  mill  crushing  to  about  buckwheat  size.  A  portion 
of  the  crushed  coal  was  further  sampled  out  for  finer  grinding,  and  the 
remaining  part  sealed  in  "lightning"  jars.  This  method,  while  slower, 
is  to  be  preferred  to  the  disc  pulverizer  with  which  the  grinding  of  the 
first  samples  was  done. 

The  methods  for  proximate  analyses  were  essentially  those  recom- 
mended by  the  Committee  on  Coal  Analysis  of  the  American  Chemical 
Society.*  Sulphur  was  determined  gravimetrically  from  the  fusions 
as  obtained  in  the  Parr  calorimeter.  The  carbon  and  hydrogen  were 
obtained  by  means  of  the  combustion  furnace  and  the  nitrogen  by  the 
Kjedahl  method.  Calorific  values  were  determined  by  a  platinum- 
lined  Mahler- Atwater  calorimeter;  parallel  determinations  were  made 
in  the  Parr  instrument,  the  comparative  results  being  given  in  the 
table  below. 


*  Jour.  Am.  Chem.  Soc,  Vol.  XXI,  p.  1130. 


parr]  ANALYSES   OF   CEKTAIN   COALS.  189 

In  calculating  calorific  values  from  the  ultimate  analysis  the  factors 
used  were  8080  for  carbon ;  34460  for  the  available  hydrogen ;  and  2250 
for  sulphur. 

The  data  obtained  has  been  assembled  further  in  a  second  table  as 
a  suggested  method  for  better  expressing  the  real  properties  of  coal. 
In  the  arrangement  the  first  three  factors  (a)  constitute  the  sum  of  all 
the  non-combustible  constituents;  the  next  group  (b)  comprises  all  of 
the  combustible  elements;  the  next  group  (c)  contains  those  factors 
that  directly  indicate  the  characteristic  of  the  coal  with  reference  to 
the  volatile  or  non-volatile  nature  of  the  combustible  matter.  The 
ratio  -™  is  found  by  dividing  the  volatile  carbon  (total  carbon  minus 

c 

the  fixed  carbon)  by  the  total  carbon.  This  factor  is  the  best  ratio 
for  showing  the  character  of  a  coal.  It  is  to  be  preferred  to  the  "fuel 
ratio"  as  proposed  by  Frazer*,  (    fixed  carbon    )  where  both  terms  of  the 

vol.  matter 

ratio  are  notably  subject  to  variations  and  error  in  determination.  It  is  to 
be  preferred  to  the  "carbon-hydrogen"  ratio  of  Campbell  f  (   total  carbon    \ 

J         &  r  1    \    total  hydrogen 7 

where  the  hydrogen  is  a  decided  variable  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  ar- 
riving at  a  definite  factor  for  the  water  content  of  the  sample.  The 
ratio  here  used,  J™,  has  the  advantage  of  having  its  larger  term,  the 

denominator,  presumably  accurate  as  to  its  determined  value,  while 
whatever  error  may  attach  to  the  other  term,  vc  (total  c — fixed  c), 
resides  in  the  fixed  carbon,  and  the  error  is  divided  by  the  method  of 
its  derivation  and  association  with  the  total  carbon.  The  "gross  coal 
index"  is  the  reciprocal  of  the  total  combustible,  and  represents  the 
number  of  pounds  of  coal  in  any  case  necessary  to  yield  100  pounds  of 
actual  combustible  matter. 


*  Trans.  Amer.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  430. 

t  Prof.  Paper,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  48,  part  1,  pp.  156-173. 


190 


YEAE-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


I  BULL.    4 


O  P 

OS 


00  00  MO' 


(OBN!OMI>(DN( 


Nt-OO)' 


CO<M 
irtO* 


COONNWrdN 


(Dt-  CO< 

dec  "-' 


O  CD 

^p 

CD  c3 

cdtf! 

Si 

a 


Ot-O-HW^OO       00 


-«*<  Lrt  "!*■«*  00  ■«*  ■<*  OS  OS  ■**  co 

com  co  ■**  os  os  io  os  <*  oo  io 

ooio  

-  .  TjiiOOOOlOMW       00 
ICO  rHCOMH             lO 

001C  !M  t-  ■■*  t-  00  "5  CO  "*  tH 

mil  os  <m  oo  os  t- o  •>#  oo  © 

-  -  ■«*  ic  oo"  d  d  ■«*  d     oo 

lOO  rtOSMW               »0 

OS  lO  CO  r-TcO  OOWWtKN 

COCO  CO  CD  tH  OS  CO  OS  lO  00  rH 

00  lO  

-  -  norooioMio     os 

ICO  HMCOH              lO 


©00  «0" 


©se- 
mi© 

d© 


33 

t-"eo 


H-lt-THCOl 
>  t-lCC-CNI  • 


>i-l  ION 


eOCOOOOOmx 

eo  d  co  co  im"  • 


>*'d 


w  co  os  c- co  co  oo      os 


©t- 

c-eo 

aw 


c3  w 
OP. 

bs 

a 


os  t-  co  t-  eo  t-  th  i 
**  d  t-'  co  d  co' t-' 


c-cm 


;88< 


cot- 
t-"co* 


CO  t-  tH  OS  CO  H  OS 


11 


;g§8 


C^OOt-Csl^CO 
lO  W©00  00O5 


00  CO  O  OS  CO  «M  00        OS 


p  §  •  a 
ffio£o 


<D 


o 


c3  O 


I 

PI'S 
SOW 


CD 


«  5  P5  C3    -flaiidc;P 
5       a?  m 


CD 
Q 

P  c3 
SOI 


£9 

c3  O 


+j"p 

,o.B 


05  fl)  rt 

So"3 


P<W 

<! 


parr! 


ANALYSES  OF  CERTAIN  COALS. 


191 


llftrd        CM        i-Ht*« 
CM  00" 


QOO 

iftcoco 
CM°Os'i-i 


OHO 


t-wa      £h      iooo©      oot-ooco      co 

»NO       00        Os'oo'k'       tOOOOH        OS 


cmkuo 

00  CO© 


OOOOlft 


MOOt-        QQ        iHU0<*        CMC- 
O5O0©        CM        t-rt^        -*C- 


S3    3 


»H  UOt-UO         IO 

«o  ncoos      05 

«*i  00'  o»  cm'      11 


loo       00        CMOCM 

I  Ift  1-C  K  OO  CO 

C-         -HCMOO 


!gg 


(co  t- 

idd 


mo 
co  10 
0010 


co  00  os 
St-'ffi 


C-CMOS        00        OO^HOO        OJ' 


10 1-      cmoo  mos 


ic-cm      00 


HHrl         00 


CO  lOCO        t-        H  K 
CM^IO        CM        ©CMIO 

00  00  id     t>      Ht-'oj 


>COO  CO  IOOS©  "*00"*  COS 
>00CO  00  IOCMOO  HH^W  OS  ost 
ICC 

>•**©       lO      IO001O       koscoos      00 

<tHtH         OO         lO  COtHtHCM         lO  IOC 


H0CO         iH         COIOCO 

t-^  OS  r-i      00      id  00  CM 

iH        CM        CO 


C-OS"*  U0  IOCM 

...  ^ico 

IOOS©  OS  .     . 

Ki-HOO  OO  !CH 


i-<        CMOOCM        OOOOOSO        lO  •      - 

00      co  co-^tHoo      -*  co^-h 


QOCM:M 
t-00  00 

t-lOi-i 
i-H  tH 

B 

JO 

ScMCM 

060000 

00 

id 

CO 

«*t- 

■KCM0O 

OS  t-  cm' 

OOi-HOO 

10 

00 
10 

c-co 

00 10 

id©" 

t-OSH 

«d"«*o 

10 

?? 

SS8 

t-"  OO  CM 

B 

-* 

O0  CM 
00  00  1* 

t-'odi-i 

10 
0 

C-CM 

888    S    K33    gS 


>00       lO  iO< 


ItH       00        lO 


oscoco  c-  c-t-00  ooooco  ho 

IOIO1H  t-  C-rHCO  lO  *#  "*  H  00  C-  OO 

co'co'o  n'  idoo'cM  (n'cooo'th  00'  -   - 

r*r4  00  lO  COOOr-lOO  lO  UOO 


i«*t>      00      ioosc- 

'E-CO        OS        OSCMCO 

'edrH      id     os'00'00 


\c%      £ 


osoo'-i     c-     opoooo 


£323    s 


cp  CO  *° 


■B-ss  I   si 


;om 


?& 


St 


•13 
a  >, 

I  "SB 

O  t»  3 


SO  ^ 
O  <X>  C3-.5 

k>P5 


ion 


192 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


BULL.    4 


As  a  summary  statement  regarding  these  calorimetric  results  it  may 
be  noted  that  of  the  data  as  given,  including  the  averages,  the  results 
in  the  third  column  include  four  which  are  higher  than  the  correspond- 
ing results  in  the  other  two  columns,  one  is  lower,  and  five  fall  be- 
tween results  as  found  in  the  other  two  columns. 

The  accessory  chemical  used  with  the  sodium  peroxide  was  potassium 
chlorate,  and  the  correction  factor  employed,  including  the  wire  for 
ignition,  was  0.1110  C. 


Comparative  Calorimetric    Values. 

Description. 

Number  of 
samples. 

Mahler. 

Calc.  from 
ult.  anal. 

Parr. 

•  1 

Highest 

Lowest 

Average 

No.  84 

No.  81 

6000 
5709 
5870 
6459 
5869 
5858 
5864 
6485 
5944 
6219 

5909 
5604 
5754 
6509 
5841 
5913 
5877 
6467 
5964 
6194 

5946 

5684 

Litchfield  coal 

5824 
6439 

■  ! 

5809 

Springfield  coal 

No.  82 

Average 

Highest 

Lowest 

Average 

5862 

Blue  Band  coal 

5886 
6454 
5983 

6250 

The  samples  used  in  this  work  form  a  portion  of  a  systematic  series 
of  vein  samples  collected  by  the  State  Geological  Survey.  The  moist 
coal  analysis  represents  the  coal  as  it  occurs  in  the  ground.  The  air- 
dry  analysis  represents  it  in  the  condition  of  laboratory  manipulation, 
and  is  our  basis  for  calculation.  Details  regarding  the  plan  of  the 
work  are  given  in  the  accompanying  Administrative  Report,  and  in 
Bulletin  No.  3  of  this  survey,  already  issued.  As  the  work  is  still 
in  progress,  further  discussion  is  deferred.  The  Blue  Band  coal  used 
in  this  work  was  obtained  from  the  following  mines : 

Hillsboro,  2  samples ;  Divernon,  4 ;  Mt.  Olive,  3  ;  Staunton,  2 ;  O'Fal- 
Ion,  2. 


Determination  of  Moisture  Lost  on  Air  Drying. 

[By  F.  F.  Grout.] 

In  beginning  the  chemical  work  on  Illinois  coals  the  determination 
of  moisture  was  found  to  be  in  a  very  unsettled  state.  In  our  determi- 
nations, therefore,  while  the  usual  methods  have  been  employed,  the 
results  have  been  studied  and  in  some  cases  checked  by  slightly  vary- 
ing the  process  in  the  hope  of  discovering  new  facts  or  better  methods; 
It  is  quite  generally  admitted  that  a  moist  coal  sample  should  be 
air-dried  before  pulverizing;  and  even  then,  the  majority  of  workers 
find  an  additional  loss  of  moisture  during  the  pulverizing  process.  The 
kind  of  puverizer  used  probably  has  a  good  deal  of  influence  on  the 
amount  of  moisture  lost.  Professor  Lord  reports  an  experiment  indi- 
cating a  loss  of  moisture  by  grinding  in  an  open  mortar  of  .JJ  per 
cent  more  than  a  sample  ground  in  a  jar-mill.* 


*  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey.  Prof.  Pap.  48,  p.  293. 


GROUT.] 


MOISTURE   LOSS   ON    AIR    DRYING. 


193 


In  addition  to  certain  tests  of  air-drying  we  have  tried  to  find  the 
effect  of  one  type  of  pulverizer — the  "Braun  Disc  Pulverizer." 

In  doing  the  work  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  most  samples  as 
received  were  divided  into  two  parts,  one  being  air-dried  at  once.  The 
second  was  sealed  in  a  "Lightning"  fruit  jar  and  dried  after  about 
two  months  standing.  The  results  varied  so  much — due  apparently 
to  the  varying  humidity  of  the  air  in  the  room — that  the  change  in 
the  moisture  content  resulting  from  standing  in  the  rubber  sealed  jar 
could  not  be  defined.  In  coals  which  lost  6  per  cent  to  8  per  cent  mois- 
ture on  air-drying,  the  variations  due  to  humidity  and  surroundings 
were  as  high  as  2  per  cent,  and  it  required  no  accurate  determination 
of  humidity  to  foretell  whether  results  would  be  high  or  low.  Drying 
in  different  rooms  of  the  chemistry  building  proved  to  affect  the  loss; 
a  result  of  better  ventilation  or  greater  heat  in  some  rooms. 

In  a  specific  case  six  coals  were  dried  24  hours,  as  usual,  in  a  well 
ventilated  basement  room.     They  showed  the  following  losses: 

Loss  of  Weight  on  Air  Drying. 


Sample. 

INo.  58. 

No.  59. 

No.  60. 

No.  61. 

No.  62. 

No.  63. 

Weight  moist 

390.51 
385.03 
5.48 
1.41$ 

405.98 
400.00 
5.98 
1.48$ 

401.06 

390.10 

10.96 

2.74$ 
1 

406.50 
399.00 
7.50 
1.75$ 

424.10 

413.58 

10.52 

2.48$ 

414.06 

407.06 

Loss  of  weight 

7.00 

Per  cent  lost 

1.69$ 

Samples  No.  59,  61  and  63  were  left  in  the  same  place  24  hours 
longer  and  reweighed,  but  there  was  no  further  change.  Samples  No. 
58,  60  and  62  were  exposed  in  another  laboratory  for  an  additional  24 
hours  and  reweighed  with  the  following  results : 


Loss  of  Weight  on  Additional  Air-Dryi?ig, 


Sample. 

No.  58. 

No.  60. 

No.  62. 

Weight  moist 

385.03 

383.71 

1.32 

390.10 
386.06 
4.04 
1.03/0 

413.58 

Weight  dry 

411.45 

Loss  of  weight 

2.13 

Per  cent  lost 

.51% 

The  results  show  an  average  further  change  of  .63  per  cent  due  to 
exposure  in  a  different  room. 

It  was  noticed  in  many  cases  that  mine  samples  after  being  sealed  in 
a  fruit  jar  several  weeks  developed  some  gas  pressure  and  it  was  sus- 
pected that  some  change  in  weight  might  be  found  after  the  pressure 
was  relieved;  but  in  the  ten  samples  tested  the  change  after  two 
months  was  too  small  to  be  weighed. 

-13  G 


194 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1906. 


[bull.  1 


The  disc  pulverizer  was  used  on  all  samples  numbered  i  to  130.  On 
an  average,  150  grams  of  coal  were  pulverized,  as  it  was  thought  a 
large  quantity  would  tend  to  reduce  the  percentage  of  error  due  to  the 
pulverizer.  The  average  time  a  sample  of  coal  was  exposed  to  the 
air  and  in  the  machine  was  about  ten  minutes.  As  a  whole  the  instru- 
ment seemed  satisfactory,  but  two  defects  developed.  First,  after 
about  300  grams  had  been  ground,  the  disc  grew  so  warm  as  to  in- 
crease the  loss  of  moisture.  Second,  the  powder  was  so  fine  and  so 
suspended  in  the  air  that  much  of  the  dust  sifted  out  around  the  edge 
of  the  receiving  pan  and  collected  under  it,  though  little  seemed  to  get 
outside  of  the  machine.  On  35  samples  tested  the  combined  loss  of 
dust  and  moisture  ranged  from  6  to  13  grams  out  of  150  grams — 
averaging  9.5  grams  or  61-3  per  cent.  Of  this,  at  least  4.4  per  cent, 
was  due  to  dust  losses,  and  not  all  the  dust  was  collected.  The  possible 
loss  of  moisture  is  accordingly  below  2  per  cent.  The  following  tests 
indicate  that  it  is  very  much  lower. 

Four  samples  showing  considerable  range  of  moisture  were  selected, 
and  the  moisture  was  determined  in  both  the  20-mesh  crushed  sample 
and  the  100-mesh  pulverized  sample  after  48  hours  air-drying  and  72 
hours  drying  over  sulphuric  acid  in  a  vacuum.  To  make  certain  of 
a  representative  lot  20  grams  of  the  20-mesh  sample  were  taken.  No. 
80  was  ground  in  a  rather  hot  machine ;  No.  89  in  a  cold  machine.  No. 
39  and  73  were  ground  in  the  machine  at  average  temperature. 


Perce?itage  Loss 

of  Moisture. 

Sample. 

• 

No.  39. 

No.  73. 

No    80. 

No.  89. 

20-mesh 

100-mesh 

4.84$ 
4.11 

.58$ 
.87 

2.32# 
2.20 

1.13$ 

in  vacuum. 

1.51 

Difference 

20-mesh 

100-mesh 

.72 

.29 

.12 

38 

Additional  on  72  hours 

3.66 
3.62 

5.11 
4.17 

5.26 
3.76 

9.63 
9.31 

Difference 

20-mesh 

100-mesh 

.04 

.94 

1.50 

.32 

8.49 
7.73 

5.69 
5.05 

7.58 
5.96 

10.76 

10.84 

Difference 

.76 

.64 

1.62 

.08 

Assuming  therefore  that  there  is  no  loss  of  moisture  due  to  grind- 
ing to  20-mesh,  coal  having  8  per  cent  moisture  content  will  lose  about 
•75  Per  cent  while  being  pulverized  to  ioo-mesh.  It  is  safe  to  say  that, 
if  the  machine  is  not  allowed  to  get  hot,  the  coal  will  not  lose  much 
more  or  less  than  one-twentieth  of  the  original  moisture,  and  this  figure 
would  be  a  fair  one  to  propose  as  an  approximate  correction  where  this 
method  of  grinding  is  used,  in  calculating  the  analysis  to  the  sample 
as  received. 


WHEELER.] 


MOISTURE    IN    AIR-DRIED    SAMPLES. 


195 


Moisture  in  Air-Dried  Samples. 

LBy  W.  F.  Wheeler.  I 

When  the  investigation  of  Illinois  coals  was  taken  up  by  the  Illinois 
Geological  Survey,  the  determination  of  moisture  in  the  air-dried 
sample  was  in  almost  as  unsatisfactory  a  state  as  the  determination  of 
moisture  lost  in  air-drying.  The  method  first  used  was  that  commonly 
employed  in  analytical  laboratories.  One  gram  of  coal  was  weighed 
into  a  crucible,  either  porcelain  or  platinum,  and  then  dried  in  an  air 
bath  for  one  hour  at  1050  C.  The  crucible  was  then  allowed  to  cool  in 
a  desiccator,  and  weighed  as  soon  as  possible.  It  was  soon  shown  by 
the  variation  of  the  results  obtained  that  coal  took  up  moisture  from 
the  air  in  the  desiccator.  The  following  results  show  a  fair  average 
of  the  variation  due  to  the  use  of  crucibles  without  covers  in  calcium 
chloride  desiccators: 


Without  Covers. 

With 

Covers. 

Per  Cent. 

Per  Cent. 

Moisure  (a) 

9.04 
9.01 
9.02 
8.98 

9.29 

(b) 

9.25 

(c) 

9.26 

(d) '. 

9.20 

Average 

9.01 

9.25 

To  prevent  this  absorption  the  crucibles  were  covered  when  they 
were  taken  from  the  air-bath,  and  kept  covered  while  weighing.  This 
change  in  method  secured  a  much  better  agreement  of  results,  but  still 
left  a  great  deal  to  be  desired. 

The  next  weak  point  in  the  determination  was  found  in  the  des- 
iccators themselves.  The  coal  was  found  to  take  up  moisture  from 
the  calcium  chloride  of  the  desiccator,  so  that  was  replaced  by  con- 
centrated sulphuric  acid,  and  still  further  improvement  in  the  accuracy 
of  the  determination  noted.  Even  then  it  was  not  wholly  satisfactory. 
When  more  than  two  crucibles  were  placed  together  in  a  desiccator 
the  last  ones  to  be  weighed  showed  a  low  moisture  result,  the  amount 
of  the  error  depending  upon  the  number  of  times  the  desiccator  had 
been  opened,  and  also  upon  the  time  between  weighings.  To  overcome 
this  difficulty  it  was  found  to  be  necessary  to  put  but  one  crucible  in 
a  desiccator  while  cooling.  These  difficulties  are  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  coal  itself  has  almost  as  great  an  affinity  for  moisture  as  the  ma- 
terial in  the  desiccator,  and  whenever  it  has  a  chance  it  will  absorb 
moisture. 

At  present  we  have  given  up  the  use  of  crucibles  and  use  instead 
glass  weighing  bottles  with  tight  fitting  glass  stoppers.  By  using 
bottles  instead  of  crucibles  and   stoppering  them  tightly  as   soon  as 


196  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

they  are  removed  from  the  drying-oven  we  preclude  all  possibility  of 
the  coal  taking  up  moisture  from  the  air,  or  from  the  desiccator,  and 
moreover  we  do  not  have  to  provide  a  desiccator  for  cooling  each  de- 
termination. By  the  use  of  weighing  bottles  and  a  toluene  bath,  with 
one  hole  in  the  top  open  for  ventilation,  results  were  obtained  that 
showed  a  very  close  agreement.  In  a  series  of  56  the  average  vari- 
ation in  duplicate  determinations  was  only  .04%,  whereas,  with  the 
greatest  care  when  using  crucibles  the  variation  of  results  was  much 
greater. 

For  drying  coals  we  now  use  a  toluene  bath  without  a  positive  air 
circulation,  filled  with  the  ordinary  room  air  of  varying  moisture  con- 
tent. Undoubtedly  the  moisture  in  the  air  has  an  appreciable  effect 
on  the  moisture  results  obtained  by  this  method,  and  to  overcome  this 
we  are  soon  to  change  our  drying  oven  so  as  to  use  a  current  of  air 
dried  by  passing  through  sulphuric  acid,  and  thus  make  our  moisture 
determinations  absolutely  independent  of  weather  conditions.  The 
above  results  all  point  to  the  necessity  of  conforming  to  the  method 
adopted  by  E.  E.  Somermeier*  of  the  coal  testing  plant  at  St.  Louis. 

Some  experimental  work  was  done  in  comparing  moisture  results 
obtained  by  drying  in  a  vacuum  desiccator  over  sulphuric  acid  for 
forty-eight  hours  and  in  the  toluene  bath.  The  result  of  twenty  or 
more  of  these  comparisons  shows  the  figures  obtained  in  the  vacuum 
desiccator  to  be  higher  by  nearly  .3%.  Dr.  Hillebrand*  shows  the 
vacuum  desiccator  to  give  results  .35%  higher  than  the  toluene  bath. 
This  lack  of  agreement  of  results  seems  to  indicate  that  the  moisture 
is  not  all  removed  from  the  coal  in  the  air  oven  or  the  toluene  oven  at 
to5°-io7°  C  in  one  hour.  We  hope  soon  to  have  results  comparing 
the  vacuum  desiccator  and  the  toluene  oven  using  dried  air,  and  ex- 
pect to  find  closer  agreement  between  them  than  the  present  results 
seem  to  indicate. 

Anthracizing  of  Bituminous  Coal. 

IBy  S.  W.  Parr.1 

A  number  of  preliminary  experiments  were  made  in  1902  having  in 
mind  the  possibility  of  producing  artificially  those  changes  which  coal 
has  presumably  gone  through  in  passing  from  the  bituminous  to  the 
anthracite  condition.  The  desirability  of  attaining  that  end  was  ac- 
centuated at  the  time  by  the  coal  famine  in  the  anthracite  region. 
Subsequent  studies  on  coal,  embodied  for  the  most  part  in  Bulletin 
No.  3  of  the  Illinois  State  Geological  Survey,  while  not  directed 
primarily  to  this  same  end,  have  contributed  a  number  of  facts  concern- 
ing the  character  and  composition  of  coal  as  a  chemical  compound 
which  strengthens  a  theory  then  derived,  though  they  do  not  furnish 
data  for  its  corroboration. 

A  preliminary  statement  of  results  is  here  made  with  the  expectation 
that  the  work  may  be  resumed.  If  verification  and  extension  of  the 
earlier  data  are  obtained,  a  basis  will  then  be  afforded  for  its  practical 
application. 


*  Jour.  Am.  Chem  Soc.  Nov.,  1906.  p.  1630. 

t  Prof.  Paper  No.  48,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  p.  295. 


PARR.] 


ANTHRACIZING   BITUMINOUS   COAL. 


197 


The  advantages  which  would  result  from  such  a  process  can  hardly 
be  over-estimated.  For  example,  the  gross  tonnage  upon  which 
freight  charges  are  based  would  be  reduced  one-fifth ;  that  is,  the  same 
amount  of  potential  tuel  would  he  transported  with  one-fifth  less  gross 
tonnage.  On  the  basis  of  an  annual  shipment  of  30,000,000  tons  at  an 
average  freight  charge  of  50  cents  per  ton,  the  saving  would  be 
$3,000,000.  A  further  element  in  the  case  would  be  the  absence  of 
smoke  in  the  processes  of  combustion  with  the  attending  conditions  of 
increased  efficiency,  and  lessened  contamination  of  the  atmosphere. 
It  is  not  unlikely  also  that  studies  along  this  line  will  contribute  much 
to  our  understanding  of  matters  pertaining  to  the  coking  of  coal,  and 
the  increased  yield  of  both  the  coke  and  the  attending  by-products. 

The  results  as  tabulated  below  have  been  tabulated  to  a  common 
ash  unit,  as  a  basis  for  comparison.  By  this  means  it  is  shown  more 
readily  that  the  fixation  of  carbon  in  the  non-volatile  form  has  been 
increased  by  over  25  per  cent  with  a  corresponding  decrease  in  the 
volatile  constituents,  to  a  point  indeed  where  the  formation  of  smoke 
on  combustion  is  eliminated. 

Modification  of  Chemical  Structure  of  Coal — Preliminary  Experiments. 


Normal 
Temper- 
ature. 

After  Heating 

at   Approx.   250  C. 

One  Hour. 

After  Heating 

at  Approx.  500  C. 

Ten  Minutes. 

First 
Exper. 

Second 
Exper. 

First 
Exper. 

Second 
Exper. 

6.49 

6.69 

33.27 

53.55 

0.00 

6.69 

5.13 

72.23 

34.90 

15.95 

0.00 

6.69 

12.69 

66.45 

24.00 

14.16 

0.00 
6.69 
0.00 
72.60 
35.50 

20.71 

0.00 

Ash 

6.69 

0.00 

Fixed  carbon 

60.10 

29  10 

"Loss   of     volatile    matter;     chiefly   non-com- 

24.21 

Cannel  Coal  in  Northern  Illinois. 

[By  F.  F.  Grout.] 

At  two  localities  in  northern  Illinois  lenses  of  cannel  coal  occur  in 
connection  with  coal  of  ordinary  bituminous  type.  It  is  possible  that 
it  may  prove  to  have  stratigraphic  value,  and  serve,  if  sufficiently  wide 
spread,  as  an  aid  in  correlating  the  seam  from  place  to  place.  The 
unusual  occurrence  and  character  of  this  coal  was  thought  to  be  suffi- 
cient warrant  for  making  the  analyses  quoted  below. 

The  cannel  is  found  in  elongated  lenses  up  to  a  foot  or  more  in 
thickness,  perhaps  ioo  yards  long  on  an  average.  These  were  seen 
most  often  above  the  rest  of  the  coal,  adding  to  the  total  thickness  and 
not  replacing  the  coal  of  the  normal  seam.  At  Colfax  a  similar  bed 
was  found  below  the  coal.     The  cannel  is  often  properly  rejected  as 


198 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1906. 


[bull.  4 


'"slate,"  but  inasmuch  as  the  ash  content  gets  as  low  as  22  per  cent  in 
some  cases,  it  has  considerable  fuel  value  and  is  loaded  with  the  rest 
of  the  coal  in  some  mines,  as  at  the  Matthiessen  and  Hegeler  Zinc  Co., 
LaSalle.  Three  samples  were  tested  with  considerable  variation  in 
results. 


Number. 

Water. 

Vol.  Mat. 

Pixd.  C. 

Ash. 

Carbon. 

Hydrogen. 

Oxygen  (Est.) 

1 

2.78 
4.02 

4.28 

41.26 
30.98 
39.71 

30.20 
30.39 
33.66 

25.76 
34.61 
22.35 

49.78 

6.09 

13.39 

2 

3 

These  incomplete  results  are  sufficient  to  show  the  cannel-like  char- 
acter of  some  of  the  lenses.  The  first,  for  example,  has  6.89  per  cent 
of  hydrogen  in  the  pure  coal  (ash  and  water  free),  which  is 
higher  than  is  found  in  the  bituminous  type.  The  occurrence  of  this 
coal  warrants  further  investigation,  but  in  the  meantime  it  is  thought 
well  to  put  the  the  analyses  on  record.  Samples  No.  1  and  2  were  taken 
in  the  mine  of  the  Colfax  Cooperative  Coal  Company,  at  Colfax,  in 
McLean  county.  The  former  represents  a  6-inch  layer  found  through- 
out the  mine  at  the  base  of  the  usual  bed  of  coal.  No.  2  represents  a 
lense  of  cannel  having  a  maximum  thickness  of  10  inches  and  found 
above  the  coal  on  one  side  of  the  shaft.  This  upper  bed  of  cannel  rep- 
resents irregular  lenses  usually  not  more  than  100  feet  in  horizontal  ex- 
tent.   The  coal  at  Colfax  is  commonly  referred  to  as  the  No.  6  bed. 

Sample  No.  3  was  taken  in  the  Matthiessen  and  Hegeler  mine  at  La 
Salle.  In  the  mine  a  coal  is  worked  which  lies  above  the  usual  "third 
vein"  of  the  northern  field  and  resembles  the  Springfield  coal  in  char- 
acter. The  cannel  coal  occurs  in  irregular  thin  lenses  on  top  of  the  reg- 
ular bed,  through  perhaps  one-third  of  the  territory  so  far  opened. 


Compression  Tests  of  Illinois  Coal. 

[By  A.  N.  Talbot.] 

The  following  tests  were  made  in  the  Laboratory  of  Applied  Me- 
chanics of  the  University  of  Illinois  upon  samples  furnished  by  the 
State  Geological  Survey.  This  work  was  done  in  response  to  num- 
erous requests  for  information  regarding  the  strength  of  our  coals. 
The  data  regarding  the  source  of  the  samples  is  furnished  from  the 
survey  office. 


TALBOT.] 


COMPEESSION    TESTS   ON   COAL. 
Source  of  Samples   Tested. 


199 


Lab.  No. 

Specimen  from. 

Collected  by. 

Geological 
number 
of  bed. 

Remarks. 

12401 

12402 

12403 

Empire  Coal  Co.,  shaft 
No.  3,  Gilchrist,  111  . 

• 
Penwell  Coal  Co., 
Pana,  111 

Supt.   H.  M.  Gilchrist 
and  Thos.  Hudson. . . 

W.  W.  Williams 

"No.  1" 

Top  of  bed  here  4  feet 
2  inches  thick. 

Bottom  of  bed. 

12404 

Herdien  Coal  Co.. Mine 
No.  16,  Galva,  111. . . . 

Illinois  Collieries  Co., 
Shaft  No.  7,    Litch- 
field, 111 

Thos.  Hudson 

"No.  6" 

"No.  1" 

Top  of  bed  here  4  feet 

12405.. 

T.  H.  Watson 

thick. 

12406 

Chicago,     Wilmington 
No.  2,  Streator,  111.. 

H.  C.  McAllister 

"Third  Vein" 
"No.  2". 

The  coal  was  sawed  or  chipped  to  make  blocks  approximately  fairly 
well  to  prisms  of  the  dimensions  given  in  the  table  accompanying  this 
report.  The  test  blocks  were  bedded  in  a  coat  of  plaster  of  Paris  above 
and  below,  and  this  plaster  was  allowed  to  set  two  hours  or  more 
under  a  low  load.  The  tests  were  made  with  the  60,000  lb.  testing 
machine  of  the  Laboratory  of  Applied  Mechanics.  The  load  was 
applied  with  a  machine  speed  of  1-20  inch  per  minute. 

The  second  table  gives  the  dimensions  of  the  test  piece  and  the  max- 
imum load  taken  by  the  specimen.  A  log  of  the  tests  showing  at  what 
load  cracks  appeared  and  cracking  sounds  were  heard  follows.  The 
amount  of  shortening  of  the  specimen  under  load  is  given  for  three 
tests. 

The  exceptionally  high  strength  of  this  material  is  somewhat  sur- 
prising. The  fact  that  minute  cracks  appear  at  low  loads  and  that 
cracking  sounds  were  heard  early  in  the  test  should  also  be  noted.  It 
is  also  of  interest  that  the  specimens  showed  from  y%  to  %  inch  shorten- 
ing per  foot  of  height. 

Compression   Tests  of  Illinois  Coals. 


Lab.  No. 

Equivalent  Section 
Inches. 

Height 
Inches. 

Maximum  Load. 

Top. 

Bottom. 

Pounds. 

Lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

12401  

11%  x  12 
15£    xl7| 

13X4  X  13x4 
11^  X  17*4 

13%  x  12 

11%  X     9*4 

11 34  x  12 

15  x  151 
14     x  14 

16  xl3 
13%  x  12 

11       X  11*4 

12*2 

11.3 

14*2 

12 

15 

13 

316, 000 
540, 000 
186, 000 
208,  000 
224,  000 
140,000 

2.090 
2,170 
1,000 
1,020 
1,360 
1,280 

12402  

12403  

12404  

12405                  

12406  

200 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


[bull.  4 


LOG  OF  TESTS. 
No.  12403,  Penwell  Coal  Co.,  Pana,  III 


Applied  Load. 

Shortening. 

Remarks. 

7,000 

.000 

Initial  load. 

36,000 

.000 

Set  deflectometer  at  zero. 

50,000 

.005 

75,000 

.020 

Slight  cracking  sounds. 

100,009 

.032 

125, 000 

.053 

150,000 

.070 

Vertical  cracks  appearing. 

175, 000 

.090 

Vertical  cracks  enlarging. 

186,000 

Maximum  load. 

160,000 

Edges  spalling  off. 

No.  12404,  Herdien  Coal  Co.,  Galva,  III. 


5,000 

15,000 

Slight  cracking. 

25,000 

.028 

Slight  cracking. 

50,000 

.045 

75,000 

.061 

Loud  cracking. 

100, 000 

.075 

125, 000 

.095 

South  side  spalling  off. 

150,000 

.115 

175,000 

.140 

200, 000 

.161 

225,000 

.190 

250,  000 

.220 

Southeast  corner  fell  off. 

275,000 

.260 

Corners  falling  off. 

280,  000 

Maximum  load. 

No.  12405,  Illinois  Collieries  Co.,  Litchfield,  III. 


Slight  cracking  sounds. 
Slight  cracking  sounds. 


Cracking  sounds  all  over. 


Loud  cracking  sounds  at  corner. 

Vertical  cracks  on  south  side. 

Maximum  load.    Corners  broke  off  all  round. 


No.    12401. 


Applied  Load. 


Remarks. 


.6,500 
140,000 
235.000 
275.000 
316.  000 


Initial  Load.    Plaster  set  about  48  hours. 

Cracking  sounds  first  heard. 

Cracking  sounds  all  over  specimen. 

Bulging.    Corners  fall  off. 

Maximum  load.    Crushed  into  small  pieces. 


No.  12402,  Empire  Coal  Co. 


3,600 
28, 090 
15,000 
39,000 
51,000 
525, 000 
540.  000 


Initial  load.    Plaster  set  about  4  hours. 

Popping  noises. 

Spalling  off. 

V  shaped  cracks  begin  to  open  on  sides. 

Large  pieces  spalling  off  on  sides. 

Large  V  shaped  cracks. 

Shattered. 


talbot.]  COMPRESSION   TESTS   ON   COAL  201 

No.  12406.  C.   W.  &  V.  Coal  Co.,  Sireator,  III 


45.000 
75.000 
90.000 
120.000 
130,000 
135,000 
140.000 


Cracking  sounds  first  heard. 
Louder  cracking  sounds. 
Vertical  cracks  appearing. 
Edges  spalling  off. 
Corners  breaking. 
Vertical  cracks  larger. 
General  shattering. 


Report  of  the  Field  Work  in  the  Coal  Districts  of  the  State. 

[By  David  White.] 

The  task  undertaken  by  myself  included  a  preliminary  examination 
of  various  areas  of  the  Illinois  coal  field  for  the  purpose,  (i)  of  as- 
certaining through  the  aid  of  fossil  plants  the  time  relations  or  equiva- 
lents of  the  groups  of  the  Illinois  Coal  Measures  in  the  typical  sections 
of  the  eastern  basins;  and  (2)  of  determining  the  extent  to  which  the 
fossil  floras  which  accompany  the  coals  may  be  used  for  the  local 
identification  and  correlation  of  the  individual  beds  in  different  parts 
of  the  Illinois  coal  field.  In  carrying  out  this  paleobotanical  recon- 
noissance,  hasty  examinations  were  made  at  a  number  of  points  in  the 
mining  districts  of  the  northern,  western,  and  southern  portions  of  the 
State.  The  total  time  available  for  the  work  was  about  six  weeks. 
Under  the  circumstances,  therefore,  the  examinations  were  neces- 
sarily hurried  and  incomplete.  Not  having  had  opportunity  to  open 
or  examine  the  collections  since  returning  from  the  field  I  am  obliged 
to  confine  this  report  to  a  statement  of  the  regions  visited,  and  to  such 
comments  or  conclusions  as  were  reached  in  the  course  of  the  field 
examination  of  the  material  collected. 

The  flora  of  the  so-called  "No.  2"  coal  in  the  vicinity  of  Morris, 
Grundy  county,  has  long  been  well  known,  and,  since  it  comprises  the 
most  complete  and  characteristic  flora  yet  brought  to  light  in  the 
State,  has  been  taken  by  me  as  a  sort  of  a  paleobotanical  base  line  in 
making  comparisons  with  the  fossil  plants  from  other  horizons  or 
regions  of  the  coal  field.  This  flora,  which  is  typically  present  at 
Minonk,  in  Woodford  county,  appears  also  to  be  developed  in  the  roof 
of  the  so-called  third  vein  of  the  LaSalle  and  Spring  Valley  mines, 
and  also  at  one  of  the  small  mines  south  of  Peoria.  The  fossils  from 
the  roof  of  the  coal  at  Colchester,  in  McDonough  county,  are  not  in 
such  complete  agreement  with  the  Morris  flora  as  would  naturally  be 
expected  in  view  of  the  correlation  of  the  Colchester  coal  with  the 
same  bed  by  the  State  geologists  and  mine  inspectors.  The  matter  of 
the  relations  of  the  coals  worked  in  McDonough  and  Grundy  counties 
deserves  further  and  more  careful  consideration.  The  Morris,  or  "No. 
2,"  coal  of  Illinois  lies  probably  at  or  near  the  horizon  of  the  Lower 
Kittanning  coal  of  Pensylvania. 

Such  brief  examinations  as  I  was  able  to  make  in  the  regions  in 
which  "coal  No.  1"  is  supposed  to  be  exploited  are  interesting  or  im- 
portant chiefly  for  the  discrepancies  discovered  in  the  prevailing  cor- 
relation and  nomenclature  of  the  coals.  The  evidence  obtained  at 
several  points  in  Rock  Island  county  goes  to  show  that  the  refractory 


202  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906.  [bull.  4 

fire  clay  mined  along  the  Mississippi  river  in  this  region  belongs  in 
the  Upper  Pottsville,  and  not  far  from  the  level  of  the  Sharon  coal. 
It  is  the  horizon  of  most  abundantM egalopteris.  The  adjacent  Mus- 
catine sandstone  which  falls  at  an  approximate  paleobotanical  level, 
in  the  Upper  Pottsville,  is  the  source  of  the  Lesleya  grandis,  described 
as  having  been  derived  from  the  Chester.  The  plants,  which  I  had 
time  to  collect  only  in  insufficient  quantity,  from  the  roof  of  "coal  No. 
i"  in  this  county  are  clearly  of  Pottsville  age,  and  lie,  perhaps,  within 
the  limits  of  the  Connoquenessing  sandstones  (Upper  Pottsville)  of 
the  Appalachian  trough.  Additional  material  is  needed  for  the  definite 
determination  of  their  horizon,  but  it  seems  probable  that  a  consider- 
able interval  elapsed  between  the  deposition  of  this  coal  and  that  of 
"No.  2,"  in  Grundy  county. 

The  attempt  to  secure  paleobotanical  material  from  the  coal  re- 
garded as  "No.  I,"  in  Scott  county,  was  largely  unsuccessful,  possibly 
on  account  of  lack  of  time ;  but  the  shales  over  the  supposed  represen- 
tative of  this  bed  in  the  deep  mine  at  Litchfield  furnishes  a  flora  per- 
haps not  older  than  that  of  the  Mercer  group,  or  uppermost  Potts- 
ville. This  is  the  most  surprising  in  view  of  the  fact  that  in  the  south- 
eastern portion  of  the  coal  field,  at  Battery  Rock,  Hardin  county,  the 
coal  known  as  "No.  i"  in  the  State  reports  lies  about  one  hundred  feet 
below  a  coal  shown  by  its  flora  to  be,  probably,  of  Lower  Pottsville  age. 
In  short,  it  appears  that  in  southeastern  Illinois  there  were  deposited 
representatives  of  the  Lookout  formation,  of  Lower  Pottsville  age, 
and  a  portion,  at  least,  of  the  Middle  Pottsville,  prior  to  the  deposition 
of  the  earliest  Upper  Carboniferous  sediments  in  the  northwestern  por- 
tion of  the  state.  It  is  probable  that  these,  the  oldest  of  the  Illinois 
Coal  Measures,  were  laid  down  when  the  basin  was  greatly  restricted, 
and  included  only  a  small  part  of  the  present  coal  field.  The  deposi- 
tion of  the  "No.  I  coal"  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State  was  possibly 
only  after  a  considerable  subsidence  of  the  deeper  portions  of  the  basin. 
No  less  than  four  coals  were  laid  down  in  Hardin  county  before  the  for- 
mation of  the  deep  coal  at  Litchfield,  and  three,  at  least,  of  these  coals 
antedated  the  so-called  "No.  i"  seam  of  Rock  Island  county.  Time 
was  not  available  for  the  collection  of  the  fossils  necessary  to  the  de- 
finite correlation  of  the  older  coal  horizons  in  the  southern  region 
though  they  will  be  tentatively  brought  within  certain  limits  when  the 
collections  now  in  hand  have  been  studied. 

Good  fossil  plants,  especially  fossil  ferns  which  are  of  greatest 
correlative  value,  are  in  general  so  rare  in  the  shales  immediately  over- 
lying the  higher  coals  now  mined  at  the  localities  visited  in  the  State 
that  but  little  material  was  gathered  from  this  part  of  the  coal  measures 
in  the  course  of  my  work,  and  these  from  but  two  or  three  points 
From  the  field  examination  of  these  scanty  collections  I  am  disposed 
tentatively  to  regard  "coal  No.  6"  as  probably  belonging  to  the  Free- 
port  group  of  the  Pennsylvania  series.  Hence  the  section  including 
the  Morris  "No.  2"  coal  and  the  "No.  6"  coal  appears  to  fall  within 
the  Alleghany  Series,  or  "Lower  Productive  Measures"  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. The  great  rarity  of  satisfactory  plant  material  in  the  roofs  of 
these  coals  at  most  localities  is  a  source  of  great  disappointment  to  me 


white.]  REPORT   ON    FIELD    WORK.  203 

» 

since  it  makes  it  seem  probable  that  paleobotany  will  be  of  little  ser- 
vice in  an  attempt  at  the  local  identification  of  the  individual  beds  in 
this  portion  of  the  section.  It  is  interesting  to  note  in  passing  that  not- 
withstanding the  absence  of  well  preserved  fern  material  in  the  roof 
shales  of  the  coals,  the  distinct  preservation  of  small  fragments  of 
pinnae  and  pinnules  in  the  coals  themselves  is  not  rare.  The  coals  are 
in  general  characterized  by  enormous  quantities  of  mineral  charcoal, 
or  mother  of  coal,  in  the  laminae  of  the  beds,  many  of  the  individual 
fragments  being  of  unusual  size.  Among  the  latter  it  is  easy  at  many 
localities  to  recognize  cortical  fragments  of  Lepidodendron,  Lepido- 
phloios,  Sigillaria  and  Catamites. 

From  my  observations  in  various  parts  of  the  Illinois  coal  field  I  am 
very  strongly  impressed  with  the  great  extent,  continuity,  and  regular- 
ity of  the  individual  coal  beds,  especially  coals  "5"  and  "6."  The  rela- 
tive regularity  in  the  intervals  and  structure  of  the  beds  points  to  an 
extraordinary  degree  of  uniformity  in  deposition  of  the  Illinois  Coal 
Measures  as  compared  to  the  coal  series  in  the  Appalachian  trough. 
Yet,  in  view  of  the  striking  incompatibilities  attending  the  designation 
of  the  various  coals  at  present  known  as  "No.  1"  not  only  in  Illinois, 
but  in  Kentucky  as  well,  I  would  strongly  recommend  the  discon- 
tinuance of  the  numerical  form  of  nomenclature  as  soon  as  and 
wherever  practicable. 

Owing  to  the  limited  time  available  for  work  in  the  State  some  of 
the  districts,  especially  in  the  central  and  eastern  portions  of  the  coal 
field,  and  in  Williamson  and  Jackson  counties,  could  not  be  visited. 
For  the  same  reason  no  examination  was  made  of  the  higher,  or 
"barren  series,"  of  the  Illinois  Coal  Measures. 


The  Delafield  Drill  Core. 

[Jon  A.  Udden.] 

During  the  first  year  of  the  State  Geological  Survey's  existence  it 
has  been  very  fortunate  in  procuring  records  of  a  number  of  deep 
wells  and  prospect  holes  that  have  been  made  in  various  parts  of  the 
State.  Records  of  this  nature  are  of  great  assistance  in  interpreting 
the  geology  of  a  region,  and  give  the  only  directly  obtainable  data 
on  the  nature  of  the  underlying  formations. 

Within  the  past  year  two  companies  have  been  prospecting  for  coal 
in  Hamilton  county.  At  Delafield,  the  Delafield  Coal  Company  put 
down  a  prospect  hole  920  feet  deep,  finding  nine  veins  of  coal,  ranging 
in  thickness  from  three  inches  to  five  feet  and  three  inches.  The  Elm 
Grove  Coal  Company  put  down  a  hole  1,294  feet  deep  encountering 
seven  veins  of  coal  ranging  in  thickness  from  three  inches  to  seven 
feet  and  six  inches.  The  Acme  Diamond  Core  Drilling  Company  of 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  had  charge  of  the  making  of  both  of  these  prospect 
holes. 

The  record  of  the  Delafield  Coal  Company  is  of  especial  interest  on 
account  of  the  comparative  completeness  of  the  core  and  log  as  kept 
by  the  men  in  charge  of  the  work.  The  Elm  Grove  Coal  Company's 
boring  is  interesting  on  account  of  being  the  deepest  hole  that  has  been 
made  in  Hamilton  county. 


204 


YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1906. 


[bull.  4 


THE  DELAFIELD  COAL  COMPANY'S  BORINGS. 

The  Delafield  Coal  Company's  prospect  hole  is  located  on  the  west 
half  of  the  northeast  quarter  of  section  34,  T.  4  N,  R.  5  W.,  Hamilton 
county.  The  rocks  penetrated  in  this  hole  are  of  Carboniferous  age 
and  are  all  included  in  the  Pennsylvania  or  Coal  Measure  Series.  The 
driller's  log  is  as  below : 


Recent  and  Pleistocene. 

Surface  material 

Coal  Measures — Pennsylvanian 

Soft  blue  shale 

Sandstone 

Blue  shale 

Coal r : 

Fire  clay 

Sandstone 

Blue  shale 

Blue  shale 

Sandstone 

Sandstone 

Blue  sand  shale 

Blue  sand  shale 

Blue  shale 

Blue  shale 

Coal 

Blue  shale 

Limestone 

Blue  shale 

Dark  shale 

Blue  shale 

Lime  rock 

Black  shale 

Blue  shale 

Blue  shale 

Sandstone 

Sandstone 

Sandstone 

Limestone 

Limestone 

Black  slate 

Black  slate 

Blue  sand  shale 

Coal 

Fire  clay 

Blue  shale 

Sand  shale  with  hard  hand 

Sand  shale  with  hard  hand 

Sand  shale 

Sand  shale 

Sand  shale 

Sand  shale 

Blue  shale 

Blue  shale 

Light  sand  shale 

Coal 

Light  sand  shale 

Sand  shale 

Light  shale 

Blue  shale 

Limestone 

Light  shale 

Sandstone 

Sandstone 

Black  shale 

Coal 

Light  shale,   soft 

Limestone 

Sandstone 

Sandstone 


13 


9 

6 

30 

9 

6 

39   6 

10 

40   4 

S 

43   4 

19 

8 

63 

15 

6 

51 

129   6 

10 

6 

23 

163 

15 

30 

208 

39 

6 

23 

270   6 

1 

2 

271   S 

1 

272   8 

10 

282   g 

17 

4 

5 

n 

1 

306   5 

1 

307   5 

3 

7 

311 

19 

30 

350 

S 

6 

35 

23 

426   6 

5 

6 

fi 

438 

3 

3 

444 

10 

454  a 

3 

454  a 

3 

457   a 

1 

458  a 

?,() 

13 

491   3 

13 

10 

M 

27 

560   3 

m 

20 

592   3 

11 

603  a 

1 

4 

609   7 

7 

20 

631   7 

s 

8 

6 

646   3 

2 

648  a 

4 

652  a 

10 

7 

669   3 

2 

6 

671   S 

6 

672  a 

10 

682  a 

1 

683  a 

3 

686  a 

12 

(JDDEN. 


DELAFIELD    DRILL    CORE. 


205 


No. 

Drillers'  Log. 

SQ 

£  1 

61 

15 
30 

6 
10 
29 

2 
6 

4 

1      8 

3 

1 

1 

2 

7    11 

8 

2 
10 

8 

5 

2 

5 
17 

3 

3 

2 
12      6 

2 

16      6 
6 

2 

4 

5      3 
9 

6? 

Sandstone 

743      3 

63 

749      3 

6| 

65 

Blue  shale 

788      3 

66 

Black  slate 

790      3 

67 

Coal 

790      3 

68 

Sandstone 

794      9 

69 

70 

Soft  limestone 

799      5 

71 

Black  slate ...                        

800      5 

7? 

Coal 

801      5 

73 

Fire  clay . .   . 

803      5 

74 

811      4 

75 

Limestone 

819      4 

76 

77 

78 

79 

Blue  slate 

844      4 

80 

Coal 

846      4 

81 

Sand  shale 

8?, 

868      4 

83 

Limestone 

84 

874      4 

85 

876      4 

86 

888    10 

87 

Sand  shale 

907      4 

88 

89 

90 

909    10 

91 

Blue  limestone 

913    10 

92 

919      1 

93 

Fire  clay 

919    10 

The  State  Geological  Survey  was  fortunate  in  procuring  not  only 
the  log  of  the  Delafield  well,  but  also  the  complete  core  as  it  was 
taken  out  by  the  drillers.  For  this  the  Survey  is  greatly  indebted  to 
the  Delafield  Coal  Company,  and  especially  to  Messrs.  F.  J  Goehring 
and  W.  J.  Goin.  The  writer  made  an  examination  of  this  core,  and 
the  following  notes  may  prove  useful  to  persons  interested  in  this 
boring  or  to  geologists  who  may  in  the  future  study  this  region: 

Number  i.     Absent  in  the  core. 

Number  2.  A  coarse  gray  sandy  shale,  with  partings  following 
oblique  bedding  planes.  Scattered  along  some  bedding  planes  through- 
out are  small  fragments  of  plant  remains. 

Number  3.  A  micaceous  arenite  of  fine  texture,  slightly  argilla- 
ceous, with  imbedded  small  fragments  of  plant  tissues.  Below  this 
there  is  about  three  feet  of  gray  medium  grained  micaceous  sandstone. 
Nearly  one-half  of  the  mica  is  biotite.  Ripple  marks  are  indicated  on 
the  surfaces  of  the  broken  core. 

Number  4.  The  uppermost  five  feet  is  a  light  gray  calcareous  clay 
shale.  This  is  followed  by  a  foot  of  black,  very  fine  grained  and  slightly 
micaceous  shale,  in  which  some  plant  remains  were  noticed.  The  next 
two  feet  consists  of  highly  calcareous  shale,  or  "miner's  clod."  A 
great  number  of  fossils  were  observed  and  the  following  recognized: 
Orbiculoidea  missouriensis,  Pugnax  rockymontanus ,  Seminula  argen- 
tea,  crinoid  stems  and  fragmentary  shells  too  imperfect  for  identifica- 
tion either  brachiopods  or  oelecypods.     Directly  over  the  underlying 


206  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

coal  is  a  Dlack  shale,  about  two  feet  thick.  A  Seminula  (wgentea  and 
several  crinoid  stems  were  noticed  in  this  shale. 

Number  5.     Coal,  about  ten  inches. 

Number  6.  A  gray  argillite  that  disintegrates  when  exposed,  break- 
ing into  irregular  small  chips. 

Number  7.  The  upper  four  feet  is  a  bluish  gray  shale.  Then  a 
sandy  micaceous  shale  about  three  feet,  containing  an  abundance  of 
fragments  of  plants.  The  lowest  part  is  a  light  gray  and  coarse 
grained  sandstone. 

Numbers  8  and  9.  A  gray  argillaceous  shale  of  fine  texture.  The 
lowest  two  or  three  feet  are  more  sandy  and  micaceous  than  the  upper 
part  of  this  section  of  the  core.  The  cleavage  planes  indicate  ripple 
marks.     Some  plant  impressions  were  noticed. 

Numbers  10  and  11.  The  greater  part  of  the  core  of  these  numbers 
is  a  coarse  grained  sandstone,  with  interstitial  calcareous  cement  In 
two  places  it  was  seen  to  be  highly  calcareous.  There  are  occasional 
small  pockets  of  calcareous  material  in  the  sand  and  small  worn  frag- 
ments of  shells.  Where  the  calcareous  ingredient  is  the  least  a  number 
of  fragments  of  plant  remains  were  noticed.  Carbonaceous  material 
appears  along  some  bedding  seams  and  also  in  clusters,  which  gives  the 
rock  a  blotchy  appearance.  Biotite  was  noted  with  the  muscovite.  The 
lower  four  feet  are  not  as  calcareous  as  the  upper  portion. 

Numbers  12,  13,  14  and  15.  This  is  a  gray  shale,  slightly  variable 
in  its  character.  The  upper  fifty-five  feet  is  a  dark  micaceous  shale, 
having  in  it  scattered  fragments  of  plant  remains.  The  next  five  feet 
are  slightly  calcareous  and  two  fossils  were  noted.  This  is  more  com- 
pact than  the  preceding.  The  next  forty-five  feet  is  a  dark,  fine-grained 
argillaceous  shale.  Directly  above  the  coal  below  these  numbers  is 
about  a  foot  of  a  mottled  shale,  which  on  weathering  effloresces,  prob- 
ably owing  to  the  presence  of  much  iron  pyrites. 

Number  16.     Coal.     One  foot  and  six  inches. 

Number  17.  A  highly  calcareous  bluish  gray  shale,  with  an  abund- 
ance of  small  fragments  of  fossils  and  streaks  of  compact  yellow  lime- 
stone. Tests  of  ostracoids,  crinoid  stems,  Aviculopecten  ( ?)  sp., 
Nucula  ventricosa,  Pleuro  tomaria  (?)  sp.,  noted. 

Number  18.  About  six  feet  of  gray  shale,  compact  and  fine  grained. 
Below  this  is  a  sandy  blue  shale,  somewhat  coarser  and  about  four 
feet  thick. 

Number  19.  The  first  two  feet  is  a  lumpy  mixture  of  calcareous 
material  and  dark  clay.  The  calcareous  material  is  in  a  concretionary 
condition.  Then  there  are  two  feet  of  blue  calcareous  shale.  The 
next  thirteen  feet  consist  of  gray  argillaceous  shale.  The  last  five  feet 
are  more  sandy  than  the  shale  above. 

Numbers  20  and  21.  The  first  six  inches  is  a  limestone,  with  Lingula 
umbonata  in  great  abundance.  This  is  followed  by  four  feet  of  shale 
containing  numerous  Lingulas.  Then  there  is  about  one  foot  of  im- 
pure dark  limestone,  which  contains  frequent  joints  of  crinoid  stems 
and  undetermined  brachiopods  and  pelecypods.  There  are  some  particles 
of  a  bright  green  mineral  and  also  mica.  The  lowest  foot  is  a  black, 
very  fine  grained  shale. 


UDDEN.]  DELAFIELD    DRILL    CORE.  207 

Number  22.  A  dark  impure  limestone,  with  an  abundance  of 
crinoid  stems,  pyrites  and  occasional  scales  of  mica.  A  minute  scale 
of  a  ganoid  fish  was  noted. 

Number  23.  The  upper  foot  and  a  half  is  a  dark  shale  that  has  an 
abundance  of  plant  remains.  This  shale  was  submitted  to  Dr.  David 
White  of  the  U  .S.  Geological  Survey  for  examination.  He  offers  the 
following  comments : 

"By  breaking  up  the  rock  I  find  associated  wit  the  Neuropteris  (1)  a  single 
fragment  of  a  small  Pecopteris,  having  thick,  villius,  narrow  and  basally  con- 
stricted pinnules  similar  to  those  of  P.  Strongii;  (2)  a  minute  piece  of  a 
small,  thick,  round-lobed  Sphenopteris,  probably  belonging  to  the  Mixta 
group;  (3)  a  portion  of  a  single  intercostal  segment  of  a  Trigonocarpus, 
perhaps  identical  with  T.  starkianum;  (4)  a  very  small  sporgangium,  prob- 
ably lepodophytic;  (5)  numerous  minute  megaspores  scattered  through  the 
black  shale;  (6)  slender  rods  of  dark,  jetty  coal,  possibly  the  residual  of 
macerated  resin  vessels;    (7)  several  small  imperfect  remains  of  fish  scales. 

The  pinnules  of  Neuropteris  Scheuchzeri  are  of  good  size  and  development. 
The  species  is  the  most  omnipresent  and  long  continued  of  the  Upper  Car- 
boniferous filicoid  types,  and  the  form  here  represented  ranges  from  near  the 
base  of  the  Allegheny  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Pittsburg  coal,  which  constitutes 
the  base  of  the  Monongahela  formation  in  the  Appalachian  trough. 

Fish  scales  similar  to  the  fragments  here  present  occur,  I  believe,  in  the 
roofs  of  both  No.  5  and  No.  6  of  the  Illinois  coal  and  may,  of  course,  also  be 
found  at  other  horizons." 

The  next  six  inches  is  a  calcareous  shale  containing  fossils,  such  as 
Pugnax  sp.,  Orbiculoidea  nitida,  Seminula  argentea.  Then  a  foot  of 
very  fine  grained  black,  stiff  and  slaty  shale.  Below  this  are  three 
inches  of  black  calcareous  shale,  with  fragments  of  shells  and  impres- 
sions of  leaves.  Below  this  are  three  inches  of  black  non-calcareous 
shale.  Lastly,  there  are  about  two  inches  of  calcareous,  micaceous 
shale  containing  Pugnax  sp.}  Orbiculoidea  miss  our  iensis,  Seminula 
argentea,  Ambocelia  planoconvexa. 

Numbers  24  and  25.  A  gray  argillaceous  shale.  In  places  it  is 
some  what  sandy  and  micaceous.  At  about  twenty-five  feet  from  top 
there  is  a  small  seam  of  sandstone,  about  six  inches  thick.  Another 
sandstone  about  as  thick  occurs  six  feet  farther  down. 

Numbers  26,  27  and  28.  The  first  ten  feet  consists  of  a  series  of 
alternating  sandstones  and  shales.  The  rest  is  a  coarse  grained,  gray 
sandstone,  gritty  and  micaceous.     Impressions  of  plants  noted. 

Numbers  29  and  30.  The  first  foot  consists  of  light  gray,  very 
compact  limestone.  Productus  longispinusa.  Fistulipora,  crinoid  stems, 
and  bryozoans  noted.  Below  this  there  is  four  feet  of  coarse  sandstone. 
This  has  scattered  lumps  of  shaly  and  calcareous  materials  imbedded. 
Following  this  is  an  impure  limestone,  with  concretionary  lumps  of 
clay-iron-stone.  The  limestone  contains  many  fragments  of  fossils, 
such  as  crinoid  stems,  Derbya  crassa,  and  bryozoans.  Throughout  the 
mass  the  are  minute  crystals  of  iron  pyrites.  Then  there  follows 
about  a  foot  of  black  shale,  in  which  are  seen  occasional  faint  impres- 
sions of  plants  and  numerous  "fucoidal"  markings,  which  have  the 
appearance  of  traversions,  due  to  borings  by  worm-like  animals.  These 
more  or  less  follow  the  directions  of  the  bedding  planes  and  measure 
about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in  width  and  run  in  curves  across  half 
the  thickness  of  the  core.     Lastly,  there  is  about  one  and  a  half  feet 


208  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  Ibull.  4 

of  limestone.  This  is  very  compact  and  shows  Reticularia  perplexa, 
Seminula  argentea,  fragments  of  various  fossils,  such  as  spines  of 
brachiopods  and  pieces  of  small  shells.  Some  of  the  bedding  planes 
m  this  limestone  are  marked  by  minute  joints  impregnated  with  car- 
bonaceous material. 

Numbers  31  and  32.     A  black,  line-grained,  slaty  shale. 

Number  33.  A  fine-grained,  compact,  dark  and  sandy  shale.  The 
lowest  two  feet  contained  Lingula  umbonata,  Myalina(f)  sp.  and  an 
undetermined  pelecypod,  and  had  thin  scattered  partings  filled  with 
pyrites.  There  are  also  some  very  thin  seams  of  coaly  material,  bend- 
ing and  oriented  in  various  directions. 

Number  34.     Coal.     Three  inches. 

Number  35.  A  siliceous  mottled  clay,  with  occasional  thin  streaks 
of  coal.  The  mass  breaks  into  fragments  along  numerous  small  slick- 
ensided  joints. 

Numbers  36  to  45.  The  first  ten  feet  consists  of  blue,  hard  shale. 
The  remainder  is  principally  a  shale  that  varies  in  texture.  The  last 
fifteen  feet  are  decidedly  more  sandy  than  any  of  that  above  it.  The 
lowest  part  of  this  core  is  broken  into  small  angular  fragments  as  if 
cut  by  numerous  joints. 

Number  46.     Coal ;  one  foot  four  inches. 

Numbers  47  to  52.  Beneath  this  coal  is  a  calcareous  shale  with 
indistinct  bedding.  This  contains  Astartella  sp.,  Pleurotomaria  spe- 
ciosa,  Bellerophon  percarinatus(f)  small  species,  Solenis'cus  brevis, 
two  species  of  pelecypods  too  fragmentary  for  identification  and  an 
undetermined  gastropod.  The  next  is  a  dark  shale.  About  eighteen 
feet  from  the  coal  is  four  feet  of  this  material,  which  contains  a  large 
number  of  plant  remains.  This  also  was  submitted  to  Dr.  David 
White,  who  reports  as  follows: 

"The  matrix  labeled  '47-52'  consists  of  a  somewhat  coarser  gray  rock,  in- 
cluding small  particles  and  abraded  fragments,  which  have  evidently  suffered 
somewhat  from  maceration  or  transportation,  the  greater  amount  consisting 
simply  of  'Hachsel.'  The  specimens  contain  two  fragments  of  a  Pecopteris 
with  thick  midrib  and  numerous  open  nerves,  somewhat  suggestive  of  the 
villosa  type,  though  of  a  facies  generally  later  than  that  species.  The  aspect 
of  these  fragments  which,  I  regret  to  say,  are  not  specifically  determinable, 
suggests  some  of  the  forms  found  in  the  Conemaugh,  and  the  upper  portion 
of  the  Alleghany  formation.  In  addition  to  the  Pecopteris,  the  collection  con- 
tains a  portion  of  a  single  verticil  of  Annularia  stellata  and  a  piece  of  a 
rootlet  belonging  probably  to  Stigmaria  verrucosa.'''' 

Numbers  53  and  54.  A  cream  colored,  moderately  coarse  grained 
and  sharp  sandstone,  with  seams  of  shale  varying  from  one-half  to 
six  inches  in  thickness.  The  sandstone  shows  carbonaceous  partings 
and  contains  considerable  mica. 

Number  55.  A  black  bituminous  shale,  containing  plant  remains. 
This  shale  was  submitted  to  Dr.  David  White  of  the  U.  S.  Geological 
vSurvey  for  the  examination  of  plant  remains.  He  submits  the  follow- 
ing comments : 

I  have  examined  the  portion  of  drill  core  from  Delafield,  Illinois,  and  have 
carefully  split  up  the  rock  fragments  in  order  to  bring  to  light  as  many 
forms  as  possible. 


uddenI  DELAFIELD    DRILL    CORE. 


209 


The  shale,  at  a  depth  of  671  feet,  contains  large  numbers  of  leaves  and 
stems  of  Cordaites.  These  monopolize  the  bed,  and  the  core  reveals  a  dis- 
appointingly small  number  of  additional  forms,  which  naturally  are  repre- 
sented only  by  very  small  fragments.     The  following  species  are  present: 

Pecopteris  cf.  tenuinervis  Font.  &  I.  C.  White. 

Neuropteris  Scheuchzeri  Hoff. 

Calamostachys  stellata  Schlotheim  sp. 

Sigillaria  obliquaf  Brongn. 

Artisia  transversa  Presal. 

Cordaites  Mansfleldii  Lesq.?  (Fragments  too  small  for  exact  determination.) 

Cordianthus  sp.  (Very  small  form.) 

Cordiacarpon  sp.     Indeterminable. 

Of  the  species  last  enumerated  a  portion  only  of  one  specimen  is  at  hand, 
the  perphery  of  the  boring  having  excluded  the  greater  part  of  the  seed.  The 
shale  contains  numbers  of  a  small  megaspore,  probably  belonging  to  some 
Calamarian  type. 

I  regret  having  to  state  that  the  flora  contains  little  that  is  of  restricting 
stratigraphical  value  and  I  am  consequently  unable  to  offer  any  conclusion 
of  importance  as  to  the  coal  horizon  represented  by  this  fragment  of  the  core. 
However,  from  the  grouping  of  the  species  and  the  facies  represented  by  two 
of  the  forms,  I  am  disposed  to  believe  the  horizon  to  be  somewhat  higher 
than  coal  No.  6,  of  the  Illinois  series.  The  Pecopteris  form  represents  a  con- 
dition of  development  that  is  generally  characteristic  of  the  higher  coal 
measures  (Upper  Conemaugh  and  Monongahela)  of  the  Appalachian  basin. 
As  you  know,  we  have  no  adequate  collections  representing  either  the  vertical 
or  horizontal  distribution  of  the  species  in  the  Illinois  coal  field  for  the  com- 
parison of  isolated  local  floras.  Hence,  any  attempt  to  refer  any  given  flora 
to  its  proper  horizon,  especially  if  that  horizon  belongs  above  the  level  of 
coal  No.  2.  is  both  difficult  and  hazardous. 

Number  56.     Coal. 

Number  57.  Dark  sand  and  micaceous  shales  in  which  there  is  an 
abundance  of  fragments  of  plant  remains.    Some  of  the  mica  is  biotite. 

Number  58.  A  highly  calcareous  shale  (or  miner's  "clod")  with  a 
profusion  of  fragments  of  fossils,  among  which  were  noted  a  pygidium 
of  a  trilobite,  Lophophyllum  proliferum,  crinoid  stems,  Chouetes 
glaber(f),  Derbya  crassa,  Seminula  argentea(f),  Nucula  beyrichi(f), 
Pleurotomaria  speciosa(f),   Orbiculoidea  missouriensis,  Pugnax  uta. 

Number  59.  A  gray  sandy  shale,  with  some  indistinct  impressions 
of  leaves  and  roots  of  plants. 

Numbers  60,  61  and  62.  A  series  of  coarse  grained  sandstones  and 
shales.  The  sandstone  is  light  brown  in  color,  very  micaceous  and 
shows  ripple  marks  and  thin  partings  of  carbonaceous  materials. 

Numbers  63,  64  and  65.  The  upper  six  feet  approaches  a  fine  sand- 
stone and  the  lower  part  is  a  gray  shale. 

The  core*  between  numbers  66  and  79,  representing  a  thickness  of 
fifty-six  feet,  was  in  such  a  condition  that  none  of  it  could  be  checked 
with  that  of  the  driller's  log.  But  within  this  depth  there  was  about 
twelve  feet  of  dark  gray  clay  or  shale  that  contained  a  great  profusion 
of  small  spheroidal  concretions  of  a  yellow  material  with  radiate  struc- 
ture.    This  does  not  effervesce  with  acid  and  is  harder  than  gypsum. 


*  The  boxes  in  which  the  lowest  part  of  the  core  was  shipped,  extending  from  No.  66  to 
93,  had  been  disarranged  in  transportation,  making  it  impossible  to  check  this  part  of  the  core 
with  the  records  as  given  by  the  drillers.  Such  facts  as  it  has  been  possible  to  ascertain, 
relating  to  this  part  of  the  core,  are  as  given. 


•14  G 


210 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906. 


Lbull.  4 


The  material  representing  numbers  80  to  93,  though  somewhat  dis- 
arranged, was  in  a  better  condition  and  checked  fairly  well  with  the 
driller's  log. 

Number  80,  representing  two  feet  of  coal,  was  wanting. 

Numbers  81  and  82  was  a  shale,  which  on  weathering  disintegrates 
very  rapidly  into  a  fine  powder.  It  is  in  places  somewhat  bituminous. 
In  color  it  varies  from  a  dark  gray  to  black.  The  texture  is  fine  and 
there  is  no  effervescence  with  acids.  Thickness  of  this  material  about 
five  feet. 

Below  this  is  a  shaly  limestone,  which  is  concretionary  in  texture 
and  unevenly  bedded.  The  argillaceous  ingredient  is  higher  in  some 
parts  than  others.  The  thickness  of  this  shaly  limestone  is  about  five 
feet,  and  probably  represents  numbers  83  and  84. 

Materials  representing  numbers  85  and  86  were  not  seen.  Accord- 
ing to  some  notes  furnished  to  the  Survey,  the  lowest  part  of  the  core 
which  was  secured  probably  represents  numbers  89  and  90.  It  is  a 
soft  dark  gray  shale,  with  dark  and  light  colored  bands.  It  is  very 
fine  grained  and  is  an  argillaceous  shale.  The  lower  two  feet  of  this 
shale  is  more  compact  and  decidedly  calcareous.  In  this  lower  part 
there  were  noted  single  specimens  of  Chonetes  mesolobus,  Seminula 
argentea  and  a  fragment  of  a  crinoid  stem.     Total  thickness,  about 


thirteen   feet. 

Number  91. 

Number  92. 
Coal  Company. 

Number  93. 


Limestone  wanting. 
Coal,  five   feet  three 

Fire  clay,  wanting. 


inches.     Retained  by   De^field 


THE    ELM    GROVE    COAL    COMPANY  S    BORING. 

The  Elm  Grove  Coal  Company's  prospect  hole  is  located  on  Daily's 
farm,  three  miles  north  of  McLeansboro,  in  section  2J,  Crouch  town- 
ship. This  hole  is  1,294  feet  deep.  The  log  has  been  kindly  furnished 
by  Mr.  J.  E.  Rawls  and  is  as  follows: 


No. 


Drillers'  Log. 


fe        £ 


Surface — 
Light  clay 
Hard  pan.. 


Recent  and  Pleistocene. 


Coal  Measures — Pennsylvanian. 


Shale,  blue  and  black 

Coal 

Light  shale 

Sand  shale 

Coal 

Fire  clay 

Sandstone 

Coal 

Light  shale 

Sandstone 

Sand  shale 

Blue  shale 

Coal 


1 

7 

14 

33.... 
33    3 

'52.'.'.'. 
53.... 
56.... 
94  6 
96  3 
99.... 

138.... 

202.... 

295.... 

296    5 


UDDEN.] 


DELAFIELD  DRILL    CORE. 


211 


No. 

Drillers'  Log. 

60 

CD 

**     xd 
CD      73 

&  s 

Feet. 
Inches. 

18 

1    6 

10 

110 

4 

40 

39 

3 

82 

16 

2 

8 

4   .... 
79 

7 

30 

4 

2 

16 

107 

24 

6 

298 

19 

308 

90 

418 

?,1 

422 

99 

462 

?,3 

501 

94 

504 

BR 

586 

?6 

602 

?7 

604 

38 

612 

?,9 

616 

3p 
31 

695 

702 

3?, 

732 

33 

Limestone 

736 

34 

738 

35 

754 

36 

Sandstone 

861 

37 

885 

38 

Coal ...                                                                     

885    6 

39 

4 

69    6 

4 

1 

4 

4 

4 

8 

12 

17  6 
5    6 
7    6 
1    2 
7    4 

16 

12 

1    2 

18  10 
13 

5    1 
11  11 
14  11 

6 

9 

43 

7  .... 

3 

3 

9 

3 

2 

44 

15 

33 

889    6 

in 

959 

41 

963 

4? 

964 

43 

968 

44 

972 

45 

975 

46 

984 

47 

996 

48 

Sand  shale 

1013    6 

49 

T019 

50 

Coal . .                                    

1027    6 

51 

1028    8 

5? 

Sand  shale 

1036 

53 

1052 

54 

1064 

55 

1065    2 

56 

Sandstone 

1084 

57 

1097 

58 

Coal 

1102    1 

59 

1103 

60 

Sandstone 

1117 

61 

1123 

6? 

1132 

63 

1175 

64 

Sandstone 

1182 

65 

1185 

66 

Black  shale 

1188 

67 

1197 

68 

Black  shale 

1200 

69 

1202 

70 

Sandstone 

1246 

71 

1261 

7?, 

Sandstone 

1294 

The  author's  thanks  are  due  to  Dr.  David  White  of  the  U.  S.  Geo- 
logical Survey,  who  has  examined  and  reported  on  the  paleo-botanical 
specimens,  and  to  Dr.  Stuart  Weller  of  Chicago  University,  who  has 
examined  the  fossil  invertebrates.  The  State  Geological  Survey  is 
under  obligations  to  Mr.  A.  W.  Lewis,  who  was  instrumental  in  pro- 
curing the  Delafield  log  and  core.  At  present  our  knowledge  of  the 
stratigraphy  of  this  region  hardly  warrants  any  attempt  at  correlating 
these  records  with  the  general  section  made  out  by  Professor  A.  H. 
Worthen  from  a  study  of  outcrops. 


STRATIGRAPHIC  WORK  IN  THE  VICINITY  OF 
EAST  ST.  LOUIS. 


(By  N.  M.  Pennbman.) 


Contents. 

Page. 

Introduction 213 

Physiography 213 

The  Mississippi  trough 213 

The  uplands 214 

Stratigraphy 214 

Sections 214 

Drift 215 

Structure 216 

Economic  products 216 


Introduction. 

Between  June  20  and  Sept.  20,  1906,  a  scientific  and  economic  sur- 
vey was  made  of  that  part  of  Illinois  which  is  comprised  within  the 
East  St.  Louis  quadrangle.  By  a  cooperative  arrangement  with  the 
"United  States  Geological  Survey,  that  part  of  the  quadrangle  which 
lies  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  together  with  the  St.  Louis  quad- 
rangle, were  included  in  the  same  survey.  This  entire  area  is  a 
rectangle  thirty-one  miles  long,  east  and  west,  and  seventeen  and  one- 
fourth  miles  wide,  north  and  south,  having  the  city  of  St.  Louis  at  its 
center,  the  northeast  corner  of  the  rectangle  being  about  six  miles 
south  of  Edwardsville  and  the  southeast  corner  one  mile  south  of 
Belleville.  Of  the  total  area  of  535  square  miles,  200  lie  within  the 
State  of  Illinois.  Some  work  of  a  less  detailed  kind  was  done  outside 
the  boundaries  of  this  area."  A  report  on  the  entire  area,  including 
detailed  geologic,  structural  and  economic  maps,  will  be  published  by 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  An  educational  and  scientific 
bulletin  pertaining  primarily  to  the  Mississippi  river  and  the  area  on 
the  east  side  will  be  published  by  the  State  Geological  Survey. 

Physiography. 

The  Mississippi  trough. — Of  the  200  square  miles  in  Illinois,  the 
larger  part  is  on  the  flood  plain  of  the  Mississippi,  which  here  lies 
almost  wholly  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  and  has  a  width  varying 

213 


214  YEAR-BOOK   FOE   1906.  [bull.  4 

from  three  to  ten  miles,  with  an  altitude  for  the  most  part  between 
400  and  420  feet  above  sea  level.  This  area,  with  its  northward  exten- 
sion to  Alton,  is  the  so-called  American  bottoms.  A  large  part  of  it  is 
subject  to  overflow,  but  the  fertility  of  its  farm  lands  has  for  half  a 
century  made  its  reclamation  a  subject  of  study.  In  more  recent  years- 
the  demand  for  railroad  yards  and  manufacturing  sites  have  caused 
the  rapid  growth  of  East  St.  Louis  and  other  smaller  cities,  the  pro- 
tection of  which  from  floods  adds  incentive  to  the  reclamation  of  the 
bottom  lands. 

The  flood  plain  lies  in  a  great  trough,  which  continues  to  be  cut 
in  the  solid  rock  by  the  downward  scour  and  lateral  shifting  of  the 
river  itself.  The  nearly  horizontal  strata  which  once  filled  the  trough 
are  now  seen  in  the  fine  rock  scarps  which  at  many  places  overlook 
the  river.  The  bottom  of  the  trough  is,  in  general,  from  fifty  to  100 
feet  below  the  river's  surface ;  being,  at  ordinary  stages  of  the  river, 
covered  by  from  thirty  to  eighty  feet  of  gravel  and  sand.  The  meagre 
data  derived  from  deep  borings  on  the  flood  plain  seem  to  indicate 
that  eastward  from  the  river  channel,  the  depth  to  bed  rock  becomes 
somewhat  greater,  being  everywhere  overlain  by  gravel  and  sand  such 
as  are  found  beneath  the  present  river.  In  other  words,  the  river  is 
not  now  following  the  deepest  line  or  axis  of  its  rock  trough. 

The  Uplands. — East  of  the  flood  plain,  and  rising  from  150  to  200 
feet  above  it,  is  an  upland  which  is  fairly  typical  of  a  large  part  of 
western  Illinois.  The  surface  is  cut  by  many  small  and  often  steep 
sided  valleys.  The  intervening  ridges  or  tablelands  are  rarely  more 
than  a  fraction  of  a  mile  in  width,  but  since  all  of  these  rise  approxi- 
mately to  the  same  height,  the  valleys  are. not  observed  except  in  the 
immediate  foreground,  and  to  a  distant  view  the  country  appears  level. 
This  upland  is  separated  from  the  plain  below  by  an  abrupt  bluff, 
which,  for  some  miles  south  of  Stolle,  is  in  the  main  a  vertical  cliff  of 
limestone.  Similar  rock  scarps  appear  on  the  Missouri  side,  marked 
by  a  line  of  quarries  opposite  Arsenal  Island.  The  uplands  west  of 
the  river  are  similar  in  general  character  and  height  to  those  on  the 
east  side,  though  for  some  distance  along  the  river  front  of  St.  Louis 
the  slope  to  the  water  level  is  less  abrupt  than  that  of  the  Illinois  bluffs. 

A  striking  characteristic  of  the  bluff  south  of  Stolle  (as  at  many 
places  in  and  around  St.  Louis)  is  a  phenomenal  development  of  sink- 
holes, through  which  the  surface  water  is  conveyed  downward  to 
passages  in  the  limestone.  In  a  few  cases  these  passages  are  fair 
sized  caves.  "Falling  Spring,"  which  issues  from  the  vertical  cliff 
near  the  southern  border  of  the  area,  represents  an  underground 
stream  of  considerable  size. 

Stratigraphy. 

.  Sections. — The  solid  rocks  exposed  in  the  bluffs  are  Lower  Carbon- 
iferous, or  Mississippian,  and  Coal  Measures,  or  Pennsylvanian.  The 
latter  are  also  exposed  in  a  number  of  coal  mines.  The  best  section 
obtained  is  from  a  deep  well  near  Monk's  Mound,  six  miles  northeast 
of  East  St.  Louis.     Of  the  strata  here  named,  the  Spergen  and  St. 


fenneman] 


WOBK    NEAR    EAST    ST.    LOUIS. 


215 


Louis  are  well  exposed  in  the  bluffs  farther  south,  the  higher  beds  be- 
ing too  soft  to  make  cliffs ;  the  lower  being,  in  this  vicinity,  beneath  the 
level  of  the  flood  plain.  All  the  strata  here  named  outcrop  along  the 
Mississippi  river  a  few  miles  to  the  south  and  along  the  Meramec  river, 
in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  St.  Louis  quadrangle,  or  a  few  miles 
farther  west. 

Well  Section  at  Monk's  Mound. 


Thickness 
Feet. 

Depth 

Feet. 

Pleistocene  and  Recent- 

150 

85 
80 

365 
38 
62 

235 

35 

2 

43 
40 

200 
155 

485 
125 

150 

Coal  Measures— 

165 

Fine  gray  sandstone  with  a  thin  light  colored  limestone  near  base. 
Age  doubtful 

735 

Lower  Carboniferous — 

St.  Louis  limestone;  the  upper  part  characterized  by  layers  of  light 
color  and  fine  texture.    Chert  and  ferruginous  stains  are  most  fre- 

Spergen  limestone;  light  colored  and  containing  a  little  shale 

Warsaw;  blue  or  slate  colored  calcareous  shale 

Osage;  gray  to  white  limestone  with  an  abundance  of  white  chert 

Fern  Glen  (Kinderhook):  mainly  pink  calcareous  shale,  but  includ- 
ing at  the  base  5  feet  of  greenish  limestone  containing  crinoid 

1050 

Devonian  (?)  to  Ordovician,  inclusive- 

Limestone,  generally  gray  or  pink,  containing  many  well-rounded 

Limestone  of  various  shades,  occasionally  pink;  somewhat  gritty 
near  top 

Greenish  gray  shale  passing  down  into  argillaceous  limestone 

Limestone  of  various  shades 

St.  Peter  sandstone:  pure  quartz  sand  with  large  well-rounded  grains 

Higher  beds  of  the  Coal  Measures  are  preserved  in  the  uplands 
east  of  the  bluff.  The  upper  part  of  the  section  there  is,  in  general, 
as  follows: 

General  Section  near  Belleville. 


Feet. 


Loess  and  glacial  drift 

Coal  Measures,  Chiefly  shale  and  limestone  with  subordinate  sandstone  and  coal. 

The  age  of  a  75-foot  sandstone  at  the  base  being  in  doubt 

Lower  Carboniferous — 


370 


Drift. — Aside  from  the  flood  plain,  the  entire  area  is  covered  by  loess 
to  a  depth  varying  from  a  few  feet  to  perhaps  fifty  feet.  Thicknesses 
greater  than  ten  or  fifteen  feet  are  for  the  most  part  confined  to  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  bluffs.  The  excessive  thickness  of  the  loess 
at  the  summit  of  the  east  bluff  causes  at  places  a  pronounced  slope 
eastward,  or'  toward  the  upland.  This  strongly  suggests  that  the 
loess  thus  rising  above  the  general  level  was  carried  to  its  present 
position  by  winds  and  was  in  large  part  derived  from  the  immediate 
valley  of  the  river.  The  same  phenomenon  is  strikingly  apparent 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Missouri  river  opposite  St.  Charles.  The  base 
of  the  loess  is  at  many  places  coarse  and  gravelly.  Beneath  the  loess 
on  the  Illinois  side  the  till  of  the  Illinoian  drift  sheet  is  exposed  in 
certain  small  valleys. 


216  YEAK-BOOK    FOR    1906.  Lbull.  4 

Structure. 

The  area  here  considered  lies  on  the  northeast  side  of  the  Ozark 
uplift.  To  this  relation  is  due  not  only  the  general  northeasterly  dip 
of  the  rocks  within  the  area,  but  probably  also  the  thickening  of  the 
several  strata  to  the  northeast,  suggesting  that  during  the  deposition 
of  at  least  a  part  of  those  sediments  there  was  land  to  the  southwest. 
The  general  dip  is  seen  in  going  west  along  the  Meramec  river  or  south 
along  the  Mississippi,  in  either  of  which  cases  successively  older  strata 
are  encountered  until  in  either  case  at  a  distance  of  about  twenty-five 
miles  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  comes  to  the  surface,  though  it  is  more 
than  1,500  feet  below  the  city  of  St.  Louis. 

Both  the  general  dip  and  the  thickening  of  the  strata  appear  from 
a  comparison  of  three  deep  wells  lying  almost  in  a  straight  line  whose 
direction  is  east-northeast.  These  wells  are  (i)  the  one  at  the  insane 
asylum,  six  miles  west-southwest  of  the  Eads  bridge;  (2)  the  Belcher 
well,  near  the  Eads  bridge;  and  (3)  the  well  drilled  for  oil  near  Monk's 
Mound,  seven  miles  east-northeast  of  the  bridge. 

Depths  (below  sea  level)  of  Fern  Glen  Shales  and  St.  Peter  Sandstone. 


Asylum  Well 
Feet. 

Belcher  Well 
Feet. 

Monk's  Mound 
Well  Feet. 

Fern  Glen  shales 

300 

862 
662 

210 

1,085 

875 

565 

St.  Peter  sandstone 

1,525 

Interval 

960 

The  regional  dip  to  the  northeast  is  interrupted  by  minor  wrinkles 
whose  axes  have  a  northwest-southeast  direction.  One  very  shal-ow 
structural  trough  of  this  kind,  extending  southeast  from  Forest  Park, 
St.  Louis,  is  of  special  interest  because  within  it  the  lowest  beds  of 
the  Coal  Measures  containing  the  well  known  Cheltenham  fire  clays 
have  been  preserved  from  erosion.  Parallel  with  this  trough  and 
several  miles  east  of  it  is  a  small  pitching  anticline,  at  the  northwest 
end  of  which  at  least  three  deep  wells  have  encountered  considerable 
pockets  of  natural  gas. 

Economic  Products. 

The  mineral  products  of  this  area  which  are  important  economically 
are  coal,  limestone,  clays  and  moulders'  sand. 

Coal  is  now  mined  chiefly  in  the  vicinities  of  Belleville  and  Collins- 
ville,  at  the  eastern  edge  of  the  area,  though  many  abandoned  open- 
ings appear  in  the  Illinois  blurt  from  Caseyville  to  Prairie  du  Pont 
Creek.  Most  of  the  mining  is  in  the  so-called  Belleville,  or  "Blue 
Band,"  seam,  which  is  from  125  to  150  feet  deep  at  Belleville,  but 
deepens  toward  the  north.  Its  thickness  is  from  five  to  seven  feet.  On 
the  St.  Louis  side  no  mines  are  now  being  worked  for  coal,  though 
thin  coal  seams  encountered  in  fire  clay  mines  are  sometimes  taken  out 
and  used. 


fbnneman]  WORK    NEAR    EAST    ST.    LOUIS.  217 

Large  quarries  are  opened  in  the  bluff  between  Stolle  and  Falling 
Spring,  as  well  as  at  numerous  places  in  and  about  St.  Louis.  The 
stone  taken  out  is  in  all  cases  the  St.  Louis  limestone.  A  small  portion 
of  the  output  is  building  stone  for  superstructures ;  a  much  larger 
amount  is  used  for  foundations,  curbing,  etc.,  while  a  very  large  pro- 
portion is  used  as  road  material.  An  important  industry  is  the  manu- 
facture of  whiting,  for  which  the  light  colored  pure  dense  beds  of  the 
St.  Louis  limestone  are  especially  fitted. 

The  mining  of  fireclay  and  the  manufacture  of  clay  products  have 
not  been  developed  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  though  these  are 
among  the  most  important  industries  of  St.  Louis.  The  clay  there 
used  is  found  in  a  seam  from  three  to  twelve  feet  thick,  at  the  base 
of  the  Coal  Measures,  or  separated  from  the  underlying  St.  Louis  lime- 
stone by  a  very  few  feet  of  sandstone. 

Large  quantities  of  moulders'  sand  are  obtained  from  this  area  as 
w7ell  as  from  the  vicinity  of  Alton,  mainly  from  the  loess  of  the  Illinois 
bluffs.  Most  of  this  sand  is  of  a  medium  grade  of  coarseness  and  is 
much  used  as  a  general  purpose  sand  for  castings  larger  than  stove 
plate.  Specimens  of  coarser  moulders'  sand  of  supposedly  high  grade 
have  also  been  taken  from  the  terraces  of  the  River  des  Peres,  in  the 
southern  part  of  St.  Louis. 


NOTES  ON  THE  GEOLOGY  OF  SOUTHERN 
CALHOUN  COUNTY. 


(By  Stuart  Weller.) 


Contents. 

Page. 

Introduction '. 220 

Location 220 

Structure 220 

Stratigraphy 221 

Ordovician 221 

Lower  magnesian  limestone 221 

St.  Peters  sandstone 221 

Joachim  limestane 222 

Plattin  limestone 222 

Kimmswick  limestone 222 

Post-Kimmswick  uncomformity 223 

Maquoketa  shale 223 

Silurian 224 

Post-Maquoketa  unconformity 225 

Niagaran  limestone 225 

Devonian 225 

Middle  Devonian  limestone 225 

Mississippian 226 

The  Kinderhook  overlap 226 

Louisiana  limestone , 226 

Kinderhook  shale 226 

Choteau  limestone 226 

Burlington  limestone 227 

Keokuk  limestone 227 

Warsaw  formation 228 

Spergen  limestone 228 

St.  Louis  limestone 228 

Rosiclare  sandstone 228 

Pennsylvanian 229. 

Pre-Pennsylvanian  unconformity 229 

Coal  measure  sandstone 229 

Fire  clay  and  coal 230 

Coal  measure  shale 231 

Coal  measure  limestone 231 

Tertiary 231 

Lafayette  gravel 231 

Pleistocene 231 


219 


220  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  Lbull.  4 

Contents. 

Page. 

Economic  Geology 232 

Fire  clay ; .  232 

Shales 232 

Coal 232 

Limestone 233 

Dolomite 233 

Sandstone 233 

Phosphate 233 


Introduction. 


Location. — In  the  early  part  of  August,  1906,  a  reconnaissance  trip 
from  Grafton  to  Hamburg,  via  Brussels  and  Bachtown,  was  made  by 
the  writer  in  company  with  Mr.  H.  B.  Fox  of  the  Survey,  returning 
via  Hardin  and  the  Illinois  river  valley.  Later,  during  September,  the 
writer,  in  company  with  several  students,  spent  the  greater  portion  of 
four  weeks  in  that  part  of  the  county  lying  south  of  Bachtown.  The 
geologic  observations  recorded  in  the  following  pages  were  made  dur- 
ing these  two  visits  to  the  region. 

Calhoun  county  is  an  irregularly  triangular  area  on  the  western 
border  of  the  State,  lying  between  the  Mississippi  and  Illinois  rivers. 
The  total  length  of  the  county  is  about  thirty-eight  miles ;  the  breadth 
in  its  southern  half  is  less  than  six  miles,  except  for  a  short  distance 
west  of  Grafton,  where  it  reaches  a  width  of  about  twelve  miles ;  in  its 
northern  half  the  width  increases  gradually  to  about  sixteen  miles  at 
the  northern  boundary.  The  village  of  Bachtown  lies  about  eleven 
miles  from  the  southernmost  extremity  of  the  county,  and  it  is  to  the 
region  south  of  Bachtown  that  the  following  observations  for  the  most 
part  apply. 

Structure. — Extending  across  the  region  from  Dogtown  Landing,  a 
little  over  one  mile  south  of  West  Point,  is  a  great  fault,  having  a 
general  direction  of  about  E.  50  S.  This  fault  continues  across  the 
Illinois  river  bottom,  and  is  shown  as  a  monoclinal  fold  in  the  south- 
western corner  of  the  bluffs  in  Jersey  county,  the  fold  passing  again 
into  a  fault  about  three  miles  farther  east.  By  reason  of  this  disturb- 
ance a  large  number  of  geological  formations  are  brought  to  the 
surface  in  a  comparatively  small  area,  and  the  geologic  section  afforded 
is  of  especial  interest  for  comparison  with  the  similar  sections  in  the 
northern  and  southern  portions  of  the  State. 

The  upthrow  side  of  the  fault  is  to  the  north,  the  oldest  strata 
exposed  being  the  "Lower  Magnesian  Limestone."  The  upthrow  is 
considerably  greater  at  the  western  border  of  the  region  along  the 
Mississippi  river  than  farther  to  the  east,  so  that  the  dip  of  the  up- 
thrown  strata  is  gently  to  the  northeast.  South  of  the  fault  line  the 
beds  are  essentially  horizontal  except  for  a  narrow  area  adjacent  to 
the  fault,  where  they  dip  steeply  to  the  south,  the  beds  along  this  line 
having  been  dragged  upward  with  the  upward  movement  of  the  rocks 
to  the  north. 


wellekI  GEOLOGY  OF  SOUTHERN  CALHOUN  COUNTY.  221 

The  St.  Louis  limestone  appears  in  horizontal  beds  south  of  the 
fault  at  the  Mississippi  river.  North  of  the  fault  the  lower  beds  of 
the  St.  Peters  sandstone  occupy  the  same  horizontal  position.  The 
throw  at  this  point,  then,  is  equivalent  to  the  total  thickness  of  the 
strata  between  the  base  of  the  St.  Peters  sandsone  and  the  St.  Louis 
limestone ;  approximately  720  feet.  One  and  one-half  miles  east  of  the 
river  the  throw  is  considerably  reduced,  the  Niagara  limestone  on  the 
upthrow  side  of  the  fault  being  at  the  same  elevation  as  the  St.  Louis 
limestone  on  the  downthrow  side,  giving  a  throw  at  this  point  of  about 
280  feet. 

A  few  rods  south  of  the  major  fault  line  upon  the  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river  there  is  a  decided  change  in  both  the  dip  and  the  strike 
of  the  upturned  beds  at  the  horizon  where  the  shaly  beds  of  the  War- 
saw formation  should  be  exposed.  This  line  marks  the  position  of  a 
minor  fault  which  converges  with  the  main  fault  line  to  the  east,  and 
probably  joins  it  about  one  and  one-half  or  two  miles  from  the  river. 
The  rocks  occupying  the  triangular  area  between  these  two  fault  lines 
seem  to  constitute  a  great  block  broken  off  from  the  main  mass  at  this 
point  of  maximum  throw  of  the  fault,  which  has  been  crowded  up- 
ward and  so  turned  as  to  bring  the  strata  into  a  nearly  vertical  position. 

Along  the  river  bank  north  of  the  fault  line  the  St.  Peters  sand- 
stone beds  dip  gently  towards  the  fault  for  a  short  distance,  this  dip 
representing  the  down-drag  in  the  same  manner  that  the  dip  of  the  beds 
south  of  the  fault  represent  the  up-drag  due  to  the  faulting.  Between 
Dogtown  and  West  Point  the  sandstone  beds  exposed  in  the  river 
bluff  are  thrown  into  slight  synclines  and  anticlines  with  axes  sub- 
parallel  with  the  fault.  These  folds,  however,  are  not  of  sufficient 
strength  to  be  recognized  in  the  strata  at  any  distance  from  the  river. 

Stratigraphy. 

The  formations  exposed  in  the  region  range  in  age  from  the  Lower 
Magnesian  limestone  to  the  Coal  Measures. 

ORDOVICIAN. 

Lower  Magnesian  limestone. — This  formation  is  exposed  along 
base  of  the  bluff  about  one-fourth  mile  above  the  mouth  of  Dogtown 
creek.  Only  three  or  four  feet  in  thickness  can  be  seen,  and  even  this 
is  exposed  for  only  a  few  rods.  The  entire  outcrop  is  doubtless  covered 
at  high  water.  The  rock  is  a  gray  or  brownish  buff,  earthy,  magnesian 
limestone,  not  different  in  any  respect  from  many  occurrences  of  the 
same  formation  elsewhere. 

St.  Peters  sandstone. — The  St.  Peters  sandstone  forms  the  Cap  au 
Ores  bluff,  which  rises  abruptly  from  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi 
river  through  much  of  the  distance  of  one  mile  between  West  Point 
and  Dogtown.  The  outcrop  occupies  only  a  narrow  strip  along  the 
river  and  is  about  150  feet  in  thickness.  The  rock  is  a  massive,  more  or 
less  friable,  cross-beded  sandstone  of  light  color,  in  every  respect 
typical  of  the  same  formation  as  elsewhere  exposed  in  the  Mississippi 


222  YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1906.  [bull.  4 

valley.  Fossils  do  not  occur  in  the  formation,  but  the  correctness  of 
the  correlation  of  the  beds  is  assured  by  their  stratigraphic  relations, 
as  well  as  lithologic  characters. 

Joachim  limestone* — This  formation  consists  of  brown  or  buff, 
more  or  less  earthy,  magnesian  limestones  in  beds  from  a  few  inches 
to  a  foot  or  more  in  thickness,  with  an  occasional  shaly  bed.  It  is  the 
formation  which  has  usually  been  designated  as  the  ''First  Magnesian 
Limestone"  by  the  older  geologists  of  the  Mississippi  valley  region.  In 
the  area  under  discussion  the  formation  is  exposed  in  a  narrow  belt 
lying  just  east  of  the  St.  Peters  sandstone,  and  it  attains  a  thickness 
of  approximately  seventy-five  feet.  Just  above  West  Point  Landing 
a  large  quarry  has  been  opened,  in  which  fifty  feet  or  more  of  the 
upper  beds  of  this  formation  are  finely  exposed,  the  higher  part  of  the 
quarry  being  in  the  overlying  Plattin  limestone. 

The  known  fauna  of  the  Joachim  limestone  in  Calhoun  county  is 
limited  to  one  or  more  species  of  Ostracodes  and  one  or  two  species 
cf  trilobites.  The  Ostracodes  can  usually  be  detected  by  careful  col- 
lecting in  any  of  the  beds  in  at  least  the  upper  third  of  the  formation 
and  occasional  layers  are  present  where  they  occur  in  vast  numbers. 
The  trilobites  are  much  less  common  and  have  been  observed  in  but  a 
single  bed  near  the  summit  of  the  formation  east  of  Dogtown. 

Plattin  limestone,  f — Succeeding  the  magnesian  Joachim  limestone 
and  lying  immediately  east  of  it  there  is  a  purer,  gray  or  drab  colored 
limestone  formation  about  100  feet  in  thickness,  consisting  for  the  most 
part  of  fine-grained,  hard,  close  textured  beds,  often  almost  litho- 
graphic in  appearance,  with  a  distinctly  conchoidal  fracture.  The  beds 
are  usually  from  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  or  more  in  thickness  and  some- 
times contain  a  considerable  amount  of  chert.  The  lower  beds  of  the 
formation  indicate  a  gradual  change  in  the  character  of  the  sediments 
from  that  now  forming  the  subjacent  formation.  The  complete  transi- 
tion occupies  a  thickness  of  about  five  feet. 

In  the  basal  fifteen  feet  of  the  formation  fossils  occur  abundantly, 
some  of  these  beds  being  made  up  almost  exclusively  of  the  remains 
of  brachiopods  belonging  to  the  genera  RaRnesquina  and  Strophomena, 
while  other  beds  contain  qauntities  of  trilobite  remains  of  the  genera 
Isotelus  and  Illaenus.  Above  these  highly  fossiliferous  beds  at  the 
base  of  the  formation,  fossils  become  much  less  abundant,  although 
careful  collecting  discloses  them  at  most  horizons,  and  an  occasional 
bed  occurs  in  which  they  are  more  or  less  abundant.  In  the  upper- 
most twenty  feet  of  the  formation  fossils  again  become  abundant,  some 
beds  being  literally  filled  with  the  shells  of  Dalmanella  subaequata. 

Kimmswick  lime  stone. \ — The  lithologic  characters  of  the  Kimms- 
wick  limestone,  which  lies  next  above  the  Plattin  limestone  and  occu- 
pies the  area  immediately  east  of  it,  are  in  sharp  contrast  with  those 
of  the  subjacent  formation.  This  formation  is  a  more  or  less  coarsely 
crystalline,  highly  fossiliferous  limestone,  light  colored  when  freshly 
broken,  often  nearly  white  or  sometimes  almost  flesh  colored.     When 


*  Winslow,  Geol.  Surv.  Missouri,  Vol.  VI,  pp.  331  and  352;  Ulrich,  Mo.  Bureau  Geol.  and 
Mines,  Vol.  II,  2nd  ser.  p.  111. 

t  Ulrich,  Mo.  Bureau  Geol.  and  Mines,  Vol.  II,  2nd  ser.,  p.  111. 
X  Ulrich,  loc.  cit. 


wellerJ  GEOLOGY  OF  SOUTHERN  CALHOUN  COUNTY.  223 

seen  resting  upon  the  subjacent  formation  the  line  of  contact  is  often 
sharp,  though  at  times  the  transition  from  the  lower  formation  to  the 
upper  occupies  a  foot  or  two  in  thickness.  The  maximum  thickness 
of  the  bed  observed  in  the  region  is  about  fifty  feet  at  the  large  "cave 
spring"  on  Madison  creek,  between  West  Point  and  Batchtown.  In 
both  its  lithologic  and  faunal  characters  the  Kimmswick  limestone 
in  Calhoun  county  agrees  closely  with  the  typical  exposures  of  the 
tormation  near  Kimmswick,  in  Jefferson  county,  Missouri,  from  which 
locality  the  formation  was  named  by  Ulrich.  The  formation  is  a  west- 
ern equivalent  of  the  Trenton  limestone  of  New  York,  but  it  differs 
profoundly  from  that  formation  lithologically,  and  is  also  different 
faunally. 

The  fauna  of  the  Kimmswick  limestone  is  a  large  one,  the  trilo- 
bites  and  brachiopods  being  the  most  conspicuous  forms,  and  the 
fossils  often  occur  in  a  beautiful  condition  of  preservation.  Near  the 
summit  of  the  formation,  as  seen  in  the  Madison  creek  section,  there 
are  many  individuals  of  a  large  Receptaculites,  probably  R.  oweni.  In 
Jefferson  county,  Missouri,  this  conspicuous  fossil  also  occurs  abund- 
antly in  the  upper  portion  of  the  same  formation,  so  abundantly,  in 
iact,  that  the  older  geologists  who  studied  the  region  designated  the 
formation  as  the  "Receptaculite  limestone."* 

Post-Kimmswick  unconformity. — The  actutal  contact  of  the  super- 
jacent beds  upon  the  Kimmswick  limestone  has  been  observed  at  only 
one  locality,  on  Madison  creek.  At  this  point  the  upper  surface  of 
the  Kimmswick  limestone  is  seen  to  be  very  irregular,  and  lying  upon 
it  is  a  six  to  ten  inch  bed  of  dark-red,  residuary  clay,  imbedded  in 
which  are  numerous  residuary  cherts.  These  cherts  are  fossiliferous, 
but  their  contained  fauna  has  not  yet  been  determined.  On  top  of  this 
residuary  clay  lies  the  Maquoketa  shale  with  an  intervening  layer  per- 
1  aps  one  inch  in  thickness,  which  contains  large  numbers  of  black 
\  hosphatic  nodules  imbedded  in  red  granular  material. 

The  length  of  time  represented  by  the  unconformity  marked  by  this 
residuary  clay  has  not  been  determined,  but  if  the  fauna  of  the  in- 
cluded cherts  proves  to  belong  to  some  portion  of  the  Plattin  lime- 
stone, as  it  seems  likely  that  it  will,  then  the  time  interval  was  at  least 
long  enough  to  allow  for  the  erosion  of  the  entire  thickness  of  the 
Kimmswick  limestone.  The  presence  of  an  unconformity  of  this  sort 
in  the  midst  of  the  Ordovician  has  not  generally  been  recognized  in  the 
Mississippi  valley,  although  such  a  condition  has  been  hinted  at  by 
Ulrich  and  Schuchert.f  Observations  further  south,  however,  indicate 
the  presence  of  a  similar  unconformity  in  Jefferson  county,  Missouri, \ 
and  in  Monroe  county,  Illinois,  and  it  is  believed  to  mark  an  important 
episode  in  the  geologic  history  of  the  region. 

Maquoketa  shale. — The  Maquoketa  shale  is  an  important  forma- 
tion about  75  feet  in  thickness.     In  its  lower  portion  it  is  yellowish  or 


*  Shumard,  Geol.  Surv.  Mo.,  1855-71,  pp.  265.276,282,  plate  opp.  292,  297  and  306;   Broadhead 
Geol.  Surv.  Mo.,  1873-74.   p.  28. 

t  Paleozoic  Seas  and  Barriers  in  Eastern  North  America,   Rep.  N.  Y.   State  Pal.  for  1901, 
p.  645. 

X  Mr.  E.  O.  Ulrich  first  recognized  the  presence  of  this  unconformity  in  the  field,  in  Jeffer- 
son county,  Missouri. 


224  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  Lbull.  4 

buff  in  color,  and  somewhat  gritty  in  texture.  Near  the  base  there  are 
some  harder  layers  from  one  to  three  inches  in  thickness,  which  stand 
out  conspicuously  in  outcrops  of  this  portion  of  the  formation.  The 
higher  beds  of  the  formation  are  more  argillaceous  in  character,  and 
the  uppermost  portion  is  a  very  even-textured,  green  clay-shale  es- 
sentially free  from  grit,  changing  to  an  olive-green  color  with  weather- 
ing. At  some  horizons  more  or  less  continuous  pyritiferous  bands 
occur. 

Unlike  the  formations  already  described,  the  Moquoketa  shale  is 
exposed  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Calhoun  county  divide  as  well  as  on 
the  west.  On  the  east  it  occurs  beneath  the  Niagaran,  at  the  foot  of 
the  bluffs  north  of  the  fault  line,  and  perhaps  continues  beneath  the 
Illinois  river  bottom,  since  the  formation  occurs  also  in  the  east  bluffs 
of  the  valley  in  Jersey  county. 

The  fauna  of  the  Moquoketa  is  not  large,  but  at  the  very  base  of 
the  formation  in  the  Madison  creek  section,  in  the  thin  phosphatic  no- 
dule bearing  layer,  where  the  shale  rests  upon  the  red  residuary  clay 
between  it  and  the  Kimmswick  limestone,  there  are  large  numbers  of 
small  pelecypod  shells  belonging  to  the  genera  Cleidophorus  and  Cteno- 
donta,  which  are  specifically  identical  with  the  pelecypods  which  occur 
in  such  large  numbers  in  the  Maquoketa  shale  near  Dubuque,  Iowa. 
Associated  with  these  pelecypods  are  some  small  Orthoceratites  and 
an  occasional  gastropod  and  brachiopod.  A  few  specimens  of  the  same 
species  of  pelecypods  and  some  small  inarticulate  brachiopods  have 
also  been  collected  from  the  shale  several  feet  above  the  base.  In  the 
green  shales  of  the  higher  portion  of  the  formation,  graptolites  occur 
more  or  less  abundantly,  sometimes  being  so  numerous  as  to  form 
thin,  black  seams  in  the  shale. 

SILURIAN. 

Post-Maquoketa  unconformity. — The  unconformity  of  the  super- 
jacent beds  upon  the  Maquoketa  shale  is  far  less  evident  than  that  at 
the  base  of  the  Maquoketa.  The  immediate  contact  of  the  higher  beds 
upon  the  shale  has  been  observed  at  but  a  single  locality,  in  one  of  the 
tributaries  of  Madison  creek  known  as  "Jug  Hollow."  At  this  point 
the  line  separating  the  two  formations  is  sharp,  the  lowest  bed  of  the 
huper-jacent  formation  being  a  bluish,  earthy  rock,  only  a  few  inches 
thick,  filled  with  large  numbers  of  black  phosphatic  pebbles.  Above 
this  phosphatic  layer  are  from  eighteen  inches  to  two  feet  of  thin- 
bedded,  apparently  magnesian  limestone,  bluish-gray  to  brown  in 
color,  above  which  the  Nigaran  limestone  assumes  its  normal  character 
for  the  region.  About  one  foot  from  the  base  is  a  half-inch  layer 
which  contains  large  numbers  of  a  small  winged  pelecypod  shell. 

At  another  locality  in  one  of  the  tributaries  of  West  Point  creek, 
these  basal  members  of  the  superjacent  formation  are  exposed, 
although  the  actutal  contact  cannot  be  seen.  Here  from  seven  to  ten 
feet  of  the  more  or  less  phosphatic  beds  may  be  seen.  The  presence 
of  black  phosphatic  nodules  not  infrequently  accompanies  unconform- 
ities in  the  Mississippi  valley  region,  and  their  occurrence  at  this  hor- 
izon in  the  region  under  discussion,  is  one  of  the  chief  reasons  at 


wellerI  GEOLOGY  OF  SOUTHERN  CALHOUN  COUNTY.  225 

present,  for  inferring  an  unconformity  at  the  summit  of  the  Maquo- 
keta.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  a  study  of  the  Niagaran  fauna  of 
the  superjacent  beds,  will  afford  additional  evidence  of  a  time  break. 

Niagaran  limestone. — This  formation  is  in  the  main  a  yellow  or 
buff  colored  magnesian  limestone,  rather  soft  when  taken  from  the 
ground,  and  apparently  becoming  harder  on  exposure.  It  is  usually 
rather  porous  in  texture,  and  is  frequently  ,much  mottled  with  dark 
dendritic  markings  of  small  size.  It  occurs  on  both  the  east  and  west 
sides  of  the  Calhoun  county  divide,  north  of  the  fault,  the  best  ex- 
posures being  in  the  bluffs  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  county.  The 
thickness  of  the  formation  varies  from  30  to  80  feet  in  the  region  south 
of  Batchtown,  on  account  of  the  differential  erosion  of  this  limestone 
preceding  the  deposition  of  the  superjacent  formation. 

The  fauna  of  the  Niagaran  in  this  region  is  somewhat  meagre,  and 
consists  for  the  most  part  of  diminutive  species  of  brachiopods,  a  little 
Plectambonites  being  perhaps  the  most  common  form. 

Further  north  in  the  county,  in  the  region  of  Hamburg,  a  very 
different  limestone  has  usually  been  referred  to  the  Niagara.  It  is  a 
massive,  nearly  white  limestone,  from  which  no  fossils  have  been  se- 
cured. The  true  correlation  of  this  limestone,  and  the  determination 
of  its  relation  to  the  buff  magnesian  limestone  further  south,  must  wait 
until  an  opportunity  is  afforded  for  a  careful  search  for  fossils,  and  for 
more  careful  field  observations. 

DEVONIAN. 

Middle  Devonian  limestone. — In  the  section  shown  along  the  creek 
at  the  south  edge  of  Hamburg,  the  Devonian  limestone  is  represented 
by  arenaceous,  shaly  beds  resting  unconformably  upon  the  subjacent 
limestone,  but  passing  into  limestone  above.  The  entire  thickness 
of  the  formation  does  not  exceed  4  feet.  The  beds  at  this  locality  con- 
tain an  abundance  of  fossils,  mostly  brachiopods  and  corals,  by  means 
of  which  it  may  be  correlated  with  some  portion  of  the  Middle  De- 
vonian limestone  of  Iowa.  On  the  eastern  side  of  the  county  the  De- 
vonian limestone  is  exposed  in  its  proper  stratigraphic  position  in  the 
bluff  at  many  points  south  of  Hardin,  and  is  usually  abundantly  fossi- 
liferous.  An  excellent  exposure  may  be  seen  in  the  point  of  the  hill 
at  Monteray  school  house.  Eleven  feet  of  more  or  less  crystalline,  buff, 
yellow  or  sometimes  nearly  white  limestone  are  exposed  here,  most  of 
the  beds  being  highly  fossiliferous,  with  the  same  fauna  as  that  oc- 
curring at  Hamburg  and  elsewhere  in  the  region. 

South  of  the  village  of  Meppen  on  the  east  side  of  the  county,  and 
south  of  Batchtown  on  the  west,  no  Devonian  rocks  have  been  detected. 
Although  the  summit  of  the  Niagaran  has  been  observed  not  infre- 
quently in  this  region,  the  Devonian  is  always  absent,  the  bed  im- 
mediately above  the  Niagaran  being  the  Kinderhook  shale,  the  De- 
vonian having  been  entirely  eroded  before  the  deposition  of  the  Kinder- 
hook. 


15  G 


226  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

MISSISSIPPIAN. 

The  Kinderhook  overlap. — The  Kinderhook  beds  throughout  the 
region  rest  unconformably  upon  the  subjacent  formations,  at  Hamburg 
upon  the  Middle  Devonian  limestone,  and  further  south  upon  the  Niaga- 
ran.  Furthermore  there  is  clearly  an  overlap  of  the  beds  to  the 
south.  At  Hamburg  the  lowest  Kinderhook  bed  is  the  Louisiana  lime- 
stone which  has  here  a  thickness  of  about  four  feet.  To  the  south 
this  formation  becomes  reduced  in  thickness  to  a  point  about  three 
and  one-half  miles  south  of  Hardin  where  it  disappears.  Beyond  here 
the  shale  bed,  which  to  the  north  is  superjacent  to  the  Louisiana  lime- 
stone, rests  upon  the  older  rocks,  at  first  upon  the  Devonian  lime- 
stone and  then  upon  the  Niagaran. 

Louisiana  limestone. — In  the  Hamburg  section  about  four  feet  of 
drab-colored,  brittle  limestone,  with  almost  the  texture  of  lithographic 
stone,  occurs  above  the  Devonian  limestone  with  an  intervening  bed  of 
soft  green  shale  about  one  foot  in  thickness.  This  limestone  is  iden- 
tical in  its  peculiar  lithologic  characters  with  the  typical  Louisiana 
limestone  in  Pike  county,  Missouri,  where  it  attains  a  thickness  of 
from  50  to  60  feet.  Furthermore  the  fauna  of  the  bed  at  Hamburg  is 
identical  with  that  of  the  same  formation  at  Louisiana,  Missouri. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  county  the  same  formation  is  exposed  three 
and  one-half  miles  south  of  Hardin,  just  north  of  the  residence  of  Mr. 
John  Knese.  At  this  locality,  although  the  thickness  of  the  bed  does 
not  exceed  one  foot,  it  retains  the  typical  lithologic  and  faunal  char- 
acters of  the  formation.  South  of  this  point  the  formation  is  absent, 
the  superjacent  shales  resting  directly  upon  the  Devonian  limestone. 

Kinderhook  shale. — In  the  area  south  of  Bachtown  and  for  a 
considerable  distance  north  of  the  village,  the  Kinderhook  is  represented 
by  only  two  members,  the  lower  one  a  shale  and  the  upper  a  lime- 
stone. The  Kinderhook  shale  is  usually  highly  argillaceous,  of  un- 
iform texture,  with  a  bluish  or  greenish  color.  Because  of  its  soft 
nature  it  is  easily  weathered,  and  the  outcrop  is  usually  more  or  less 
covered  by  debris,  so  that  it  is  difficult  to  measure  its  exact  thickness. 
At  one  point  the  interval  between  the  highest  outcrop  of  the  Niagaran 
and  the  lowest  exposure  of  the  superadjacent  limestone  was  found  to  be 
73  feet,  while  at  another  point  the  thickness  of  the  shale  seemed  to  be 
but  25  feet.  The  actual  average  thickness  of  the  formation  doubtless 
lies  somewhere  between  these  two  figures,  and  is  probably  not  far 
from  40  or  50  feet. 

The  fauna  of  this  Konderhook  shale  is  always  meagre,  although 
specimens  of  a  small  Lingula  may  usually  be  found  by  careful  search 
near  the  base  of  the  formation.  At  Hamburg,  however,  where  the 
shale  overlying  the  Louisiana  limestone  are  more  arenaceous  than 
further  south,  there  is  an  intercalated  bed  of  light  colored  oolitic  lime- 
stone, varying  in  thickness  from  one-half  inch  to  fifteen  feet,  which 
contains  a  large  and  highly  interesting  fauna.* 

Chouteau  limestone. — The  conspicuous  limestone  superadjacent  to 
the  Kinderhook  shale  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  area,  has  not  been 
recognized  in  the  Hamburg  section,  but  at  Hardin  it  is  exposed  in  the 


*  For  a  discussion  of  this  fauna  see  Trans.  Acad.  Sci.,  St.  Louis.  Vol.  XVI,  No.  7,  p.  465. 


welleb]         GEOLOGY  OF  SOUTHERN  CALHOUN  COUNTY.  227 

village  and  again  in  the  high  bluff  north  of  the  village.  From  Hardin 
south  the  formation  is  more  or  less  continuously  exposed  in  the  bluff 
nearly  to  the  fault  line.  The  rock  is  a  hard  and  tough,  drab-colored 
limestone,  in  rather  thin,  knotty  beds,  with  thin  shaly  partings,  usu- 
ally with  specks  of  calcite  scattered  through  the  mass,  but  occasionally 
containing  beds  with  almost  a  lithographic  texture.  The  thickness  of 
the  formation  is  about  60  feet. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  fault  line  a  few  feet  in  thickness  of  this 
limestone  is  exposed  for  a  few  rods  along  the  south  bank  of  Dogtown 
Creek,  just  west  of  the  point  where  the  road  from  Beechville  to  Dog- 
town  crosses  the  creek.  This  is  the  oldest  formation  exposed  south  of 
the  fault  line,  and  it  occurs  in  the  small  triangular  area  where  the 
beds  are  upturned  so  as  to  be  nearly  vertical  in  position. 

The  fauna  of  this  limestone  consists  of  numerous  species,  although 
only  occasionally  do  they  occur  in  abundance.  The  fossils  occur  in 
the  same  condition  of  preservation,  and  are  the  same  species  as  are 
known  in  the  typical  Chouteau  limestone  of  central  Missouri.  The 
largest  collection  which  has  been  made  in  Calhoun  county,  is  from  the 
exposure  south  of  the  fault  line  along  Dogtown  creek,  and  so  nearly 
like  the  fossils  from  the  Chouteau  limestone  of  Cooper  and  Pettis 
counties,  Missouri,  both  lithologically  and  specifically,  is  this  material, 
that  one  perfectly  familiar  with  the  Missouri  fossils  would  be  unable 
to  detect  any  difference  whatever. 

From  north  of  the  fault  line  collections  have  been  made  from  vari- 
ous points  in  the  ravines  southeast  of  Batchtown,  on  both  sides  of  the 
divide,  which  agree  in  all  respects  with  those  from  the  locality  on 
Dogtown  creek,  and  from  Missouri. 

Burlington  limestone. — South  of  Bachtown  and  north  of  the  fault 
line,  the  Burlington  limestone  is  the  youngest  Mississippian  formation 
present,  where  it  occupies  the  summit  of  the  divide.  South  of  the 
fault  line  the  formation  occupies  a  narrow  belt  in  the  area  where  the 
strata  are  tilted  to  a  nearly  vertical  position.  It  outcrops  on  the 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  river  a  few  rods  south  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Dogtown  creek,  and  again  at  intervals  along  the  south  side  of  the 
fault  line  for  a  mile  east  from  the  river. 

The  formation  has  its  typical  expression  in  this  region,  being  a 
more  or  less  coarsely  crystalline,  light  colored,  crinoidal  limestone, 
with  numerous  chert  bands  at  some  horizons.  In  the  lower  portion 
there  are  some  brownish  beds  such  as  are  found  elsewhere  in  this 
part  of  the  formation.  The  Burlington  fauna  of  the  region  contains 
the  more  characteristic  species  of  the  typical  Burlington  fauna,  such 
as  Spirifer  grimesi,  Straparollus  latus,  etc.  Only  a  few  imperfect 
crinoid  bodies  have  been  recognized,  but  they  are  all  of  species  common 
to  the  formation  elsewhere. 

Keokuk  limestone. — The  Keokuk  limestone  is  only  imperfectly 
represented  among  the  highly  tilted  starta  in  the  narrow  belt  south  of 
the  fault  line.  The  formation  has  been  seen  in  only  a  few  isolated 
outcrops,  and  is  lithologically  similar  to  the  subjacent  Burlington 
limestone,  but  at  one  locality  on  Dogtown  creek,  about  one  mile  from 
the  river,  the  beds  have  furnished  an  assemblage  of  fossils  containing 


228  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.   4 

such  Keokuk  species  as  Spirifer  sub  orbicularis,  Palaeacis  obtusus,  etc., 
which  are  quite  characteristic  of  certain  beds  of  the  Keokuk  limestone 
in  the  region  of  its  typical  development  in  southeastern  Iowa. 

Warsaw  formation. — In  the  typical  Mississippian  section  the  Keo- 
kuk limestone  is  followed  by  a  series  of  shales  and  shaly  limestones, 
known  as  the  Warsaw  beds.  In  southern  Calhoun  county,  however, 
this  formation  can  scarcely  be  recognized.  The  formation  is  doubtless 
present  in  the  region,  but  it  has  been  obscured  by  reason  of  the  faulting. 
These  shaly  beds  have  apparently  furnished  the  line  of  weakness  along 
which  the  secondary  fault,  mentioned  on  a  previous  page,  occurs,  al- 
lowing the  triangular  mass  of  strata,  in  which  the  Chouteau,  Burling- 
ton and  Keokuk  formations  can  be  detected,  to  be  pushed  up  into  such 
a  position  as  to  cover  the  Warsaw  beds  themselves.  There  is,  how- 
ever, in  the  outcrop  along  the  Mississippi  river  bank,  a  small  exposure 
of  shaly  beds  beneath  the  Spergen  limestone,  which  probably  repre- 
sents a  portion  of  the  Warsaw,  although  no  fossils  have  been  recog- 
nized. 

Spergen  limestone — On  the  Mississippi  river  bank,  just  south  of 
the  secondary  fault  line,  a  few  feet  of  limestone  is  exposed  which  in 
its  weathered  condition  is  a  porous,  brown  rock,  granular  in  texture. 
The  bed  probably  does  not  exceed  20  feet  in  thickness,  although  only 
a  small  portion  of  this  is  exposed  at  any  one  place. 

The  fossils  in  this  bed  are  but  poorly  preserved,  but  specimens  of 
Eumetria  marceyi  and  a  small  Straparollus  have  been  recognized,  which 
are  sufficient  for  correlating  the  bed  with  the  Spergen  limestone. 

St.  Louis  limestone. — From  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  the  mouth 
of  Dogtown  creek  to  the  end  of  the  bluffs  along  the  river  to  the  south, 
c^bove  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  river,  the  St.  Louis  limestone  outcrops 
almost  continuously  along  the  Mississippi  river  bank,  and  except  for  a 
short  distance  at  the  northern  portion  of  the  outcrop  where  they  have 
been  dragged  upward  by  the  faulting,  the  beds  are  essentially  horizon- 
tal. The  total  thickness  of  the  formation  probably  does  not  fall  short 
of  150  feet,  and  may  be  greater.  The  formation  consists  of  limestone 
nearly  throughout,  most  of  which  is  of  a  light  gray  color,  with  a  few 
more  or  less  shaly  beds.  The  limestone  is  exceedingly  variable  in  tex- 
ture ;  some  beds  are  dense,  almost  lithographic  in  texture,  others  are 
more  or  less  granular  or  crystalline,  and  at  least  one  bed  of  consider- 
able thickness  is  a  brecciated  or  conglomeratic  layer,  probably  the  same 
conglomerate  layer  which  is  so  conspicuous  in  the  bluffs  north  of  Alton. 

The  topography  of  the  area  underlain  by  the  St.  Louis  limestone  is 
strongly  characterized  by  trie  large  number  of  sink-holes  everywhere 
present,  it  being  identical  in  this  respect  with  the  St.  Louis  limestone 
areas  elsewhere  in  the  Mississippi  valley. 

Rosiclare  sandstone. — In  the  rim  of  a  large  sink-hole  just  north  of 
the  Beechville  postoffice,  there  is  exposed  a  highly  calcareous  sandstone 
which  has  been  quarried  for  foundation  stone.  This  rock  is  of  a  light 
gray  or  nearly  white  color,  being  identical  in  its  lithologic  characters 
with  a  bed  at  the  summit  of  the  section  at  Alton,  which  has  been  quar- 
ried nearly  opposite  the  C.  &  A.  R.  R.  station  at  that  city.  In  the 
quarries  in  the  river  bluffs  in  the  northern  part  of  the  city  of  Alton, 
along  the  C.  P.  &  St.  L.  R.  R.,  fcrtv-four  feet  of  this  rock  are  ex- 


wbllebJ  GEOLOGY  OF  SOUTHERN  CALHOUN  COUNTY  .  229 

posed,  it  being  the  highest  bed  present  in  the  section,  and  at  one  point 
it  has  afforded  an  abundance  of  fossils.  The  commonest  species  pres- 
cut  is  a  peculiar  and  probably  undescribed  Rhynchonelloid  shell  which 
also  occurs  in  abundance  in  a  similar  sandstone  in  a  similar  strati- 
graphic  position  in  Monroe  county,  Illinois,  west  of  Waterloo. '  In  the 
Monroe  county  locality  this  sandstone  is  clearly  seen  to  be  a  member  of 
the  Ste.  Genevieve  limestone  formation,  and  is  undoubtedly  a  northern 
extension  of  the  Rosiclare  sandstone  member  of  this  formation,  as  it 
has  been  described  in  Hardin  county  in  the  southern  portion  of  the 
State.* 

Although  no  fossils  have  yet  been  observed  in  the  sandstone  at 
Beechville,  the  bed  will  be  considered,  tepmorairly  at  least,  as  a  north- 
ern representative  of  the  Rosiclare  sandstone,  by  reason  of  its  peculiar 
lithologic  character  and  its  stratigraphic  position.  Whether  any  of 
the  subjacent  limestone  beds  are  referrable  to  the  Ste.  Genevieve  lime- 
stone has  not  been  determined,  either  at  Beechville  or  in  the  Alton 
section. 

PENNSYLVANIAN. 

Pre-Pennsylvanian  unconformity. — The  Pennsylvanian  or  Coal 
Measure  strata  occupy  a  large  area  of  Calhoun  county  south  of  the 
fault  line,  and  the  unconformity  of  these  beds  upon  the  St.  Louis  lime- 
stone of  the  same  region  is  distinctly  shown,  although  the  strata  of  both 
formations  are  horizontal  in  position.  In  a  hollow  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  north  of  Martin's  Landing  a  sandstone  of  Coal  Measure  age 
is  exposed  at  an  elevation  of  forty  feet  above  the  river,  while  at  a 
point  fifty  yards  distant  the  St.  Louis  limestone  outcrops  at  an  eleva- 
tion twelve  feet  higher,  and  in  the  river  bluff  one-fourth  of  a  mile  dis- 
tant the  top  of  the  St.  Louis  is  at  an  elevation  of  ninety-two  feet  above 
the  river.  These  occurrences  indicate  at  least  fifty  feet  of  relief  in  the 
uneven  surface  of  the  St.  Louis  limestone  beneath  the  Coal  Measures, 
and  similar  conditions  may  be  seen  elsewhere  in  the  region,  especially 
near  Golden  Eagle. 

North  of  the  fault  line,  Coal  Measures  strata  occur  on  the  summit 
of  the  divide  southeast  of  Batchtown,  resting  upon  the  Burlington 
l.-mestone,  an  occurrence  that  would  indicate  that  dislocation  took 
place  along  the  fault  line  in  pre-Pennsylvanian  time,  after  which  the 
legion  suffered  erosion  down  to  the  St.  Louis  limestone  on  the  south 
or  downthrow  side  of  the  fault,  and  to  the  Burlington  limestone  on 
the  north  or  upthrow  side  of  the  fault.  The  unconformity  at  the  base  of 
the  Pennsylvanian  represents  the  time  during  which  this  dislocation  and 
erosion  was  accomplished,  although  the  present  elevation  of  the  base 
of  the  Pennsylvanian  on  the  two  sides  of  the  fault  shows  that  further 
dislocation  took  place  along  the  same  line  in  post-Pennsylvanian  time. 

Coal  Measure  sandstone. — The  basal  member  of  the  Pennsylvanian 
is  a  sandstone  of  varying  thickness  which  has  filled  the  inequalities  in 
the  upper  surface  of  the  St.  Louis  limestone,  the  upper  surface  of  the 
sandstone  apparently  being  approximately  horizontal.  This  sandstone 
is  more  or  less  ferruginous,  sometimes  conglomeratic,  and  often  cross- 


*  Ulrich,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  P.P.  No.  36,  p.  40;  also  Bain,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  255, 
p.  22. 


230  YEAK-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

bedded.  At  one  point  near  the  brickyard  at  Golden  Eagle  the  contact 
of  the  formation  with  the  St.  Louis  limestone  is  clearly  shown,  and  in 
its  basal  part  it  contains  a  considerable  amount  of  carbonaceous  matter 
of  vegetable  origin. 

North  of  the  fault  line,  in  the  heads  of  some  of  the  ravines  south- 
east of  Batchtown,  numerous  blocks  of  ferruginous  sandstone  are 
irregularly  tumbled  about,  but  in  no  case  have  they  been  observed 
in  situ.  In  several  cases,  however,  it  can  be  clearly  seen  from  the  po- 
sition of  the  blocks,  that  their  original  position  was  above  the  Burling- 
ton limestone,  and  in  one  ravine  a  hard,  yellow,  ocherous  shale  occurs, 
apparently  in  situ,  which  is  in  close  association  with  the  blocks  of  sand- 
stone. In  this  shale  there  are  many  small  rod  or  needle-like  bodies, 
pointed  at  one  or  both  ends,  which  are  clearly  fossils,  although  their 
relationships  are  uncertain.  Entirely  similar  bodies,  however,  are  not 
infrequently  present  in  the  coals  and  associated  shales  throughout  the 
Coal  Measures  in  Illinois  and  elsewhere,  and  on  account  of  this  it 
seems  reasonable  to  assume  that  the  sandstone  and  shale  on  top  of  the 
divide  are  of  Pennsylvanian  age,  and  the  sandstone  is  probably  to  be 
correlated  exactly  with  the  basal  Coal  Measure  sandstone  south  of 
the  fault  line. 

In  the  region  south  of  the  fault  line  the  base  of  the  Coal  Measures 
follows  more  or  less  closely  the  500  foot  contour,  but  the  occurrence 
of  the  same  sandstone  north  of  the  fault  is  very  close  to  the  700  foot 
contour.  The  throw  of  the  fault,  as  indicated  by  this  dislocation  of 
the  beds,  would  be  200  feet.  As  indicated  by  the  older  formations, 
however,  the  Niagaran  limestone  on  the  upthrow  side  and  the  St. 
Louis  limestone  on  the  downthrow  side,  at  a  point  south  from  the  oc- 
currence of  the  Coal  Measure  sandstone  near  Batchtown,  the  total 
throw  of  the  fault  is  not  less  than  290  feet.  This  discrepancy  is  ac- 
counted for  by  the  fact  that  the  faulting  took  place  at  two  distinct 
periods,  first  after  the  deposition  of  the  Mississippian  formations  a 
fault  with  a  throw  of  approximately  ninety  feet  was  developed,  and  in 
Post-Pennsylvanian  time  additional  faulting  to  the  extent  of  200  feet 
more  was  developed. 

Fire  Clay  and  Coal.  The  best  exhibition  of  the  beds  of  the  Coal 
Measures  lying  above  the  basal  sandstone,  may  be  seen  at  the  coal  and 
fire  clay  mine  at  Golden  Eagle.  At  this  point  a  bed  of  fire  clay  from 
five  to  eight  feet  in  thickness  is  mined,  between  which  and  the  basal 
sandstone  is,  first  a  bed  of  clay  from  one  and  one-half  to  four  feet 
thick,  filled  with  concretions,  and  below  this  about  ten  feet  of  blue  clay 
and  shale. 

Immediately  above  the  fire  clay  is  a  two  foot  coal  seam  which  is 
mined  with  the  clay.  About  two  feet  above  the  first  coal  is  a  second 
seam  nine  inches  thick,  which  is  followed  by  the  "cap  rock"  fourteen 
inches  thick. 

Outcrops  of  the  coal  seam  with  the  underlying  fire  clay  are  fre- 
quent in  the  ravines  on  both  the  east  and  west  sides  of  the  divide, 
although  the  beds  *are  much  better  exposed  in  the  valleys  of  the 
streams  flowing  to  the  west.  Both  beds  doubtless  underlie  the  entire 
Coal  Measure  area  south  of  the  fault  line  in  Calhoun  county. 


wellekI         GEOLOGY  OF  SOUTHERN  OALHOUN  COUNTY.  231 

Coal  Measure  shale.  Above  the  beds  just  described  is  a  series  of 
about  seventy-five  feet  of  shales.  The  lower  fifty  to  fifty-five  feet  are 
of  a  yellow  or  greenish-yellow  color,  and  are  slightly  gritty  in  texture. 
Above  the  yellow  shales  there  are  about  twenty  feet  of  shales  similar 
in  texture  to  those  below,  but  different  from  them  in  having  a  rich 
chocolate-brown  color.  This  shale  formation  is  very  uniform  in  char- 
acter throughout  the  entire  region  where  it  occurs,  and  the  chocolate 
shales  especially  are  more  or  less  well  exposed  near  the  heads  of  most 
of  the  ravines  running  west  from  the  divide. 

Coal  Measure  limestone.  The  chocolate  shales  are  succeeded  by  a 
hard,  fine  textured,  bluish-gray  limestone,  probably  not  exceeding 
twenty  feet  in  thickness,  which  caps  the  divide  throughout  the  area 
occupied  by  the  Coal  Measures.  Great  tumbled  masses  of  this  lime- 
stone are  almost  uniformly  present  in  the  heads  of  the  ravines  on  the 
west  side  of  the  divide,  the  outcrops  being  less  well  exposed  irj  the 
ravines  extending  to  the  east. 

Fossils  are  frequently  abundant  in  this  limestone,  but  a  large  variety 
of  species  has  not  been  observed.  The  commonest  form  is  Reticularia 
perplexa,  which  frequently  occurs  in  vast  numbers,  associated  with  an 
occasional  specimen  of  Productus  or  Seminula. 

TERTIARY. 

Lafayette  gravel.  On  top  of  the  divide  beneath  the  loess  montle, 
from  Conrad  to  the  southern  extremity  of  the  county,  occurs  a  de- 
posit of  gravel  having  all  the  characteristics  of  the  Lafayette  gravel 
as  exposed  near  Glencoe  in  St.  Louis  county,  Missouri.  This  gravel 
consists  of  very  perfectly  rounded  pebbles  ranging  in  size  from  a  pea 
to  eighteen  inches  or  more  in  diameter.  The  materials  are  of  various 
sorts,  chert,  vein  quartz,  and  quartzites,  the  large  majority  of  which 
are  foreign  to  the  region.  In  the  more  southern  portion  of  the  region, 
especially  near  Golden  Eagle  where  the  formation  becomes  much  more 
conspicuous  and  contains  much  larger  pebbles  and  boulders  than 
further  north,  the  purple  Sioux  quartzite  is  one  of  the  conspicuous 
materials  present.  In  no  case  has  the  formation  been  observed  actually 
in  situ,  although  at  the  heads  of  many  of  the  ravines  in  the  region  the 
material  could  not  have  been  shifted  to  any  great,  extent  from  its  or- 
iginal position.  At  the  postoffice  at  Golden  Eagle  characteristic  peb- 
bles of  the  formation  were  seen  which  had  been  thrown  from  a  cistern 
excavation  several  years  ago,  and  one  who  was  present  at  the  time  the 
excavation  was  made,  described  the  gravel  as  having  been  imbedded 
in  a  red  clay  matrix. 

The  character  of  these  gravels  leaves  little  doubt  as  to  their  origin, 
and  their  position  on  top  of  the  divide  is  such  as  to  make  it  entirely 
probable  that  an  undisturbed  body  of  the  Lafayette  formation  is  pres- 
ent in  the  region. 

PLEISTOCENE. 

Loess.  In  none  of  the  region  south  of  Bachtown  at  least,  is  there 
any  evidence  whatever  of  the  presence  of  glacial  drift.  The  region, 
however,  is  covered  with  a  mantle  of  loess  ranging  from  10  to  50  feet 


232  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906.  [bull.  I 

in  thickness,  which  obscures,  in  many  places,  the  underlying  forma- 
tions. This  loess  is  typical  of  the  formation  as  it  occurs  in  this  portion 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley  region,  and  at  some  localities  contains  fcssil 
land  shells. 

Economic  Geology. 

The  economic  resources  of  southern  Calhoun  county  have  been  de- 
veloped to  but  a  slight  degree,  although,  they  are  somewhat  varied  in 
character. 

Fire  Clay. — The  fire  clay  near  the  base  of  the  Coal  Measures  is 
utilized  at  but  a  single  locality  at  Golden  Eagle.  The  Thomas  Brick 
and  Clay  Co.  of  St.  Louis  have  a  plant  at  this  place  which  is  capable 
of  producing  25,000  to  30,000  bricks  daily.  The  clay  is  mined  by 
drifting  into  the  hill  side.  It  is  of  a  good  quality,  and  is  probably  the 
same  bed  as  that  which  is  worked  in  the  Cheltenham  district  in  St. 
Louis.  The  company  operates  a  steam  transfer  capable  of  carrying 
six  loaded  cars,  by  means  of  which  their  out-put  is  ferried  to  Peruque, 
Mo.,  directly  opposite  Thomas  Landing,  where  the  cars  are  shipped 
via  the  C.  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.,  or  they  are  transferred  to  Grafton  by  the 
same  means,  12  miles  down  the  river,  to  be  shipped  via  the  C.  P.  & 
St.  L.  R.  R.  The  fire  brick  manufactured  go  on  the  market  as  "St. 
Louis  No.   I." 

This  fire  clay  has  a  wide  distribution  in  the  southern  portion  of  the 
county,  and  might  be  profitably  worked  at  many  points,  provided  the 
transportation  facilities  are  sufficient.  At  present  the  county  is  depend- 
ent exclusively  upon  river  boats,  but  the  building  of  trolley  lines  may 
add  materially  to  the  transportation  facilities  of  the  region. 

The  presence  of  the  coal  immediately  above  the  fire  clay,  which  can 
be  mined  with  the  clay,  is  a  distinct  advantage  since  it  will  furnish  ap- 
proximately one-half  of  the  fuel  necessary  for  burning  the  brick. 

Shales. — The  yellow  or  greenish-yellow  shale  lying  above  the  coal 
in  the  southern  portion  of  the  county  has  been  used  to  a  limited  degree 
by  the  Thomas  Brick  and  Clav  Co.  for  the  manufacture  of  pressed 
building  brick  of  a  good  quality.  This  body  of  shale  is  easily  available 
at  many  localities  in  the  region,  and  its  further  development  doubtless 
only  awaits  more  convenient  means  of  transportation.  The  chocolate 
shales  at  the  summit  of  the  formation  have  not  been  tested,  but  will 
doubtless  prove  to  be  of  value  for  certain  purposes. 

Other  shales  in  the  region  are  the  Maquoketa  and  Kinderhook 
shales,  more  or  less  continuous  outcrops  of  which  occur  north  of  the 
fault  line.  Neither  of  these  formations  have  ever  been  utilized,  but 
tests  which  have  been  made  indicate  that  the  Maquoketa  beds  will  at 
least  afford  material  for  ordinary  building  brick,  and  there  are  numer- 
ous localities  where  they  might  easily  be  worked.  The  tests  made  of 
the  Kinderhook  shales  are  entirely  unpromising. 

Coal. — The  coal  worked  in  connection  with  the  fire  clay  at  Golden 
Eagle,  outcrops  in  many  of  the  ravines  of  the  region,  and  has  been 
worked  locally  to  a  slight  degree  from  the  surface  outcrops.  The  seam 
doubtless  underlies  the  whole  of  the  Coal  Measures  area.  The  bed 
varies  from  24  to  30  inches  in  thickness,  and  is  too  thin  to  be  worked 


WSLLBB]  GEOLOGY  OF  SOUTHERN  CALHOUN  COUNTY.  233 

economically  for  itself  alone,  but  taken  in  connection  with  the  subja- 
cent fire  clay  it  might  be  worked  at  an  advantage  elsewhere  as  it  is 
being  worked  at  Golden  Eagle.    The  quality  of  the  coal  is  good. 

Limestone. — The  most  important  body  of  limestone  in  the  region  is 
the  St.  Louis  limestone  which  outcrops  almost  continuously  along  the 
Mississippi  river  from  a  short  distance  south  of  the  fault  line  to  the 
end  of  the  bluffs  above  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  river.  This  limestone 
is  well  adapted  for  crushed  stone,  much  of  it  might  be  burned  for 
lime,  and  some  portions  of  the  formation  would  supply  a  good  quality 
of  building  stone. 

The  Kimmswick  limestone  is  of  the  same  character  here  as  in  St. 
Louis  and  Jefferson  counties,  Missouri,  where  it  is  extensively  burned 
to  produce  a  high  quality  of  lime,  and  if  proper  transportation  facil- 
ities were  afforded  the  lime  industry  might  be  developed  to  a  notable 
degree  in  the  neighborhood  of  Batchtown. 

Other  notable  limestones  of  the  region  are  found  in  the  Plattin, 
Chouteau  and  Burlington  formations,  and  in  the  Reticularia  bearing 
limestone  at  the  summit  of  the  Coal  Measures,  any  or  all  of  which 
might  be  utilized  for  road  material,  and  perhaps  also  for  other  purposes. 
Some  of  the  limestones  of  the  region  might  be  utilized  in  connection 
with  the  associated  shales,  in  the  manufacture  of  portland  cement. 

Dolomite. — The  notable  dolomite  or  magnesian  limestones  of  the 
region  are  the  Joachim  and  the  Niagaran  formations.  The  Joachim 
limestone  has  been  quarried  extensively  near  West  Point  for  the  Missis- 
sippi river  work,  but  it  is  not  of  a  character  to  be  of  value  for  other 
than  rough  work  or  crushed  stone.  The  Niagaran  limestone  is  of  the 
same  character  and  quality  as  at  Grafton  where  extensive  quarries  are 
operated,  and  the  stone  in  Calhoun  county  might,  with  proper  trans- 
portation facilities  be  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  the  Grafton  stone. 

Sandstone. — The  only  bed  of  sandstone  in  the  region  of  notable  eco- 
nomic importance  is  the  St.  Peters  sandstone.  It  is  of  the  same  gen- 
eral character  in  Calhoun  county  as  elsewhere  in  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley, where  it  is  the  formation  most  extensively  used  for  glass  mak- 
ing. Formerly  a  quarry  of  some  size  was  operated  at  Dogtown  to 
furnish  raw  material  for  the  glass  works  at  Alton,  but  during  recent 
years,  these  works  have  secured  their  sand  from  other  sources. 

Phosphate. — The  phosphate  bed  immediately  above  the  Maquoketa 
shale  is  worthy  of  further  investigation  and  may  prove  to  be  of  consid- 
erable economic  importance,  although  the  tests  so  far  made  are  not 
promising.  It  is  at  essentially  the  same  geologic  horizon  as  one  of  the 
phosphate  beds  so  extensively  worked  in  the  south,  and  if  it  should 
prove  to  be  of  sufficient  extent  to  be  of  economic  value,  it  would  be- 
come a  valuable  addition  to  the  resourcs  of  the  county. 


WATER  RESOURCES  OF  THE  SPRINGFIELD 
QUADRANGLE. 

(By  T.  E.  Savage.) 


Contents. 

Page. 

Introduction 235 

Stratigraphical  relations 235 

Water  horizons  and  wells 236 

The  water  table 239 

Wholesomeness  of  the  water  supply . . , 240 

Analyses  of  Springfield  city  water 241 

Possibilities  of  deep  water  supplies 244 


Introduction. — The  Springfield  quadrangle,  as  mapped  by  the  topo- 
graphic division  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  embraces 
an  area  about  230  square  miles  in  extent,  lying  in  the  central  and 
north  central  portions  of  Sangamon  county,  together  with  small  ad- 
jacent areas  in  the  southwest  corner  of  Logan  and  the  southeast 
corner  of  Menard  counties.  It  is  included  between  89 °  30'  and  89 ° 
45'  west,  and  latitude  390  45'  and  400  00'  north.  It  is  embraced  within 
the  limits  of  townships  15  to  18  north,  and  ranges  IV  to  VI  west  of  the 
third  principal  meridian.  The  city  of  Springfield  is  situated  in  the 
southwest  one-fourth  of  the  area. 

The  region  is  comparatively  level,  constituting  a  portion  of  the  great 
prairie  plain  of  central  Illinois.  The  maximum  topographic  relief  of 
the  area  does  not  exceed  150  feet.  The  major  surface  inequality  con- 
sists of  a  broad  depression  crossing  the  central  and  southeastern  por- 
tions of  the  quacjrangle,  which  has  been  developed  by  the  erosion  of 
the  Sangamon  river  and  its  tributaries  and  their  pre-Pleistocene  pro- 
genitors. The  most  prominent  elevations  which  occur  in  the  quad- 
rangle are  found  near  the  northeast  corner.  They  consist  of  a  number 
of  mounds  and  ridges  that  rise  abruptly  to  a  height  of  thirty  to  fifty 
feet  above  the  level  surface  of  the  upland  prairie.  These  are  com- 
posed largely  of  sand,  and  seem  to  have  been  formed  through  the  com- 
bined agency  of  ice  and  water  under  conditions  attending  the  melt- 
ing of  the  last  glacier  from  this  region. 

Stratigraphical  Relations. — All  of  the  country  rock  that  is  exposed 
over  this  area  belongs  to  the  Coal  Measures  or  Pennsylvania  series.  It 
consists  of  alternating  beds  of  shale  and  sandstone,  occasional  narrow; 

235 


236        .  YEAK-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

bands  of  limestone,  and  thin  seams  of  coal.  The  materials  that  over- 
lie the  indurated  rocks  include  deposits  of  sand  and  loess,  and  two  dif- 
ferent beds  of  till,  known  respectively  as  the  Kansan  and  the  Illinoian. 
These  sheets  of  till  are  often  separated  from  each  other  by  a  layer  of 
loose  sand,  which  varies  at  different  points  from  one  to  five  inches 
to  as  many  feet  in  thickness.  In  the  northern  and  northwestern  por- 
tions of  the  area  these  two  beds  of  bowlder  clay  are  separated  by  an 
old  soil  horizon  which  is  black  with  carbonaceous  matter,  and  contains 
a  large  quantity  of  wood  fragments  and  vegetable  debris.  Lentils  of 
sand  of  small  extent  occasionally  occur  within  the  body  of  a  single 
sheet  of  till.  This  till,  or  bowlder-bearing  clay,  is  known  by  the  well 
drillers  as  "hard  pan."  The  upper  surface  of  the  bowlder  clay  is  in 
many  places  covered  by  a  layer  of  sand  or  fine  gravel.  The  material 
of  this  layer  represents  a  concentration  of  the  coarser  constituents  of 
the  till  by  the  sorting  action  of  water.  The  bed  varies  in  thickness 
from  nothing  to  eight  or  ten  feet.  It  is  usually  overlain  with  a  mantle 
of  loess  to  a  depth  of  from  five  to  fifteen  or  more  feet.  The  present 
soils  of  the  region  have  been  developed  upon  the  surface  of  the  yel- 
low, fine-grained  deposit  of  loess. 

The  larger  streams  of  the  area  flow  in  valleys  that  are  at  least  older 
than  the  upper  sheet  of  till.  Their  channels  were  carved  in  the  indu- 
rated rocks  to  a  depth  which  at  one  point  is  known  to  be  more  than 
seventy-five  feet  below  the  level  of  their  present  beds.  The  alluvium 
of  these  flood-plains  consists  of  layers  of  sand  and  clay  or  of  fine  gravel, 
or  a  mixture  in  varying  proportions  of  these  materials. 

Water  horizons  and  wells. — In  general  the  conditions  for  a  water- 
bearing bed  are:  First,  a  layer  of  porous  materials,  such  as  sand  or 
gravel,  in  the  spaces  between  the  grains  of  which  water  is  held  and 
through  which  spaces  it  readily  percolates.  Second,  these  porous  beds 
must  rest  upon,  or  be  inclosed  between,  layers  of  impervious  material. 
The  water  reservoir  is  generally  fed  by  the  storm  water  that  sinks  into 
the  ground  over  areas,  usually  of  higher  altitude,  in  which  the  porous 
layers  outcrop  at  the  surface. 

The  above  conditions  are  met  at  a  number  of  horizons  over  the 
Springfield  quadrangle.  Where  the  loess  is  deep,  and  where  this  thick 
deposit  is  underlain  with  sand,  these  materials  constitute  one  of  the 
most  important  water-bearing  beds.  The  porous  character  of  the 
loess  permits  of  the  ready  absorption  of  water,  and  the  underlying  im- 
pervious bed  of  bowlder  clay  holds  the  water  near  the  surface. 

Out  of  756  well  records  that  were  obtained  in  the  'Springfield  quad- 
rangle, and  from  a  belt  one-half  mile  in  width  around  its  border,  476 
report  the  water  supply  from  above  the  hard  pan  or  till.  These  are 
dug  wells  and  are  pretty  generally  distributed  over  the  quadrangle. 
Out  of  the  total  number  of  records,  391  are  so  complete  that  the  horizon 
of  the  water-bearing  bed  can  be  determined  with  a  good  degree  of  as- 
surance. Of  this  latter  number,  209  of  the  wells,  or  about  54  per  cent, 
stop  at  the  hard  pan  or  penetrate  it  but  a  very  little  distance.  The 
records  indicate  definitely  that  the  water-bearing  horizon  is  a  layer  of 
sand  above  the  hard  pan.  The  average  depth  of  this  sand  bed  below 
the  surface  is  about  21  feet.  That  this  layer  of  sand  is  not  continuously 
present  above  the  till  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  many  wells  pass  from  the 


savageI  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  SPRINGFIELD  QUADRANGLE.  237 

pebbleless,  yellow  clay  directly  into  the  pebbly  clay  of  the  till.  Where 
the  sand  bed  is  a  few  inches  or  more  in  thickness  it  yields  an  abudant 
supply  of  water  for  farm  wells. 

Where  the  streams  have  cut  their  channels  through  the  loess  and  sand 
into  the  underlying  drift,  springs  frequently  issue  along  the  line  of  con- 
tact of  the  porous  materials  with  the  surface  of  the  impervious 
bowlder  clay.  The  surface  of  this  sand  layer  is  somewhat  undulating. 
In  a  general  way  it  corresponds  with  the  present  topography  of  the 
region,  being  higher  over  the  uplands  and  dipping  downward  as  the 
stream  channels  are  approached. 

Another  water  horizon  is  furnished  by  the  layer  of  sand  that  at 
many  points  is  found  between  the  Kansan  and  the  Illinoian  drift  sheets. 

Out  of  the  391  well  records  which  contain  definite  information  on 
the  water  horizons,  55,  or  about  14  per  cent,  report  the  water  as  com- 
ing from  sand  between  two  beds  of  hard  pan.  This  information 
could  only  be  obtained  where  the  wells  were  put  down  a  few  feet  be- 
low the  aquifer,  so  as  to  furnish  a  reservoir  for  the  water. 

In  a  number  of  records  of  wells  of  this  class  the  water  is  reported  as 
"gushing  up"  when  the  overlying  hard  pan  was  broken  through.  The 
catchment  area  of  such  aquifers  is  generally  at  a  distance  from  the 
wells.  The  supply  of  water  is  not  obtained  from  the  ground  water 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  well,  and  hence  it  is  not  so  sensitive  to 
the  seasonal  fluctuations  of  the  water  table  as  in  the  wells  of  the  former 
class.  Of  the  55  wells  above  mentioned,  the  average  depth  of  the  sand 
bed  or  water  horizon  below  the  surface  was  35  feet.  The  average 
thickness  of  the  upper,  or  Illinoian  till,  as  definitely  reported,  was 
about  20  feet.  The  greatest  thickness  reported  was  86  feet;  pene- 
trated in  a  boring  on  the  farm  of  George  Gregory  in  section  26,  T.  16 
N.,  R.  6  W.  The  variation  in  the  thickness  of  this  bed  of  drift  is 
owing  in  part  to  the  irregular  distribution  of  its  material  by  the  glacier, 
but  to  a  much  greater  extent  it  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  deposit 
was  spread  unconformably  over  the  eroded  surface  of  an  older  drift 
sheet,  and  that  the  upper  surface  of  the  till  has  also  been  considerably 
trenched  by  the  streams.  Thus  both  its  upper  and  lower  surfaces  are 
more  or  less  uneven. 

In  23  of  these  wells  a  buried  soil  horizon,  containing  numerous  wood 
fragments  and  designated  by  Leverett  as  the  Yarmouth  zone,  was 
passed  through  at  an  average  depth  of  25  feet.  These  wells  are  mostly 
situated  in  the  northern  and  northwestern  portions  of  the  quadrangle. 
They  are  especially  numerous  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town  of  Athens. 
This  zone  of  buried  soil  was  reported  from  a  well  in  section  26,  T.  16 
N.,  R.  6  W.,  a  point  considerably  further  south  than  the  principal 
area  over  which  it  occurs.  It  was  struck  here  at  a  depth  of  99  feet, 
a  depth  much  greater  than  was  reported  from  any  other  well.  The 
water  from  such  wells  is  usually  dark  colored,  has  a  bad  odor,  and  is 
unfit  for  use.  The  surface  of  this  soil  is  somewhat  uneven.  In  places 
its  level  changes  20  feet  within  a  distance  of  one  mile.  It  is  highest 
along  the  north  side  of  the  quadrangle,  and  has  a  general  southward 


238  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

slope.  Its  elevation  varies  from  602  feet  near  the  middle  of  the  north 
line  of  the  area  to  493  feet  in  section  26,  T.  16  N.,  R.  6  W.,  the  most 
southerly  point  at  which  it  was  found. 

In  83  of  the  records  the  wells  are  reported  as  obtaining  water  from 
the  hard  pan  without  any  definite  water-bearing  layer.  Inasmuch  as 
the  materials  of  the  till  do  not  permit  the  ready  percolation  of  water, 
such  wells  are  weak,  and  a  number  of  them  were  reported  dry.  Out 
of  the  total  number  of  records  103  are  reported  to  have  struck  rock 
or  penetrated  it  to  varying  depths.  The  average  depth  to  the  Coal 
Measure  strata  in  these  wells  was  27  feet.  In  86  of  these  the  water  is 
obtained  from  the  base  of  the  till,  immediately  above  the  country  rock. 

The  above  mentioned  depth  of  the  surface  matrials  does  not  repre- 
sent its  average  thickness  over  the  quadrangle.  Leverett  found  the 
average  depth  of  the  Pleistocene  materials  over  the  pre-glacial  up- 
lands of  the  Illinoian  drift  area  to  be  about  40  feet.*  The  greatest 
depth  of  surface  materials  penetrated  by  borings  in  this  area  was 
170  feet,  but  this  well  did  not  reach  rock.  It  was  on  the  land  of 
George  Van  Eman,  in  section  23,  T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W.,  and  it  is  possible 
that  the  boring  was  a  pre-glacial  valley.  Hoewver,  a  number  of 
wells  over  the  uplands  were  put  down  in  the  drift  40  to  50  feet  with- 
out rinding  rock. 

The  well  records  show  that  a  ridge  of  Coal  Measure  materials,  5 
to  6  miles  in  width,  extends  in  a  northwest-southeast  direction  across 
the  north  half  of  the  quadrangle.  No  rock  was  reached  along  the 
west  border,  or  over  an  area  thirty  square  miles  or  more  in  extent, 
in  the  northeast  portion  of  the  quadrangle,  although  many  of  these 
wells  went  down  to  altitudes  lower  than  that  of  the  top  of  the  rock 
ridge  further  west. 

A  drift  rilled  gorge,  having  a  known  depth  of  at  least  140  feet,  ex- 
tends for  a  width  of  two  to  three  miles  along  the  west  side  of  our  area. 
The  west  bank  of  this  valley  lies  outside  the  quadrangle,  and  its  posi- 
tion was  not  determined.  The  VanEman  well,  above  described,  stopped 
in  drift  at  an  altitude  of  440  feet.  Two  miles  east  of  this  point,  rock 
outcrops  at  the  surface  at  an  elevation  of  580  feet  above  the  sea.  In 
section  23,  T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W.,  a  well  on  the  land  of  W.  F.  Irwin  was 
drilled  on  the  edge  of  the  flood-plain  of  the  Sangamon  river  to  a 
depth  of  93  feet,  stopping  in  alluvium  at  472  feet  altitude.  Four  miles 
east  of  this  place  rock  was  struck  in  a  well  at  an  elevation  of  570  feet. 
The  entire  depth  of  this  pre-glacial  channel  is  not  known.  Over  the 
south  half  of  the  quadrangle  the  records  indicate  that  the  rock  surface 
has  a  relief  of  not  less  than  100  feet.  The  wells  here,  in  which  Coal 
Measure  beds  were  encountered,  were  generally  at  no  great  distance 
from  streams  where  erosion  had  removed  a  portion  of  the  original  drift 
covering.  In  17  wells  the  source  of  the  water  was  reported  to  be  a  layer 
of  Coal  Measure  sandstone.  The  water  horizons  of  the  Coal  Measures 
seem  to  lie  at  different  altitudes.  The  head  of  water  in  good  wells  of 
all  the  different  classes  in  corresponding  topographic  areas,  is  so  near 
the  same  as  to  suggest  that  these  sandstone  layers  may  be  fed  with 
water  that  has  percolated  into  the  rock  from  the  overlying  Pleistocene 


*  Leverett.  Illinois  Glacial  Lobe.  Mon.  XXXVIII,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  p.  546. 


savage]  WATER   RESOURCES  OF  SPRINGFIELD    OUADRANGLE.  239 

materials.  The  deepest  drilling  reported  was  280  feet,  penetrating 
250  feet  of  Coal  Measure  strata.  This  was  on  the  land  of  H.  Lainhart, 
in  section  22,  T.  18  N.,  R.  5  W.  In  section  2,  T.  16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  a 
well  on  land  of  Annie  Taylor  is  175  feet  deep,  and  passed  through 
140  feet  of  rock.  Two  wells  are  reported  from  section  1,  T.  15  N.,  R. 
5  W.,  which  go  down  150  feet,  penetrating  rock  120  and  140  feet  re- 
spectively. In  none  of  these  wells  was  the  water  horizon  known.  In 
all  four  of  the  wells  the  water  level  was  about  as  near  the  surface 
as  in  neighboring  wells  fed  from  the  surface  materials,  the  head  being 
respectively  at  25,  20,  18  and  15  feet  below  the  curb.  The  altitude 
of  the  bottom  of  the  wells  was  respectively  331,  388,  440  and  434  feet. 

That  aquifers  in  the  Coal  Measure  beds  do  not  extend  continuously 
over  the  area  is  shown  in  a  boring  on  land  of  Fred  Long,  in  section 
32,  T.  16  N.,  R.  5  W.,  which  penetrated  150  feet  of  rock  without 
finding  water.  The  same  fact  is  indicated  in  a  number  of  other 
wells  of  lesser  depth,  and  by  the  coal  shafts  in  the  quadrangle.  There 
are  29  of  these  shafts,  ranging  in  depth  from  150  to  265  feet  In  none 
of  these  was  a  strong  aquifer  encountered,  nor  does  water  find  its 
way  into  any  of  the  mines  in  sufficient  quantity  to  cause  serious  an- 
noyance. Mr.  J.  K.  Smith,  a  veteran  well  driller  of  Riverton,  reports 
that  in  his  experience  no  water  was  found  in  the  Coal  Measures  below 
the  thin  coal  seam  that  outcrops  in  the  banks  of  the  streams  in  that 
region.  About  a  dozen  of  the  wells  were  reported  as  obtaining  water 
from  the  alluvium  of  the  flood-plains  of  the  river  and  its  larger  afflu- 
ents, at  a  depth  of  from  ten  to  twenty-five  feet.  The  Springfield  city 
water  works  pumps  a  portion  of  its  water  from  the  Sangamon  river, 
while  the  balance  is  obtained  from  filter  galleries  in  the  sand  and  gravel 
of  its  flood-plain.  It  is  probable  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  water 
that  is  drawn  from  the  filters  comes  from  the  ground  water  of  the 
alluvium  and  not  from  the  river  itself. 

The  water  table. — In  the  following  discussion  the  surface  of  the 
water  table,  or  the  height  to  which  the  ground  is  saturated  with 
water,  was  assumed  to  be  the  level  at  which  water  stood  in  the  various 
wells.  This  level  varies  considerably  from  time  to  time,  becoming 
higher  after  heavy  rains,  or  during  seasons  of  excessive  rainfall,  and 
sinking  lower  during  periods  of  drought.  In  cases  where  a  considerable 
amount  of  water  is  used  from  weak  wells,  fed  from  the  drift  or  from 
below  the  surficial  materials,  the  assumption  made  above  would  not 
be  quite  true.  While  a  bed  of  till  may  be  saturated  it  does  not  readily 
part  with  its  water,  and  hence  for  certain  periods  the  slow  percolation 
into  the  well  may  not  equal  the  quantity  drawn  out  from  day  to  day. 
In  such  cases  the  head  of  water  in  the  well  may  be  some  distance  below 
the  actual  level  of  the  water  table.  The  percentage  of  such  wells  in 
the  area  is  small,  and  the  records  of  the  water  surface  approximate 
the  actual  conditions  at  the  time  the  records  are  obtained. 

The  well  records  of  the  Springfield  quadrangle  gathered  during  the 
summer  of  1906  show  that  over  the  level  upland  areas,  some  distance 
from  the  streams,  the  water  table  lies  within  five  to  eight  feet  of  the 
ground  surface.  The  older  settlers  of  the  region  report  that  before 
the  farms  over  these  areas  were  generally  tiled   the  water  stood  so  near 


240  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    ]906.  [bull.  4 

the  surface  that  it  was  dipped  out  with  pails  from  the  tops  of  the 
wells.  This  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the  ground  water  level  had 
been  depressed  something  like  two  feet,  as  a  result  of  the  cultivation  of 
the  land. 

As  the  streams  are  approached  the  water  table  slopes  downward  with 
a  longer  and  more  gentle  gradient  than  the  land  surface.  This  decrease 
in  head  towards  the  present  drainage  lines  is  probably  due  to  the 
escape  of  the  water  into  the  stream  valleys.  The  water  table  occasion- 
ally reaches  the  surface  in  the  sides  of  ravines  where  springs  issue 
from  the  top  of  the  impervious  bowlder  clay. 

Where  deposits  of  sand  are  deep  the  water  table  stands  at  a  low 
level  relative  to  the  ground  surface.  This  is  conspicuous  over  a  belt 
south  of  the  Sangamon  river,  in  the  central  portion  of  the  quadrangle, 
and  in  the  elbow  of  the  river  in  the  west  central  portion.  The  ground 
water  level  is  also  very  low  under  the  ridges  and  mounds  of  sand  to- 
wards the  northeast  corner  of  the  area. 

Wholesomeness  of  the  water  supply. — When  a  reasonable  amount 
of  precaution  is  taken  to  prevent  seepage  from  stables,  cess  pools,  or 
refuse  of  any  kind  from  draining  into  the  wells,  the  water  from  the 
farm  wells  over  the  quadrangle  seems  to  be  generally  wholesome.  The 
difficulty  of  preventing  contamination  of  the  water  in  town  wells  is 
much  greater. 

Dr.  F.  F.  Hill,  of  Athens,  reports  that  occasional  cases  of  typhoid 
fever  occur  in  that  town  nearly  every  summer.  During  1903  there 
were  fifteen  cases  in  which  he  attributed  the  infection  to  contaminated 
arinking  water.  The  horizon  of  buried  soil  and  vegetable  debris  is 
encountered  in  a  number  of  wells  in  that  vicinity,  and  it  is  possible 
that  this  was  an  important  source  of  water  pollution. 

Dr.  T.  W.  Priest,  of  Williamsville,  states  that  he  knows  of  no  case 
of  fever  in  that  community  which  could  be  traced  to  impure  water, 
although  the  supply  is  all  obtained  from  shallow  wells. 

Dr.  John  Deal,  of  Riverton,  reports  that  they  have  had  no  epidemic 
or  fever  in  that  town  for  twenty-eight  years,  and  their  water  is  all 
furnished  from  surface  wells. 

About  one-half  of  the  water  supplied  to  the  city  of  Springfield  by 
the  Springfield  water  works  is  taken  from  filter  galleries  along  the 
banks  of  the  Sangamon  river.  The  other  half  of  the  water  is  pumped 
direct  from  the  river  into  the  mains  without  being  filtered.  By  thus 
mixing  the  filtered  and  the  unfiltered  water,  the  entire  supply  is  ren- 
dered practically  as  impure  as  the  unfiltered  part  taken  from  the  river. 
The  following  analyses  of  the  water  supplied  by  the  Springfield  water 
works  has  been  furnished  through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Edward  Bar- 
tow, Director  of  the  State  Water  Survey : 


savage.]  WATER   RESOURCES   OF    SPRINGFIELD   QUADRANGLE. 

>© 


241 


Nitrates. 


Nitrites. 


Albuminoid 
ammonia. 


Free 
ammonia. 


Oxygen 
Consumed 


Chlorine. 


Disolved 
residue 


Total 
residue 


Odor 


Color 


t-  t-oot-< 

ifitC         OS  t-  •»*  CO  lO  rH  OS  < 


ssss? 


I  O  CO  CO  CO  **  c 
I  L-  ©  O  O  ^H  < 

>o5ooo< 


C-COCO^fOOCOmr^CMOlOSOO-^C- 
OOtHOOOW^iMOOtH^hcO 


iCM        00  CO  OC  CM  •<*  CM  >*  O  CO  CO 

imcMCMcooo^Hcococococoio 
iOT-tioooi-ior   - 


>©©©© 


WCOMt-COrtT-        t-  CO  CO  CO  Ifl  •>* 

cm    '  co'  cm  co  co'  -*'  co'  in  cm'  ca  co  10  co 


OOOOOiOHfHHOOOtOOO 

U5       CO**  lO  **iO  x*  **  ■»*  **  IO00CO 

00OCM00        CM  C<J  ©  •«*  00  00 

CM        0000CMCOCO        CMCM©"#© 

B§i888ilSSiK8Si 


ggggg 


©©©CO    &    >>>lHOHH    >>  >>  >i> 

•     •     •     •  O^P     •     '     •     •rC3T3 

Z2  P  *3  'O  *3  *3 

0)  3  3  3  3  3 


h    H    U 

<u  <v  cd 


cd  cd. 


t3  T3  T3 


JJ 


2  ©3  oJ  ©  cd  o»23L 

■T^cO'-^cO'-^'-S'-^cococo 
•5  -P  0,rf  O  •■"•  "*  •'-"  P  O  O  O 


iJJiiSllJiilii 

JS  P  p  -3.  ^3  -3  P .3  fl  P P  "3  'C  P 
*?.2>.S?  «  I  «  §  M  Jf  J  « '§  g  » 


>©©©©©< 


NfH»Hrl. 


—16  G 


>CMCMCMCM,~"H,~"-'e3cM^ 

>>  S  >  >>  >.  >>  >>,a  xi  xi  ^3  bi  bi  ri 

«2>3.5i2i2i2i£!<D<Da>a>3.:3,3 


en  co 
>>3 
■3P 


a>  3 

CO  o 

CD  o 

"3  « 


^  cp 

2  > 
o  a 


S*3 

3  O 

P  CO 


+3 

3  ci 

3 

c 

o 

B9 

s 

O 

a 

>>C3 

c3 

* 

3 

cd 

H 

CD 

> 

3 

o 

p 

P 

s 

C3 

V 

CD 

P 

3 

-u 

>>c3 

P 

4-J 

3 

R) 

< 

DO 

n 

3 

p 

rfl 

CD 

3 

P  >i 

-3 

43 

0 

o 

3 

CD 

P 

+3 

s 

3 

S 

d 

o 

3 
CD 

—J 

M 

cd 

(Tt 

"1 

t-l 

> 

CD 

CD  c3 

p 

* 

-! 

CD 

a 

-g 

CD 

a 

C 

ft 

o 

242  YEAR-BOOK   FOE   1906.  [Bull.  4 

The  considerable  variation  in  the  residue  shown  by  the  above  an- 
alyses is  of  interest.  It  will  be  noted  that  most  of  the  analyses  are  old. 
The  one  taken  in  1906  represents  water  from  the  city  mains  at  a  time 
when  it  was  particularly  bad  and  does  not  represent  average  conditions. 

R.  M.  Ridgley,  superintendent  of  the  Springfield  water  works,  states 
that  about  three-fourths  of  the  population  of  Springfield  use  city  water. 
This  means  that  nearly  10,000  people  in  the  city  depend  for  their 
water  upon  shallow  wells,  the  most  of  which  go  down  only  to  the  layer 
of  sand  above  the  till.  The  danger  of  water  pollution  in  shallow  wells 
in  a  large  city-  like  Springfield  is  great.  The  unwholesome  character 
of  the  water  from  this  source  is  shown  by  the  following  analyses,  kindly 
furnished  by  Dr.  Bartow : 


savage] 


WATER    RESOURCES    OF    SPRINGFIED    QUADRANGLE. 


243 


8* 

e 


^3 

r-o 

S 


to 


O 

*  o> 


Depth  of   Well 
Feet 

Nitrates 

Nitrites 

Albuminoid 
Ammonia 


Free  Ammonia. 


Total  Oxygen 
Consumed 


Chlorine. 


Total  Residue. 


S  :S 
&■§■§&■§  fc^l 


■O    C.-l'Cf'O'CO'O'U 

C30o3e3c3o3:3c3c3 


omox 


MffiliOCOH 


iMOMCOOO 


!OobowoNwmi>o 
c-ooomoomooo 


OO(0!DX00OO»!C-* 
lOlOWCO(Ot->*OSOiOtO 
©OOOOOOOrHlM© 


©OOOCMOOOOOM 


lOIOlOOiOiOOlO' 
i  OS  fc-  T-4  < 

i  t-oco  • 


00<*OMCD00 


MHNOXOONiOOi- 


££  a  c  a  a  a  £  c  a 

cjd00000300 


CCflOflflflC  a  3 
OOOOOOOO  O  3 


DJOOn 


e3*fbe8'§ie8c3c8e8-rt 

dQ>qSooooO 


_T  OS  OS       .  OS  CO  OS  2  H3       •T~' 
OHrt-H^2ogffi. 

S  &  g  S  £  Stn  to  m?jX2 

S-S-2S-SS  3  3  3  <u  O 
O  o  o  So  &  3  3  3  3^ 


f      «3 
Sa5.2 

.2  «8r/i 

cu  co-S 

CO    *-i  ij 

c3^.3 

>^  CO 

3  dfe: 

O     ^ 


co  bxi  |-* 

3  a  « 

O  c3.2 


244  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906.  [bull.  * 

Possibility  of  Deep  Water  Supplies. — In  general,  water  from  deep 
wells  is  much  more  free  from  pollution  by  micro-organisms  than  that 
from  any  other  source,  though  it  is  apt  to  be  heavily  mineralized.  No 
deep  borings  have  been  made  within  the  limits  of  the  quadrangle.  Mr. 
H.  S.  Upham  has  a  flowing  well  at  Jacksonville,  about  thirty-five  miles 
west  of  Springfield.  The  total  depth  of  this  boring  is  3,028  feet.  The 
water  comes  from  the  St.  Peter  sandstone,  which  was  reached  at  a 
depth  of  2,028  feet.  The  well  is  reported  as  flowing  at  the  rate  of  500 
gallons  per  minute.  This  would  be  equivalent  to  720,000  gallons  per 
day.  Estimating  the  quantity  of  water  required  for  each  person  per 
day  at  thirty-five  gallons,  two  such  wells  as  this  would  furnish  an 
abundance  of  water  for  the  entire  population  of  Springfield.  Mr. 
Upham  has  a  second  flowing  well  3,110  feet  in  depth.  This  well  is 
also  supplied  with  water  from  the  St.  Peter  sandstone.  Mr.  F.  Sibert 
has  a  similar  well  3,100  feet  deep  which  is  fed  from  the  same  sand- 
stone. At  Petersburg,  in  Menard  county,  a  well  was  put  down  on  land 
of  L.  E.  Hartrick  to  a  depth  of  2,011  feet.  This  is  also  reported  as  a 
flowing  well.  Dr.  W.  A.  Gray,  of  Peoria,  obtained  a  strong  well  at 
215  North  Adams  street,  at  a  depth  of  980  feet.  The  water  contains  a 
considerable  amount  of  sulphur  and  stands  thirteen  feet  below  the  curb. 

In  general,  the  geological  conditions  in  the  Springfield  quadrangle 
are  not  greatly  different  from  those  at  the  points  above  mentioned.  It 
is  probable  that  artesian  water  could  be  found  at  a  depth  corresponding 
quite  closely  with  that  of  the  Jacksonville  wells.  Unfortunately  the 
water  from  these  wells  is  so  highly  mineralized  as  to  be  unfit  for  boiler 
uses  and  general  purposes,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  a 
better  quality  would  be  found  at  Springfield. 


THE  MINERAL  INDUSTRY  IN  1906. 

(By  H.  Foster  Bain.) 


Introduction. — Statistics  of  mineral  production  showing  the  out- 
put of  the  State  for  the  year  1905  were  collected  by  Mr.  F.  ,B.  Van- 
Horn  in  cooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  These  statis- 
tics were  published  in  a  special  circular  and  distributed  late  in  the  sum- 
mer. It  is  impossible  at  this  time  to  give  statistics  for  the  year  1906, 
but  the  following  review  of  the  year  prepared  in  December  and  pub^ 
lished  in  The  Mining  World  of  Jan.  26,  last,  may  not  be  without  in- 
terest. 

Oil  and  Gas. — The  sensational  feature  of  the  year  in  Illinois  was  the  rapid 
increase  in  the  production  of  petroleum.  The  oil  and  gas  fields  of  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  State  began  shipping  in  June,  1905.  They  were  first  des- 
cribed by  A.  W.  Lewis,  of  the  State  Geological  Survey,  in  The  Mining  World 
of  April  14th,  1906.  A  report  upon  the  area,  prepared  by  W.  S.  Blatchley,  was 
published  as  Bulletin  2  of  the  survey  in  August.  In  1905  these  fields  produced 
156,502  barrels  of  petroleum.  In  the  first  10  months  of  1906  the  output 
amounted  to  3,588,705  barrels,  and  was  increasing  at  the  rate  of  approximately 
a  half  million  barrels  a  month.  In  August  over  800,000  barrels  were  shipped 
but  a  reduction  in  price  shortly  afterwards  decreased  the  monthly  output 
During  the  year  the  fields  have  been  extended  rapidly  to  the  southeast,  till 
now  there  is  a  considerable  production  from  Westfield  in  Clark  to  Bridgeport 
in  Lawrence  county.  It  is  estimated  that  over  400  wells  have  been  drilled. 
Considerable  quantities  of  natural  gas  also  have  been  found,  though  very  little 
is  being  utilized.  The  rock  pressure  varies  from  185  to  420  pounds,  and  seven 
wells  tested  by  B.  A.  Kinney  showed  a  combined  daily  yeild  of  48,200,000  cubic 
feet.  Pending  an  anti-gas  waste  law,  which  will  probably  be  passed  by  the 
General  Assembly  this  winter,  there  is  little  inducement  to  attempt  to  utilize 
this  fuel. 

Wild  catting  in  other  parts  of  southern  Illinois  continues.  The  results  so 
far  have  been  encouraging  but  not  sensational. 

Coal.  The  coal  mines  furnish  approximately  two-thirds  of  the  annual 
mineral  output  of  the  State.  According  to  revised  figures  the  output  in  1905 
amounted  to  38,434,363  short  tons,  wtih  a  value  of  $40,577,592,  as  determined 
jointly  by  the  State  and  U.  S.  Geological  Surveys.  A  long  and  bitterly  con- 
tested strike  in  the  early  part  of  the  year  and  unusually  severe  car  shortage 
in  the  fall,  have  combined  to  discourage  the  producers.  It  does  not  seem, 
likely,  however,  that  these  factors  have  decreased  the  total  output.  Indeed 
State  shipments  into  and  through  Chicago  increased  31  per  cent  in  the  first 
10  months  of  1906  as  compared  with  the  preceding  year,  and  similar  ship- 
ments into  St.  Louis  show  an  increase  of  27  per  cent.  The  coincidence  in 
these  figures  is  striking,  but  it  is  not  likely  that  such  a  sensational  increase 

245 


246  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906.  [bull.  4 

for  the  State  as  a  whole  is  to  be  anticipated.  It  may  none-the-less  be  confi- 
dently predicted  that  the  returns  for  1906  will  show  a  larger  output  than  for 
1905.  It  is  well  known  that  the  field  is  equipped  to  supply  a  much  larger  de- 
mand than  present  markets  and  shipping  facilities  permit. 

A  number  of  important  new  mines  have  come  into  production,  but  there 
has  also  been  a  marked  improvement  in  shipping  facilities.  The  southern 
Illinois  field  continues  to  attract  attention  and  gain  most  rapidly.  The  Big 
Pour  improvements  are  nearing  completoin,  the  Burlington  line  to  Herrin 
has  been  connected  with  additional  mines  and  is  projected  to  the  Ohio  river; 
the  Illinois  Central  and  other  roads  have  been  building  much  needed  switches 
and  terminal  lines,  and  a  number  of  new  washers  are  being  constructed. 

Clay.  The  clay  products  of  Illinois  amount  now  to  more  than  $10,000,000.00 
and  the  industry  in  1906  showed  a  healthy  condition.  There  was  an  especial 
demand  for  building  brick,  and  the  output  will  probably  show  a  notable  in- 
crease. The  search  for  fire  clays,  which  has  been  going  quietly  forward,  has 
resulted  in  the  discovery  of  several  valuable  deposits.  At  least  a  half  dozen 
clays  are  now  known  which  will  withstand  high  temperature.  Just  what 
range  of  usefulness  they  may  have  is  being  investigated. 

Quarry  Products.  The  demand  for  stone  of  all  kinds  has  been  good.  Illi- 
nois is  relatively  deficient  in  developed  quarries  of  dimension  stone,  but  the 
crushed  rock  output  is  rapidly  growing.  The  steam  shovels  in  the  large 
quarries  of  Vermilion  county,  from  which  limestone  is  taken  for  flux  in  the 
Chicago  blast  furnaces,  were  busy.  An  additional  tract  of  1,000  acres  was 
purchased  and  is  to  be  developed. 

Cement.  The  Portland  cement  mills  of  the  State  were  busy  as  usual.  A 
new  plant  is  building  at  Dixon,  and  the  land  is  said  to  have  been  bought  near 
Port  Byron  for  still  another.  It  remains  true  that  the  cement  industry  here 
has  not  in  recent  years  grown  as  rapidly  as  in  neighboring  states,  despite 
abundant  rock  and  clay,  cheap  fuel  and  convenient  transportation  facilities. 

Sand  and  Silica.  The  glass  and  building  sand  industries  have  been  in  a 
healthy  condition.  A  large  new  mill  has  been  erected  to  prepare  the  silica 
of  the  southern  part  of  the  State  for  market,  and  another  is  in  contemplation. 
A  deposit  of  ochre  of  workable  grade  has  been  discovered  but  has  not  yet  been 
developed. 

Lead  and  Zinc.  The  Illinois  zinc  smelters  have  had  a  busy  year.  The 
Depue  works  of  the  Mineral  Point  Zinc  Co.,  have  gone  partially  into  commis- 
sion.   The  Hegeler  works  at  Danville  are  not  yet  ready  to  receive  ore. 

In  Jo  Daviess  county  a  number  of  old  properties  are  being  drilled.  The 
shaft  of  the  Stacey  Diggins  is  down,  and  is  said  to  confirm  fully  the  excellent 
showing  made  by  their  prospect  drUl  holes.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  State 
a  small  but  steady  production  of  lead  is  maintained  as  a  by-product  from 
the  fluorspar  mines.  It  has  long  been  known  that  this  lead  carries  some  silver. 
An  interesting  development  of  the  new  year  was  the  shipment  of  galena 
carrying  eight  ounces  and  more  of  silver,  which  at  present  more  than  pays 
the  freight  on  the  shipments. 

Fluorspar.  The  Rosiclare  and  Fairview  mines  continue  to  be  the  main 
producers,  and  are  now  excellently  situated  to  meet  all  demands.  The  new 
mine  of  the  Fairview  is  giving  satisfaction.  At  the  Rosiclare  a  Hancock  jig 
is  being  installed.  Three  mines  at  Lead  Hill  have  reached  a  productive  stage, 
and  the  Bay  City  mine  has  also  made  shipments. 


INDEX.  247 


INDEX. 


Page 

Adams  county,   Topographic  work  in 55 

Administrative   Report,   1906 9 

Agricultural   Experiment  Station,   Cooperation   with 27 

Air-Dried  Coal,  Moisture  in 195 

Air  Drying,  Determination  of  Moisture  lost  on,  Coal 192 

Akin,  Geographic  position  of 113,  115 

Albert,   Elevation  of 88 

Aldred,  J.  L.,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 157 

Alexander  county,  Occurrences  of  limestone  in,  for  fertilizers 180 

Alexander  county,  Occurrences  of  Silica   in 28,  185 

Alexandria,   Geographical  position  of 98 

Allegheney    series 202 

Alluvial  deposits,   Occurence   of 145 

Ambocelia  planoconvexa 207 

Analyses  of  coal 189,  190 

Analyses  of  clays 

150,   152,  153,  155,   156,   157,   159,   161,   163,   164,   166,   167,   168.   169,   173,  175 

Analyses  of  Water  from   Springfield  Water  Works - 241 

Analyses  of  Water  from  Springfield  wells 243 

Anderson  Geographic  position  of 99 

Andrews,  Elevation  of 85 

Anna,  Occurrence  of  limestone  at,  for  fertilizers 179 

Anna,  Occurrence  of  silica  at 185 

Annularia   stellata 208 

Anthracising    Bituminous    coals 196 

Anticlines  in  Calhoun   county 221 

Apple  River  quadrangle,  Geographic  positions  in 121 

Aptakisic,   Elevation   of 81 

Arden,  Geographic  position   of 97 

Argillo  Works,  Carbon  Cliff,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 161 

Arnold,   Geographic  position   of 98 

Artesia    transversa 209 

Ashland,  Geographic  position   of 119 

Astartella    208 

Athens,    Elevation   of 84 

Athens,   Geographic   position   of 99,  110 

Atterberry,    Elevation   of 84 

Atterberry,   Geographic  position  of 99 

Atwood,  W.  W.,  Appointment  of 12 

Geographic    Features   of   the    Lake    Michigan    Shore   north    of   Chicago,   Bulle- 
tin   on 31 

Resignation     of 12 

Work    of 24 

Ava,  Geographic  position  of 126 

Aviculopecten    206 

A viston,    Elevation    of 88 

Bain,  H.   Foster,  Administrative  Report  for  1906 9 

Analysis  of  certain  silica  deposits 185 

Cited     25 

Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Coal 187 

Letter   of   Transmittal 7 

Mineral  Industry  in  1906 .  .  .• 245 

Work    of 178 

Baker,  Ira  O.,  Work  of 16 

Baldwin,  H.   L.,  Work  of 53,  63 

Barrows,    H.   H.,   Work   of 12,  24 

Barry,  Geographic  position   of 97 

Bartelso,  Geographic  position  of 117 

Bartley,  Geographic  position  of 104 


248  YEAK-BOOK   FOR   1906.  [bull.  4 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Bartow,  Edward,  Acknowledgement  to 240 

Appointment  of  12 

Work    of 21 

Bates,  Geographic  position  of 98 

Bath,  Geographic  position  of 99 

Baylis,  Geographic  position  of 97 

Baylis  quadrangle,  Geographic  positions  in 97 

Belknap,  Occurrence  of  limestone  at,  for  fertilizers 179 

Section    at 180 

Bcllemont,    Elevation    of 94 

Bellerophon    percarinatus 208 

Belleville,   Elevation  of 87 

Belleville,  General  section  at 215 

Belleville,  Geographic  position  of 106 

Belleville  Quadrangle,  Elevations  in 87 

Bement,  A.,   Acknowledgements   to 14 

Coal  Beds  of  Illinois 31 

Stratigraphical  map  of  Illinois 14 

Benton,  Elevation   of 77 

Benton,   Geographic  position   of 115 

Berlin,  Geographic  position  of 98 

Big  Muddy  Creek,  Geographic  position  of 113 

Blair,  C.  B.,  Work  of 88,  111 

Blanding,  Geographic  position  of 124 

Blatchley,  W.   S.,  Petroleum  Industry  of   Southeastern  Illinois 31 

Work  of   12,  22 

Bloomingdale,  Elevation  of 83 

Bloomington,    Elevation   of 66h 

Blue  Band   Coal,  Analysis  of 189,  190 

Bluffs,  Geographic  position  of 98 

Bond  county,  Topographic  work  in 41,  43 

Bondville,    Elevation    of 86 

Bone  Gap,  Elevation  of 95 

Boos,   Elevation   of 70 

Bowman,  Isaiah,  Water  Resources  of  the  East  St.   Louis  District,  Bulletin  on....  31 

Work    of 17 

Bradbury,  Elevation  of 72 

Bradbury,   quadrangle,   Elevations  in 72 

Breckenridge,  L.  P.,  Tests  of  Illinois  Coals  under  Steam  Boilers 31 

Breese,  Elevation  of 88 

Geographic   position    of 117 

Breese  quadrangle,   Elevations  In 88 

Breese   quadrangle,    Geographic   positions    in 116 

Brinsmaid,    W.,    Work    of 188 

Brocton,    Elevation    of 74 

Broughton,   Elevation   of 89 

Geographic  position  of 105 

Browns,    Elevation    of 94 

Browns  Crossing,  Geographic  position  of 98,  118 

Brownsville,    Elevation    of 89 

Bucher,  Henry,  Work  of 80 

Buckner,   Eelvation   of 77 

Building  stones,   Production  of,  in  1905 27 

Bureau  county,  Topographic  work  in 54 

Bureau   of   Information 32 

Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics 30 

Burning  and  drying  of  fire  clays,  Methods  used  in 137 

Burning  Tests,  Results  of,  on  fire  clays 

151,    152,    153,   154,   155,   158,    159.    162.    163,    164,    165,  172 

Burns,   Deane,   Work   of 16 

Bushnell,  P.   L.,  Work  of 16 

Bushton,    Elevation    of 72 

Calamites    203 

Calamostachys    stellata 209 

Caledonia  Landing,   Sections  at 145 

Calhoun  county — 

Burlington   limestone    in 227 

Chouteau  limestone  in 226 

Coal  Measure  limestone  in 231- 

Coal   Measure   Sandstone   in :  : 229 

Coal  Measures  shales  in 231 

Devonian  limestone 225 

Economic    Geology    of 232 

Faults    in 220 

Fire  clay  and   coal   in . : 230 

Investigation    in : 29 

Joachim    limestone    in 222 

Keokuk    limestone    in 227 

Kimswick    limestone   in 222 


INDEX.  249 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Kindernook  overlap  in 226 

Kinderhook    shales    in 226 

Lafayette  gravels  in 231 

Loess    in 231 

Louisiana    limestone    in 226 

Lower  Magnesian   limestone  in 221 

Maquoketa   shale   in 223 

Middle  Devonian  limestone  in 225 

Mississlppian    in 226 

Niagaran    limestone   in 221,  225 

Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Southern 219 

Ordovician    in 221 

Plattin    limestone    in 222 

Pleistocene    in 231 

Pre-Pennsylivanian    unconformity 229 

Roseclare    sandstone   in 228 

St.  Louis  limestone  in 221 

St.  Peters  sandstone  in 28,  221 

Spergen   limestone   in 228 

Tertiary     in 231 

Warsaw   formation    in 228 

Topographic  work   in 55 

Calvin,    Geographic   position   of 101 

Campbern,   F.   J.,  Work  of 17 

Cannel  Coal  in  Northern  Illinois 197 

Cantrall,   Elevation   of 85 

Geographic   position    of 99 

Carbon  Cliff,  Tests  on  clay  samples  from 161 

Section    at 161 

Carbondale,  Geographic  position  of 127 

Carboniferous   System,   Stratigraphic  work  on 14 

Carman,   J.    C.   Work   of 12,  24 

Carmi,    Elevation    of 89 

Geographic    position    of 101 

Quadrangle,    Elevations    in •. 89 

Geographic  positions  in 101 

Carroll   county,  Topographic  work   in 53,  54 

Carterville,  Geographic  position  of 125 

Caseyville,   Elevation   of 87,  95 

Cass  county,  Topographic  work  in 41 

Catlin,    Elevation   of 69,  92 

Geographic   position    of 100 

Centerville,  Geographic  position  of ' 108 

Cement,  Value  of  output  in  1905 30 

Chamberlin,  T.  C,  Appointment  of 12 

Champaign   county,   Topographic  work  in 41 

Champaign,    Elevation    of 86,  67 

Geographic    position    of Ill 

Chandlerville,    Geographic   position   of 99 

Chapin,  Geographic  position  of 98 

Chapin  quadrangle.  Geographic  position  in 98 

Charleston,    Elevation    of 73 

Charleston,  Occurrence  of  limestone  at,  for  fertilizers 182 

Cheltenham  fire  clay,  occurrence  of  in  Illinois 14 

Chemical  Analyses  of  Certain  Coals 188 

Chemical  Analvsis,   Results  of,   on  fire  clays 

150,  152,  153,  155,  156,  169,  161,  163,  164.  166,  167,  168,  169,  173,  175 

Chester  limestone.  Results  of  Analyses  from 181 

Chicago,    Elevation    of 80 

Chicago,  Wilmington  and  Vermilion  Coal  Co.,  samples  of  clay  from 165 

Compression  tests  on  coal  from 199,  201 

Chonetes  glaber 209 

mesolotus    210 

Christophpr,    Elevation   of 77 

Church,    Elevation    of 90 

Claremont    quadrangle,    Elevations    in llllll  95 

Classification  of  fire  clays  on  base  of  vitrification 138 

Ciays    of    doubtful    age 172 

Mesozoic 17 

Of  miscellaneous  age  and  origin 170 

Output     1906 246 

Paleozoic   Fire   Clays,    Investigations   on 17 

Preliminarv  investigation   of   Illinois  fire  clays 129 

Value  of   Output   in   1905 30 

Cleidophorous     224 

Clinton   county.   Topographic   work   in 41 

Coals,    Analyses    of 190,  191 

Litchfield     190,  191 

Springfield     190,  191 

Wilmington     190,  191 


250  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   ]  906.  Ibull  4. 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Coal,  Anthracizing  Bituminous  coal 196 

Blue   Band,   Analysis   of 190,  191 

Boiler    Trials,    Experiment   on : 16 

Chemical  Analyses   of   Certain   Coals 188 

Composition  of,  Work  on  the 15 

Compression    Tests    of    Illinois 198 

Contributions   to   the   study   of   coal 181 

Determination  of  Moisture  lost  on  air  drying 192 

Districts  of  the  State,  Reports  on  field  work  in  the      201 

Effect  of  weathering  on,  Experiments  on 15 

Market    for 16 

Coal   Measure   age,   Fire   clays  from 159 

Coal  Measures,  Field  and  Laboratory  notes  on  fire  clays  of  the 161 

Coal    Measures,    Geological    Relations    of 159 

Coal  Measure  limestone,  Analysis  of 182 

Coal,    Method   used    in    sampling 15 

Coal,  Mode  of  Occurrence 16 

Coal  in  Northern  Illinois,  Cannel 197 

Coal,  Occurrence  of  in  Calhoun  county 232 

Ccal    output    in    1906 245 

Coal,   Results  of  Compression  test   on   Illinois 199,  200,  201 

Coal,  Scope  of  work  undertaken  by  Survey  on 13 

Coal,  Stratigraphic  work  on 13 

Coal,   Uses   of,   Work    on 15 

Coal,  Value  of  Output  in   1905 30 

Coal,  Washed,  Work  on  Study  of 15 

Colchester,  Results  of  tests  on  clays  from 162 

Coles  county,  Occurrence  of  limestone  in,  for  fertilizers 182 

Coles  county,  topographic  work  in 43 

Colfax  Cooperative  Coal  Co.,  Analyses  of  coal  from 198 

Collinsville,    Elevation    of 88 

Geographic   position    of 106 

Composition  of  Coal,  Work  on 15 

Compression  test   on  Illinois  coals 198 

Connoquenessing     sandstone 202 

Contributions  to  the  study  of  coal 187 

Cook  county,  Topographic  work   in 53,  54 

Cooke,  C.  E.;  Work  of 13,  54,  55,  56,  63,  92,  95 

Cooperation   with   Agricultural    Experiment    Station 27 

Cooperation  with  Department   of  Applied  Chemistry 15 

Cooperation  with   Engineering   Experiment   Station 17,  15 

Cooperation  with   State  Water  Survey 17 

Cooperation   with   U.    S.    Geological    Survey 13,  17 

Cooperative  topographic  survey   of  Illinois,   Report  of  the 37 

Cooperative  topographic   survey,   with  U.    S.    Geological    Survey,   Nature   of   Agree- 
ment      39,  41 

Cora,  Geographic  position   of 100 

Cordaites     £^9 

Cordaites    mansfieldii ^uy 

Gordiacarpon   ^09 

Cordianthus    -^y 

Cordova  quadrangle,  Elevations  in 91 

Corinth,   Geographic   position    of 114 

Corran,   Geographic  position   of      Jg 

Councilhill,    Geographic   position    of I-* 

Cowling,    Elevation   of »* 

Geographic   position    of JOi 

Crab  Orchard,  Geographic  position   of 115 

Cretaceous    formations,    Work    on . ^» 

Cretaceous-Tertiary  clays,   Field  and   laboratory  notes  on 148,  139 

Crossville,  Geographic  position  of 101 

Ctenodonta    z^% 

Cumberland,  Topographic  work  in *g 

Cypress,    Elevation    of « y 

Dale,    Geographic  position   of 105,  113 

Dallasania,  Geographic  position  of li| 

Dalmanella    subaequata ffg 

Damiansville,    Geographic   position    of ■  •  •  lis 

Danvers    Elevation    of bt>»  »? 

Danvers    quadrangle,    Elevation    in ob 

Danville,    Geographic    position    of iuu 

Danville   Junction,    Elevation   of .  . * •  •  •  •  •  •  »^ 

Danville    quadrangle,    Elevations    in.  .  . 69,    91,  92 

Danville   quadrangle,   Geographic  positions   in iuu 

Deal,    John.    Information    from ^4U 

Deers,  Elevation  of £g 

Delafield    Coal    Co •  •  •  •  • *» 

Delafield  Coal   Co.,  Log  of  Prospect  hole 205 


INDEX.  251 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Delaneld  Drill  Core,  The 203 

Denmark.  Geographic  position  of :  126 

Derbya     crassa 207,  209 

Des  Plaines,   Elevation  of 81 

Devonian    limestone,    Middle 225 

DeWolf,  Frank  W. — 

New  Haven  and  Eldorado  Quadrangles,   Work  in 14 

Preliminary  Investigation  of  Illinois  Fire  Clays 129 

Stratigraphical    work   by 29 

Work   of 12,   15,    17,   27,   178,   179,  184 

Diamond    Lake,    Geographic    position    of 120 

Digby,    Loren,    Work    of 22 

Dixon,    Cement   plant   at 28 

Dixon.   St.   Peters  sandstone  at 28 

Dolomite   in   Calhoun    county 233 

Douglas  county.  Topographic  work  in 43 

Downs,     Elevation     of 66 

Drake,     Clays     from 169 

Druse  Lake,  Geographic  position  of 120 

Drying  and  burning  of  fire  clays,  Method  used  in 137 

Dundas,    Elevation    of 70 

DuPage   quadrangle,   Topographic   work  in 41,   53,  54 

Duquoin,    Elevation    of 76,  77 

Duquoin,    Geographic    position    of 124,  125 

Durpath,    Elevation    of 81 

East  St.   Louis,  Elevation  of 95 

East    St.    Louis   quadrangle,    Elevations   in 95 

East  St.  Louis  quadrangle,  Hydrographic  work  in 21 

Edgar  county.  Topographic  work  in 43 

Educational    Bulletins. 23 

Eldorado,   Elevation  of 79,  89 

Eldorado,  Geographic  position  of 105,  113 

Eldorado  quadrangle,   Elevations   in 89 

Eldorado  quadrangle,   Geographic  positions  in 104 

Eldorado  quadrangle,  Stratigraphical  work  in 14 

Elevations  determined  from   1896   to   1906 62 

Elizabeth,   Geographic  position  of 121 

Elkville.    Geographic   position   of 124 

Ellis.  A.   J.,  Work   of 16 

Ellis.   J.   R.,  Work   of 57,   103,    105,   108,    111,  116 

Elm    Grove    Coal    Company,    Log   of 210 

Embayment  area.  Extent,  thickness  and  occurrence   of  clays  in 147 

Embayment   area,    Geological    history    of 146 

Embayment    deposits,     Structure    of 146 

Empire,    Elevation    of 66 

Empire  Coal  Company,   Compression  test  on   coal  from 199,  200 

Enfield    quadrangle,    Elevations    in 89 

Engineering   Experiment   Station,   Cooperation   with 17 

Enna,    Elevation    of 90 

Enna,    Geographic    position    of 103 

Epworth,    Geographic    position    of 101 

Equality,    Elevation    of 79 

Equality.    Geographic   position    of 105 

Erie,     Elevation     of 91 

Eumetria    marceyi 228 

Evanston  quadrangle,  Elevations  in . 80 

Fairgrange,  Elevation  of 73 

Fairmont,   Elevation   of 68 

Fairmont,   Geographical   position    of 100 

Fairmount   Junction,   Elevation   of 63,    69,  76 

Falmouth.    Elevation    of 71 

Farmer   City,   Elevation   of 67 

Faults    in   Calhoun    county 220 

Faults  in  Peoria   county 16 

Fenneman,  N.  M.,  Work  of 12,  14,  24 

Fenneman,   N.  M.,   Stratigraphic  work  in  the  vicinity  of  East  St.  Louis 213 

Fenton.   Elevation   of 91 

Fern  Glen    Shales 216 

Fertilizers,    Limestones   available  for 177 

Fire   Clay,    Chemical   analyses   of 133,  134 

Commercial    development   of 147 

Determination    of    fusion    point 136 

Geographical    distribution    of 139 

Occurrence  of  in  Calhoun  county '  232 

Preliminary   investigation   of   Illinois '  .'  129 

Production     of 131 

Range  from  vitrification  to  fusion  in 136 

Tests  on,  from  Massac  county °  151 

From    Pope   county [  154 

From  Pulaski  county 153;   155'  157 

Test   undertaken   on .....'  132 


252  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906.  [bull.  4 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Fithian  quadrangle,   Elevation  in 68 

Fletcher,  L.  C,  Work  of 33 

Fluorspar,  Investigations  undertaken  on 26 

Formosa,    Elevation    of 88 

Ford   Woods,   Elevation   of 66 

Fowler,  A.  T.,  Work  of 57 

Fox,    H.   B.,   Appointment 12 

Samples    collected    by 17 

Work    of 220 

Francis   Mill,   Elevation   of 89 

Geographic    position    of 105 

Franklin  county,  Topographic  work  in 43 

Freeport    group 202 

Friendsville,  Elevation  of 95 

Fuller,  M.  L.,  referred  to 21 

Fulton  county,  Topographic  work  in 41 

Fusion  point,  Determination  of,  in  fire  clays 135 

Fusion,  Range  from  vitrification  to,  in  fire  clays 136 

Galatia,    Elevation    of 78.  70 

Galatia  quadrangle,  Geographic  positions  in 113 

Galena,  Geographic  position  of 123 

Galena  Junction,  Geographical  position  of 124 

Galena  qaudrangle,   Geographical   positions  in 123 

Gallatin   county,   Topographic  work   in 41,  43 

Gannett,  S.   S.,  Work  of 46,  57,  63,  65,  69,  76,  128 

Gards   Point.    Elevation   of 95 

Gas,  Occurrence  of  in  mines 16 

Gas,   Output  in   190 245 

Geology  of  Southern  Calhoun  county,  Notes  on 219 

Germantown,   Elevation   of * 88 

Geographic    position    of 117 

Gillumm,    Elevation    of f 66 

Glen  Carbon,  Geographic  position  of 108 

Glen   Ellyn,    Elevation   of 83 

Goehring,   F.   J.,   Acknowledgement  to 205 

Goin,  W.  J.,  Acknowledgement  to 205 

Goldthwait,    J.    W.,    Geographic   features    of    the    Lake    Michigan    shore    north    of 

Chicago     31 

Work    of i 12 

Goodlove,    Charles,    Work    of 94,  55 

Goodman  and  Karraker,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 173 

Grain,    Fineness    of 136 

Granite  City,   Elevation  of 95 

Grant,  U.   S.,  Appointment  of 12 

Grassland,    Elevation    of 87 

Gray,  Dr.  W.  A..  Flowing  well  of 244 

Grayson,    Elevation    of 79 

Gray ville,    Elevation    of 94 

Geographic   position    of 101 

Greene  county,  Result  of  tests  on  clay  from 167,  168,  169,  170 

Greenup,   Elevation   of 71 

Greenup    quadrangle,    Elevations    in 70 

Gregory,  A.  W.,  Analysis  by 178,  181 

Green.   T.   A.,   Work   of 57,   65,  76 

Griggsville,    Geographical    position    of 98 

Grothham,  George,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 149 

Grout,  F.  F.,  Appointment  of 12 

Cannel  coal  in  northern  Illinois 197 

Determination  of  moisture  lost  on  air  drying  of  coal 192 

Resignation     of 12 

Work    of 15,    165,    171,    17,  25 

Groveland.    Elevation    of 93 

Grundy  county,  Topographic  work  in 54 

Hale,   Geographic  position  of 102 

Hamilton  county,  Topographic  work  in .41,  43 

Hancock,  E.  T.,  Work  of 12,   17,  27,  55 

Hanover,    Geographic   position    of 124 

Hardin   county,    Lower   Pottsville   in 202 

Occurrence  of  lead  in 25 

Of   limestones   in,   for  fertilizers 181 

Hartmann,    C,    Work   of 57 

Harris,   A.    W.,   Work   of 12 

Harris,    Elevation    of . • 67 

Harrisburg,    Geographic  position   of 114 

Harrison,  D.   C,   Work   of 53,  54 

Hartrick,  L.  E.,  Flowing  well  of 244 

Hawkins,   George  T.,   Work  of 97,  100 


INDEX.  253 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Hawley,    Elevation    of 93 

Haworth,    Work    of 17 

Havana,    Geographic   position    of 100,  111 

Havana  quadrangle,   Elevations  in 84 

Geographic    positions    in 100 

Henry   county,  Topographic   work   in 54 

Herald,    Elevation    of 89 

Herdien  Coal  Company,  Compression  tests  on  coal  from 199,  200 

Herrin  quadrangle,  Geographic  positions  in 116 

Herrin,  Geographic  position  of 116 

Herron,  W.  F.,  Work  of 13,  46,  57 

Hickory   Corners,   Geographic  position   of 120 

Hidalgo,    Elevation    of 71 

Higgins,  D.  P.,  Work  of 12 

Highland,   Elevation  of 88 

Geographic    position    of 107,  116 

Highway  material,  Local  view  collected  from 26 

Highwood  quadrangle,   Elevations   in 81 

Hildreth,    Elevation   of 75 

Hillebrand,    Dr.,   cited 196 

Hill,   F.   F.,  quoted 240 

Hillsdale,    Elevation    of 91 

Hilltop,  Elevation  of 84 

Hull  quadrangle,  Geographic  positions  in 97 

Hume,   Elevation  of 75 

Hollidaysborro,    Geographic    position    of 124 

Holman,  Paul,   Work  by 55 

Homer,    Elevation    of 68 

Hopkins,   Dr.   C.   G.,   cited 177,  178 

Horsebacks,  Work  on,  in  Springfield  quadrangle 16 

Howard,  R.  C,  Work  of 83,  84,  85 

Illaenus     222 

Iliinoisan   drift   in    Springfield   quadrangle 237 

Illinois  Collieries  Company,  Compression  tests  on  coal  from 199,  200 

Illinois  drift  sheet  near  East  St.  Louis 215 

Illinois  fire   clays,   Preliminary   investigation   of 129 

Illinois   Silica  Company,   Samples  from 

Illinois,  Report  of  the  cooperative  topographic  survey  of 37 

Investigation  of  Illinois  fire  clays,  Preliminary 129 

Irman,    Elevation    of 90 

Island  Grove,  Geographic  position  of 98 

Isoteliis     222 

I  von,   Elevation   of 89 

Jackson  county,  Topographic  work  in 43 

Jacksonville,   Geographic  position   of 98 

Jacksonville  quadrangle,  Geographic  positions  in 98 

Jamaica,    Elevations   of 75 

Jamestown,  Geographic  position  of 117 

Janesville,    Elevation    of 72 

Jasper  county,  Topographic  work  in 43 

Jersey  county,  Topographic  work  In 55 

Joachim    limestone 222 

Jo  Daviess  county,  Occurrence  of  lead  in 25 

Topographic   work    in 54,    55,  43 

Johnson,   A.    N.,    cited 26 

Johnson  county,  Occurrence  of  limestone  in,  for  fertilizers 179 

Jones,  J.  C,  Work  of 12 

Joslyn,    Elevation    of 91 

Kansan   drift   in    Springfield   quadrangle 237 

Kansas   quadrangle,    Elevations   in 74 

Kaolin,  Result  of  test  on  clays  from 173 

Keen,  Geographical  position  of 101 

Keensburg,   Elevation   of 94 

Kendall   county,  Topographic  work  in 54 

Keokuk    limestone 227 

Kilbourne,  Elevation  of 84 

Geographic   position    of 99 

Kimswick    limestone 222 

Kinderhook,  Geographic  position  of 97 

Kinderhook    shale 226 

Klein,  David,  Work  of 16 

Kortie,  William,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 151 

Krehbiel,  J.  F.,  Method  devised  for  determining  plasticity 137 

Work    of 16,     17,  132 

LaFayette  formation,  Occurrence  of 144 

Lafayette    gravel 231 


254  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1906.  Luull.  4 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

LaGrange  formation,  Occurrence  of 144 

Leinhart,    H.,   farm,    well   on 

Lake  county,  Topographic  work  in 54 

Lake  Forest,   Geographic  position   of 120 

LaSalle  county,   Result  of  test  on  clays  from 105,    160,  107 

Topographic   work  in 54 

Law,   Geographic  position   of 121 

Lead,    Investigations   undertaken   in 25 

Value   of   output   in   1905 30 

Lebanon,    Elevation    of 87 

Leiterberry,   Geographic  position   of 99 

Leo  Rock,  Geographic  position  of 127 

Lepidendron    203 

Lepidophloios     203 

Lerna   Junction,    Elevation    of 72 

Lerna,     Elevation    of 72 

LeRoy,    Elevation    of 00 

LeRoy   quadrangle,    Elevations   in 06 

Letter    of    transmittal 7 

Lesleyia     grandis 202 

Leslie,    Elevation   of 05 

Leveling,   Precise,   in   Illinois 64 

Primary    in    Illinois 64 

Leverett,    Frank,    cited 177,  238 

Leverett,   Geographical   position   of 112 

Lewis,  A.  W.,  Acknowledgement  to 211 

Appointment     of 12 

Resignation     of 12 

Work     of 15,  22 

Lilly,    Elevation    of 66 

Limestone   available  for  fertilizers 177 

Limestone,   Analyses   of 179,    180,    181,  182 

Limestone   in   Calhoun   county 233 

lii'mestone,  value  of  output  in  1905 30 

Ldngwla    226 

Lingula    umbonata 206,  208 

Litchfield  coal,  Analysis  of 190,  191 

Litchfield,   Compression  tests  on  coal  from 199,  200 

Little   Chain,   Elevation   of 90 

Little   Indian,   Geographic  position   of 99 

Lloyde,  W.  J.,  Work  by 54,   50,  57,  80,  87,  88 

Loess  formation,  Occurrence  of 145 

Logan  county,  Topographic  work  in 41 

Long  Branch,  Elevation  of 84 

Long,   Fred,  information  from 239 

Lookout    formations 202 

Lophophyllum    proliferum 209 

Lord,    Professor,    cited 192 

Lowe,  H.   G.,  Work  of 94 

Lower    Magnesian    limestone 220,  221 

lower     Pottsville 202 

Lynn  Grove,   Geographical  position  of Ill 

Macomb,    Section   at 164 

Mackin,     Elevation    of 66 

Mackinaw   quadrangle,   Elevations   in 65 

Madison   county,   Topographic  work   in 41,   43,  53 

Mahomet,    Elevation    of 87,  67 

Mahomet  quadrangle,   Elevations  in 67,   86,  87 

Geographic    positions    in 108 

Maizeton,    Elevation    of 75 

Mannie,  Geographic  position  of 103 

Manning,  V.   H.,  Work  of 54 

Mansfield,    Elevation   of 67 

Mansfield,  Geographic  position  of 108 

Mansperger,  John,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 156 

Mapleton,    Elevation    of 93 

Maquoketa   shale,   Occurrence   of 223 

Marion,  Geographic  position  of 115 

Markets    for    coal 16 

Markham,    Geographic   position    of 98 

Marshall  county,  Topographic  work  in 54 

Massac  county,  Occurrence  of  fire  clays  in 141 

Result  of  tests  on  fire  clays  from 148,  151,   158,  171 

Massbach,    Geographic   position    of 122 

Mathiessen  and  Hegeler,  Result  of  tests  on  coal  from _. 198 

Mattoon  quadrangle,  Elevation  in " 72 

Maud,    Elevation    of 94 

Maunie,    Elevation    of 89 

Geographic    position    of 101 

May  view,    Elevation    of • 86 


INDEX.  255 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

McCalman,  John   L.,   Work  or 92 

McDonald,    Elevation    of 77 

McDonough  county,  Result  of  test  on  clays  from 103 

McKinney,  K.  C,   Work  of 53,  54,  55,   80,   90,  92 

McNair,  E.  L.,  Work  of 57,   05,   17W,  118 

McRae,   Carleton,    Work  of 92 

Mechanical  Analysis  of  Are  clays,  Result  of  analysis 

150,    152,    153,   155,    156,    157,    158,    101,    102,    104,  175 

Megalopteris     202 

Menard,  Occurrence  of  limestones  for  fertilizers 181 

Detailed    section    at 181 

Topographic    work    in 41,  43 

Menert,   Elevation    of 05 

Merry,  C.  E.,  Work  of 10 

Middlepoint,   Elevation  of 89 

Middle  Pottsville,   Occurrence  of  at 202 

Mineral    Industry    in    1900 245 

Mineral  Statistics  for  1905,  Resume  of 30 

Mines,   Geographic  position  of 100 

Mira,    Elevation  of 07 

Mississippian,    Occurrence    of 226 

Mixta     207 

Moisture,  Determination  of  in  coal 195 

Moisture  lost   on  air   drying,   Determination   of 192 

Monks  Mound,   Well   section  at 215 

Monmouth  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from ■ 162,  163 

Monoclinal   fault  in  Jersey   county 220 

Monroe   county,   Topographic   work   in 53 

Montgomery  county,   Occurrence  of  gas  in 22 

Monticello  quadrangle,  Elevation  in 67 

Moore,  J.  K.,  Work  of 16 

Morgan   county,   Topographic   work   in 43 

Morganton,    Geographic   position    of 98 

Morton,  Geographic  position  of 102 

Moses,    Tom,    Work   of 12,    15,  17 

Mount    Carmel,   Elevation    of 94 

Geographic  position   of 101,  108 

Mount  Carmel  quadrangle,   Elevation  in 94 

Geographic    positions    in 101 

Mulkeytown,  Elevation  of " 77 

Murphysboro,   Geographic  position  of 127 

Murphysboro   quadrangle,   Geographic   position   in 126 

Myalina    208 

Naperville,   Elevation    of 83 

Naples,   Geographic  position   of 98 

Naples  quadrangle,  Geographic  positions   in 98 

Neeley,   Geographic   position   of 98 

NeuropteHs     scheuchzeri 207.  209 

New   Baden,   Elevation  of 88 

Geographic    position    of 118 

New  Berlin  quadrangle,   Elevations  in 98 

Newell,   G.   W.,   Work   of 90 

New   Haven  quadrangle,    Elevations   in 89,  90 

Geographic    positions    in 103 

Stratigraphical    work    in 14 

New    Salem   quadrangle,   Geographic   positions   in 97 

Newton,    Elevation   of 70,  71 

Newton  quadrangle,  Elevations  in 70 

N'agara     limestone 221,  225 

Niles   Centre,   Elevation   of 80 

Nolte,  C.  B.,  Work  of 12 

Nora,  Geographic  position  of 122 

Noiiis   City,   Elevation   of 89 

Norwood.   Dr.   J.   C,   cited 10 

Novaculite,  Analysis  of  sample  from  Tampas 26 

Nucula     beyrichi 209 

ventricosa    206 

Oakf ord,    Elevation    of 84 

Geographic    position    of 99 

Oakland  quadrangle,  Elevation  in 73 

Oakland,    Elevation    of 74 

Ochre,  Occurrence  in  Brown  ocunty 28 

Odin,    Soil    experiments    at 178 

O'Fallon,   Elevation  of 87 

Ogles,    Elevation    of 95 

Ohio   Pottery   Co..    Samples   from 149,  150 

Oil  and   Gas,   Investigations  on 22 

Oil,  Output  in   1906 245 


256  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1906.  Lbull.  4 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Olney,    Elevation    of 69,     70 

Olney  quadrangle,   Elevations  in 69 

Omaha,    Elevation    of 69,     90 

Orbiculoidea    missouriensis 207,     205,  209 

nitida 207 

Orchard  Mines,  Geographic  position  of . . 103 

Orleans,   Geographic  position   of 98 

Orton,    Edward,    Acknowledgement   to 135 

Work    of 17 

Ottawa,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 167 

Occurrence   of  glass  sand  at 28 

Ovitz,  F.  K.,  Work  of 188 

Palaeasis  ootusis 228 

Parr,   S.  W.,  Anthracizing  of  bituminous  coals 196 

Appointment     of 12 

Chemical  analyses  of  certain  coals 188 

Classification   of  coals 15 

Composition  and  character  of  Illinois  coals 31 

Composition  of  coals,  Studies  on 15 

Work    of 16,    132,    184,  188 

Parrish,    Elevation    of 78 

Fate,  F.  W.,  Work  of 178,  179,  181,  182 

Patton,    Elevation   of * 95 

Pecopteris    strongii 207 

tenuinervis    * 209 

Pekin,    Elevation   of 65 

Geographic   position    of 103 

Pennsylvanian     229 

Peoria,    Elevation    of 93 

Peoria,    Geographic  position   of 102 

Peoria   county,   Topographic   work   in 54,     55 

Feoria   quadrangle,    Elevations    in 65,    92,     93 

Geographic  positions  in 101 

Stratigraphic   work   in 14 

Perdue,  M.  J.,  Work  of 12,     25 

Perry  county,  Topographic  work  in. 43 

Peters,  Geographic  position  of 108 

Peters,  W.   J.,   Work  of 53,     54 

Petersburg,   Elevation  of .* 84 

Geographic    position    of 99,  119 

Elevations    in 84 

Petroleum,  Value  of  output  in  1905 30 

Philo,    Elevation    of 86 

Phosphate  in   Calhoun   county 233 

Piatt  county,  Topographic  work  in 41 

Pike,  Albert,  Work  of 56,  83,  84,     85 

Pike  county,  Occurrence  of  gas  in 22 

Topographic  work  in 53 

Pikeville,   Wisconsin,  Geographic  position   of 120 

Pioneer  Fire  Proofing  Co.,  Result  of  test  on  clays  from 167 

Pittsfield  Junction,  Geographic  position  of 97 

Plasticity   of  fire   clays 137 

Plattin    limestone 222 

Pleasant  Valley,   Geographic  position  of 122 

Plectambonites    225 

Pleistocene    231 

Pleurotomaria 206 

Speciaosa    206,    208,  209 

Pope  county,  Occurrence  of  fluorspar  in 26 

Occurrence  of  lead  and  zinc  in 25 

Result  of  test  on  clays  from 142,  154,   171,  172 

Porters  Creek  formation.  Extent  of 143 

Post-Kimmswick     unconformity 223 

Post-Maquoketa    unconformity 224 

Pottstown,   Geographic  position   of 102 

Preliminary  investigation  of  Illinois  fire  clays 129 

Primary  control,  Methods  used  in 96 

Priest,   T.    W.,   quoted 240 

Productus    231 

Productus    longispinus 207 

Pugnax    207 

Pugnax    rockymontanus 205 

uta   129 

Pulaski  county,  Occurrence  of  limestone  in,  for  fertilizers 180 

Result  of  test  on  clays  from 153,  156,  157 

Pulaski,    Section   at 157 


INDEX.  257 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Purdy,  Koss  C,  Appointment  of 12 

Preliminary  investigation  of  Illinois  fire  cl^ys 129 

Work   of 17,    14,    16,  132 

Putnam  county,  Topographic  work  in 54 

Pyrometric   tests,   Result  of,  on  fire  clays 151,    152, 

153,   154,   155,   156,   158,   161,   163,   164,   165,   166,   167.   168,   170,   171,   172,   173,  174 

Quarry   products  in   Illinois 246 

Rufiuesquina    222 

Ragland  Island,  Elevation  of 90 

Raleigh,    Elevation    of 79 

Randolph   county,   Occurrence   of  gas  in 22 

Limestone    in,    for   fertilizers 181 

Rardin,   Elevation   of 74 

Raum,  Result  of  test  on  clays  from 172 

Rawls,  J.  E.,  Acknowledgement  to 210 

Receptaculites    oweni 223 

Reeds,  Chester  A.,  Water  Resources  of  the  East  St.  Louis  District 31 

Work    of 21 

Reed  City,   Geographic  position   of. 103 

Renshaw,   J.   H.,   Work   of 46,  63 

Report,  Administrative,  1906 9 

Report  of  the  cooperative  topographic  survey  of  Illinois 37 

Reports,    Enumeration    of,    printed 30 

Enumeration  of,  ready  for  printing 31 

Reticular ia    perplexa 208,  231 

Reynoldsville,  Occurrence  of  silica  in 185 

Richland  county,  Topographic  work  in 43 

Kiddle,  F.  H.,   Work  of 17 

Ridenour,  John,  Result  of  test  on  clay  from 58 

Ridge  Prairie,   Elevation   of 87 

Ridgeway,    Elevation   of 89,  85 

Geographic    position    of 103 

Riieyville,    Elevation    of 78 

Ripley  formation,   Extent   of 143 

Rising,    Elevation    of 67 

Riverton,    Elevation    of 85 

Rochester,    Geographic   position   of 110 

Rock  crused   localities   collected  from 26,  27 

Rockefeller,   Geographic  position   of 120 

Rock  Island  county,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 161 

Topographic   work    in 53,  54 

Upper    Pottsville    in 201 

Rolfe,  C.   W.,  Appointment  of 13 

Cited    140 

Work     of 16,  131 

Rose  Hill,  Elevation  of 71 

Rosiclare,  Occurrence  of  limestone  at  for  fertilizers 181 

Rosiclare    limestone    228 

Round  Knob,  Result  of  analysis  of  clays/  from 148 

Section   near    149,  150 

Round   Pond,   Elevation   of 90 

Ruckel  and  Sons,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 170 

Rush,    Geographic   position    of 122 

Russell,  Dr.,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 163 

Rutledge,  J.  J.,  Work  of . 12,  15,  17 

Sadler,  C.  L.,  Work  of 57 

Saidora,  Geographic  position  of 99 

Saidora  Quadrangle,  Geographic  positions  in e 99 

St.  Clair  county,  Topographic  work  in 41,  43,  53 

St.   Jacobs,   Elevation  of 88 

Geographic  position  of   107 

St.  Louis  limestone,  Occurrence  of 179,  217,  221,  228 

St.  Peter  sandstone,  Occurrence  of 22,  28,  216,  221,  244 

St.  Rose,  Elevation  of 88 

Salisbury.  R.  D.,  Appointment  of 12 

Wrork    of    24 

Saline  county,  Occurrence  of  gas  in 22 

Topographic  work  in    41,     43 

Sand  and  silica,   Occurrence  of 28 

Sand,  Value  of  output  in  1905 30 

Sand  Ridge  Junction,  Geographic  position  of 127 

Sandstone,  Occurrence  of  in  Calhoun  county 233 

Value  of  output  in  1905 30 

Sangamon  county,  Topographic  work  in 41,  43 

Sanger,  Topographic  position  of 98 

—17  G 


258  YEAR-BOOK  FOR    1906.  [bull.  4 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Savage,   T.   E.,  Appointment   of 12 

Water  Resources  of  the  Springfield  quadrangle .....'.'.'.'"                          '  23^ 

Work  of 14  "l6  27 

Savoy,  Geographic  position  of '  *      '        '  in 

Scales  Mound,   Geographic  position   of ".'                             "  YoY  i  oo 

Scheflow,   E.   M„   Work   of -j  6  99'  2% 

Scholz,   H.  A.,  Work  of ******  ^ 

Schuyler  county,  Topographic  work  in 41 

Sebastopol,  Elevation  of 88 

Seminula   .'.!.*.'."!!.'.'!!!.*.'! 231 

Sominula  argentea V. ...  .'.205.  206,  207  208  210 

Seymour,  Elevation  of eg 

Shales,  Occurrence  of  in  Calhoun  county ......... 232 

Saawneetown,  Elevation  of    Yq  so 

Shaw,  Guy  R.,  Wor  of '  ?o 

Shepard,  E.  M.,  Work  of .'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'.'."  17 

Shiloh,    Geographic   position    of 106 

Shoal  Creek,  Geographic  position  of .[ 117 

Sibert,  F.,  Flowing  well  of '  244 

Sidell,  Eelevation  of \  \ 75 

Sidell  quadrangle,   Elevation  in . . .  . .  74 

Sidney,  Elevation  of 68  86 

Sidney,  Geographic  position  of ..'.'.'.'.  '.ill'  112 

Sigillaria '  203 

Figillaria  obliqua   ". 209 

Silica,   Analyses   of 185 

Silica  deposits,  Analysis  of  certain 185 

Silica  and  sand,   Occurrence  of .'.'..'.  28 

Silver,   Occurrence  of  in   Southern   Illinois 26 

Simpkins,  William,   Silica  from ..'.'.'.  185 

Slacking  in  fire  clays '  13ft 

Smith,  E.   S.,  Work  of ; ...'...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.  80 

Smith,    J.    K.,    cited 239 

Smith,  L.   S.,  Work  of [.[[  95 

Smothers,   Elevation   of 78 

Smothersville,    Elevation    of ....'.  78 

Soleniscus  brevis   '.'.'.  208 

Scmermeier,  E.  E.,  cited iqq 

Spergen  Hill  limestone,  Occurrence  of 228 

Sphenopteris     207 

Spirifer  grimesi    227 

suborbicularis    228 

Spirit  leveling,  Methods  used  in FB 

Springfield,   Analyses   of   Water  from 243 

Springfield  coal,  Analyses  of      189,  190 

Springfield,   Elevation   of 85 

Springfield,  Geographic  position  of 98 

Springfield  quadrangle,  Elevations  in 84 

Geographic  position  of tr,  tt,  vjj  101 

Possibility  of  deep  water  supply 244 

Stratigraphic    work    in 14 

Water  Resources  of    235 

Springfield  Water  Works,  Analyses  of  water  from 240 

Staack,  J.  G.,  Work  of 57 

Staley,  Elevation  of   86 

Stark  county,  Topographic  work  in : 54 

State  Water  Survey,  Cooperation  with 17 

Stephenson  county,  Topographic  work  in 54 

Stigmaria  verrucosa    208 

Stokes,    Elevation    of 89 

Straparollus     228 

latus     227 

Stratigraphy,  Work  on 29.  1 3,  213,  235 

Streator,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 165 

Section   at    165 

Strophomena     222 

Sugar  Creek,  Elevation  of 94 

Summerfield,   Elevation   of 87,  88 

Summerfield,   Geographic   position   of 107 

Swamps,  Investigations  on    21 

Synclines  in  Calhoun  county 221 

Talbot,  A.  N.,  Compression  tests  of  Illinois  coals 198 

Work  of 16,  188 

Tallula  quadrangle.  Geographic  positions  in 99,  118 

Taylor,  James,  Work  of 14,  16 

Tazewell  county.  Topographic  work  in 54,  55 

Tennessee,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 162 

Tertiary     231 


INDEX.  259 

1  ndex — Continued. 

Page 

Thebes,  Occurrence  of  limestone  at,  for  fertilizers 180 

Silica    at 18 

Thomas  Brick  and  Clay  Company 232 

Thompsonville,  Elevation  of 78 

Geographic    position    of 114 

Thompsonville  quadrangle,  Geographic  positions  in 114 

Tice,    Elevation    of 84 

Geographic  position   of <J9,  109 

Toledo,    Elevation    of 72 

Tolono,   Geographic  position  of Ill 

Topographic  mapping,  Scale  and  interval  contour  used 50 

Survey  of  Illinois,  Early  work  in V  33 

Topographic  survey  of  Illinois,  Report  of  Cooperative 37 

Work  of,  Previous  to  coooperation 52 

Work     during    1906 42 

Tremont,    Elevation    of 65 

Trenton,    Elevation    of 88 

Trenton  limestone 180 

Troy,   Elevation   of 88 

Geographic   position    of    107 

Trigouocarpus  sturkianum   207 

Tucker,  L.  E.,  Work  of 57,  119.  121 

Tufts,  W.  O.,  Work  of 185 

Turnock,  L.   C.   Work  of 185 

Tuthill,  T.  B.,  Collection  of  silica  samples  by 185 

Twin    Grove.    Elevation    of 66 

Tyler,   N.,   Work  of 53,  54 

Udden,  J.  A.,  Appointment  of 12 

Peoria    quadrangle,    Stratigraphical    work    in ' 14 

Work   on  Underground  waters 21 

Udden,  Jon  A.,  Delafield  Drill  Core,  The 203 

Work    of    12,  14,     29 

Ullin,  Occurrence  of  limestone  at  for  fertilizers 180 

Ulrich,   E.    O.,    cited 222 

Union  county,  Occurrence  of  limestone  in,  for  fertilizers 179 

Occurrence   of    Silica    in 28,   185 

Result  of  test  on  fire  clays  from 173 

United  States  Geological  Survey,  Cooperation  with 11,  13,     17 

Upham,     H.     S 244 

Urbana,   Elevation  of    67 

Urbana   quadrangle,   Elevations   in    86 

Geographic  positions  in   Ill 

Utica,  Result  of  test  on  clays  from 166 

Utica  Fire  Brick  Company,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 166 

Valley  City.  Geographic  position  of 98 

Van  Emman,  George.  Reference  to 238 

Van  Horn,  F.  B.,  Appointment  of 12 

Limestone   vailable  for  fertilizers 177 

Mineral  Production  for  Illinois  in  1905 31 

Work    of     17,  27,  30,  166,  167,  245 

Van  Horn,  Mrs.   Sadie,  Work  of 12 

Vermillion   county.   Topographic   work   in 43,  54 

Vinegar  Hill  area.  Work  on 25 

Virginia  quadrangle,  Geographic  position  in 99 

Vitrification,  Range  from,  to  fusion  in  fire  clays 136 

Wabash  county,  Topographic  work  in 55 

Warren   county.   Clays  from 162 

Warrenhurst,    Elevation  of    84 

WTarsaw   formation    228 

Water,  Analyses  of    241,  243 

Water  horizons  in   Springfield  quadrangle 236 

Water  Mineral.  Value  of  output  in  1905 30 

Water,  Register  of  stations  for  collection  of,  samples 21 

Water  Resources    17 

Water  Resources  of  the  Springfield  quadrangle 235 

Water  Supply,  Possibility  of  deep,  from  Springfield  quadrangle 244 

Water  table  in  Springfield  quadrangle 239 

Waukegan,    Elevation    of 82 

Waukegan,   Geographical   position   of 120,  124 

Waukegan    quadrangle,    Elevations    in 81.  82,  83 

Geographical   position    of    119,  120 

Weller,    Stuart.   Acknowledgement   to 211 

Appointment    of     •  .  .  .  .  12 

Geological  map  of  Illinois 30,  31 

Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Calhoun  county 219 

Paleontological    work   by 14 

Reconnaissance  along  Mississippi  river 29 

Stratigraphical    work   by 29 

Wells  in  Springfield  quadrangle 236 

West  Chicago,    Eleveation   of 83 


260  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1906.  Lbull.  4 

Index —Continued. 

Page 

Vv  estend,  Elevation  of    78 

West  Havana,  Geographic  position  of . . 100 

Western  Stoneware  Co.,  Result  of  tests  on  clay  from 162,  168 

AVest   Liberty,    Elevation   of .' 70 

Westville,  Elevation  of   92 

Wheaton,  Elevation  of   83 

Wheaton   quadrangle,   elevation    in 83 

Wheeler,  W.  F.,  Appointment  of 12 

Moisture  in  air  dried  samples 195 

Work    of • 21,  188 

White  county.  Topographic  work  in 55,  41 

White,  David,  Acknowledgement  to 211 

Report  on  examination  of  paleobotanical  material 207.  208,  209 

Report  oi  the  field  work  in  the  coal  districts  of  the  state 201 

Paleobotanical  work  in  the  state  of  Illinois 14 

Work    of     188,  14 

Whitehall,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 167, 168,  170 

Whitehall,    Section    at 168,  170 

Whitehall  Sewer  Pipe  and  Fire  Clay  Works,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 167 

Whiteside  county,  Topographic  work  in 53,  54 

Will  county,  Topographic  work  in 54 

Williams,   Geographic   position   in 110 

Williamson  county,  Occurrence  of  gas  in 22 

Topographic    work    in 43 

Williamson,  J.   N.,   Work   of 55 

Wilmington  Coal.  Analysis  of 190,  191 

Wilson,  H.  M.,  referred  to 12 

Report  of  the  Cooperative  Topographic  Survey  of  Illinois 38 

Work    of    34,  46,  53,  63 

Winfield.   Elevation   of • 83 

Winnebago  county,  Topographic  work  in 54 

Winnetka,  Elevation  of    80 

Winslow,   Mr.,   cited 222 

Wolff,  C,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 154 

Wood,  C.  F.,  Work  of 87 

Woodford  county,  Topographic  work  in 54,  55 

Woodruff,   Elevation   of    66 

Worthen,   A.   H.,   cited 10,211 

Yarmouth  zone  in  Springfield  quadrangle 237 

Yates  Landing,  Result  of  tests  on  clays  from 153 

Young,  C,   Work   of 55 

Zinc,  Investigations  undertaken  in 25 

Zion  City,  Geographic  position  of 120 


LIBRARY  CATALOGUE  SLIPS. 


[Mount  each  slip  upon  a  separate  card,  placing  the  subject  at  the  top  of  the 
second  slip.  The  name  of  the  series  should  not  be  repeated  on  the  Series  card, 
but  the  additional  numbers  should  be  added,  as  received,  to  the  first  entry.] 


Bain,  H.  F.  (Director.) 

author...  Year-Book   for   1906.         (Numerous    short    papers.) 

Urbana,  University  of  Illinois,  1907. 

(5  fig.  3  pi.)    State  Geological  Survey.    Bulletin  No.  4. 


Subject 


Bain,  H.  F.  (Director) 

Year-Book     for    1906.       (Numerous    short    papers,) 
Urbana,  University  of  Illinois.  1907. 

(5  fig.  3  pi.)    State  Geological  Survey.    Bulletin  No.  4. 


State  Geological  Survey 
series....  Bulletins. 

No.  4.     Bain,  H.  F.  (Director.) 


Year-Book  for  1907. 


NOTICE. 

A  portion  of  each  edition  of  the  Bulletin  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  is 
set  aside  for  gratuitous  distribution.  To  meet  the  wants  of  libraries  and  in- 
dividuals not  reached  in  this  first  distribution,  500  copies  are  in  each  case 
reserved  for  sale  at  cost,  including  postage.  The  reports  may  be  obtained 
upon  application  to  the  State  Geological  Survey,  Urbana,  Illinois,  and  checks 
and  money  orders  should  be  made  payable  to  H.  Foster  Bain,  Director. 

The  list  of  publications  is  as  follows: 

Bulletin  1.  The  Geological  Map  of  Illinois;  by  Stuart  Weller.  Including  a 
folded,  colored  geological  map  of  the  State  on  the  scale  of  12  miles  to  the  inch, 
with  descriptive  text  of  26  pages.  Gratuitous  edition  exhausted.  Sale  price 
45  cents. 

Bulletin  2.  The  Petroleum  Industry  of  Southeastern  Illinois;  by  W.  S. 
Blatchley.  A  preliminary  report  descriptive  of  condition  up  to  May  10th, 
1906.    109  pages.    Gratuitous  edition  exhausted.    Sale  price  25  cents. 

Bulletin  3.  Composition  and  Character  of  Illinois  Coals;  by  S.  W.  Parr; 
with  chapters  on  the  Distribution  of  the  Coal  Beds  of  the  State,  by  A.  Bement, 
and  Tests  of  Illinois  Coals  under  Steam  Boilers,  by  L.  P.  Breckenridge.  A 
preliminary  report  of  86  pages;  postage  5  cents. 

Circular  No.  1.  The  Mineral  Production  of  Illinois  in  1905.  Pamphlet,  14 
pages,  postage  2  cents. 


» 


%, 


